Yes Minister

Yes Minister Yes, Prime Minister
The title card of Yes Minister
Genre	Political satire Situation comedy
Created by	Antony Jay Jonathan Lynn
Starring	Paul Eddington Nigel Hawthorne Derek Fowlds
Theme music composer	Ronnie Hazlehurst
Country of origin	United Kingdom
Language(s)	English
No. of series	5
No. of episodes	38[1][2] (List of episodes)
Production
Producer(s)	Stuart Allen Sydney Lotterby Peter Whitmore
Camera setup	Multi-camera
Running time	30 minutes (with a one hour-long Christmas episode and several short specials)[1]
Broadcast
Original channel	BBC Two
Picture format	576i (SDTV)
Original run	25 February 1980[1] – 28 January 1988[2]

Yes Minister is a satirical British sitcom written by Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn that was first transmitted by BBC Television between 1980–1982 and 1984, split over three seven-episode series. The sequel, Yes, Prime Minister, ran from 1986 to 1988. In total there were 38 episodes—of which all but one lasted half an hour. Several episodes were adapted for BBC Radio, and a stage play was produced in 2010.

Set principally in the private office of a British government cabinet minister in the (fictional) Department for Administrative Affairs in Whitehall (the sequel was set in the Prime Minister's offices at 10 Downing Street), the series follows the senior ministerial career of The Rt Hon Jim Hacker MP, played by Paul Eddington. His various struggles to formulate and enact legislation or effect departmental changes are opposed by the will of the British Home Civil Service, in particular his Permanent Secretary, Sir Humphrey Appleby, played by Nigel Hawthorne. His Principal Private Secretary Bernard Woolley, played by Derek Fowlds, is usually caught between the two.

A huge critical and popular success, the series received a number of awards, including several BAFTAs and in 2004 came sixth in the Britain's Best Sitcom poll. It was the favourite television programme of the then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher.^[3]

Situation

The series commences in the wake of a general election in which the incumbents have been defeated by the opposition to which Jim Hacker MP belongs—the party affiliation is not stated, although his party emblem is clearly not Conservative or Labour. The Prime Minister offers Hacker the position of Minister of Administrative Affairs, which he accepts. Hacker goes to his department and meets his Permanent Secretary, Sir Humphrey Appleby, and his Principal Private Secretary, Bernard Woolley. While Appleby is outwardly obsequious towards the new minister, he is prepared to defend the status quo at all costs. Woolley is sympathetic towards Hacker but as Appleby reminds him, his civil servant superiors will have much to say about the course of his future career, while ministers do not usually stay long in one department. Many of the episodes revolve around proposals backed by Hacker but frustrated by Appleby, and many others revolve around proposals promoted by the latter but rejected by Hacker, and which Sir Humphrey attempts by all means necessary to persuade Hacker to accept. They do occasionally join forces in order to achieve a common goal, such as preventing the closure of their department or dealing with a diplomatic incident.

As the series revolves around the inner workings of central government, most of the scenes take place in private locations, such as offices and exclusive members' clubs. Lynn says "there was not a single scene set in the House of Commons because government does not take place in the House of Commons. Some politics and much theatre takes place there. Government happens in private. As in all public performances, the real work is done in rehearsal, behind closed doors. Then the public and the House are shown what the government wishes them to see."^[4]

The different ideals and self-interested motives of the characters are frequently contrasted. Whilst Hacker occasionally approaches an issue from a sense of idealism and a desire to be seen to improve things, he ultimately sees his re-election and elevation to higher office as the only measures of his success. Accordingly, he must appear to the voters to be effective and responsive to the public will. To his party (and, in the first incarnation, the Prime Minister) he must act as a loyal and effective party member. Sir Humphrey, on the other hand, genuinely believes that it is the Civil Service that knows what is best for the country (a belief shared by his bureaucratic colleagues) which is usually what is best for the Civil Service. Most of Sir Humphrey's actions are motivated by his wish to maintain the prestige, power, and influence he enjoys inside a large, bureaucratic organisation and also to preserve the numerous perks of his position: automatic honours, a substantial income, a fixed retirement age, a large pension, and the practical impossibility of being made redundant or being sacked. In fact, a good deal of the tension in their relationship comes from Hacker's awareness that the politicians are liable to lose their jobs if civil service ineptitude comes to public attention.

“

In private industry if you screw things up you get the boot; in the civil service if you screw things up I get the boot![5]

”

Hacker sees his task as the initiation of departmental reforms and economies, a reduction of the level of bureaucracy and staff numbers in the Civil Service, and governing the country according to his party's policies. To do so, or to at least look as if he is, would be a vote-winner. Conversely, Sir Humphrey sees his role as ensuring that politics is kept out of government as much as possible and that the status quo is upheld as a matter of principle. He attempts to block any move that seeks either to prevent the further expansion of the civil service or to reduce the complexity of its bureaucracy.

Much of the show's humour thus derives from the antagonism between Cabinet ministers (who believe they are in charge) and the members of the British Civil Service who really run the country. A typical episode centers on Jim Hacker's suggesting and pursuing a reform and Sir Humphrey's ingenious blocking of all Hacker's lines of approach. More often than not Sir Humphrey prevents him from achieving his goal while mollifying Hacker with some positive publicity or at least a means to cover up his failure. Occasionally, however, Hacker does get his way. Sir Humphrey occasionally resorts to tactics such as calling a policy "courageous". He and Hacker both know that, in Sir Humphrey's view, a controversial policy will lose votes, whilst a courageous one will lose the election.

Initially, Woolley naively sees his job as the disinterested implementation of the Minister's policies but gradually finds that this conflicts with his institutional duty to the department and sometimes (since Sir Humphrey is responsible for formally assessing Woolley's performance) his own potential career development.^[1] Consequently, another recurring scenario is one where Bernard must "walk the tightrope"–-that is, arbitrate between his two conflicting duties by resorting to elaborate verbosity (much like Sir Humphrey) to avoid choosing one over the other.

The first series featured Frank Weisel, Hacker's political adviser (played by Neil Fitzwiliam in the television series, and later by Bill Nighy in the radio series). The first syllable of his name is pronounced "Wise", but Sir Humphrey and Bernard persistently call him "Weasel". Weisel does not appear after the first series, following his convenient acceptance of a position on a quango (Quasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organisation) tasked, appropriately, with investigating the appointment of other quangos and the government's honours system and 'jobs for the boys'.^[1] After the third series, following Sir Humphrey's promotion to Cabinet Secretary, Hacker becomes Prime Minister and requests that Bernard Woolley continue as his Principal Private Secretary. The first series of Yes, Prime Minister introduced Dorothy Wainwright (played by Deborah Norton) as a highly able special political adviser to the Prime Minister. Her experience and insight into many civil service tricks ensures a lasting mutual distrust between her and Sir Humphrey and an invaluable second opinion for Hacker.^[6] Sir Humphrey frequently annoys Dorothy by addressing her with a cry of "dear lady".

Hacker's home life is shown occasionally throughout the series. His wife Annie (Diana Hoddinott) is clearly frustrated by the disruptions caused by her husband's political career and is at times somewhat cynical about her husband's politics. Meanwhile, his sociology student daughter, Lucy (Gerry Cowper), becomes an environmental activist in one episode, campaigning against the Department's intention to remove protected status from a wooded area believed to be inhabited by badgers. Sir Humphrey falsely assures her there have not been badgers in the woods for some years, a deceit winked at by Hacker.

Sir Humphrey's personal characteristics include his complicated sentences, his ineffable snobbery, his cynical views of government, and his superciliousness. Hacker's attributes include occasional indecisiveness, and a tendency to launch into ludicrous Churchillian speeches. Bernard is apt to linguistic pedantry. All characters are able to switch to a completely opposite opinion in seconds when convenient.

Sir Humphrey often discusses matters with other Permanent Secretaries, who appear similarly sardonic and jaded, and the Cabinet Secretary (whom he eventually succeeds in Yes, Prime Minister), Sir Arnold Robinson (John Nettleton), an archetype of cynicism, haughtiness and conspiratorial expertise. This fairly counter-intuitive view of government administration is not only Sir Humphrey's: it is completely taken for granted by the civil service.

The Yes, Prime Minister episode "A Victory for Democracy" lampoons the Foreign Office bureaucracy's control of Britain's foreign policy and also their pro-Arab, anti-Israeli tendency which is seen to flow from a realist or cynical approach to foreign affairs. The episode, where Hacker is kept in the dark by the Foreign Office but can make an informed decision thanks to a conversation with the Israeli ambassador, is partly based on an actual incident narrated to Lynn by his uncle Abba Eban.

Another Yes, Prime Minister episode "The Bishop's Gambit" parodied Liberal Christianity and politics in the Church of England. Hacker thought that the church is a Christian institution but Sir Humphrey gleefully informs him that most of the Anglican bishops do not believe in God and that a theologian's job is partly to explain why an agnostic or atheist can be a church leader.

Almost all the episodes end with one of the characters (usually Sir Humphrey) saying "Yes, Minister" or "Yes, Prime Minister" accordingly (or "Mais oui, Prime Minister," in "A Diplomatic Incident" which centred on negotiations with the President of France). Each episode of the former was more or less self-contained, but the first series of Yes, Prime Minister had a loose story arc relating to Hacker's attempts to reform the United Kingdom's armed forces while the second was mostly devoted to concluding storylines and character arcs that had been seen over the course of the show.

Politics

Lynn joined the Cambridge Union in his first year at the University of Cambridge because he thought that he might like to enter politics. "All of the main debaters there, aged twenty, were the most pompous, self-satisfied, self-important bunch of clowns that I've ever clapped eyes on. They were all behaving as if they were on the government front bench, and twenty years later they all were: Michael Howard; John Selwyn Gummer; Kenneth Clarke. I thought at that point that the only way that I could ever contribute to politics is making fun of the politicians."^[6]

The series, then, intended to satirise politics and government in general, rather than any specific party. The writers placed Hacker at the centre of the political spectrum, and were careful to identify his party headquarters as "Central House" (a combination of Conservative Central Office and Labour's Transport House). The terms "Labour" and "Conservative" are scrupulously avoided throughout the series, favouring terms such as "the party" or "the Government" and "the opposition."^[1] In the first scene of the first episode, "Open Government", Hacker is shown at the declaration of his constituency result wearing a white rosette, with other candidates sporting the red and blue rosettes associated with the two leading British parties. The one exception to this neutrality occurs very briefly in "The National Education Service", when Sir Humphrey explains to Bernard how the policy of comprehensive education is retained through successive governments, using different arguments according to which party is in power. Even there, Humphrey does not reveal which party Jim Hacker represents. Despite this, the overall thrust was towards government reduction rather than expansion. The episode "Jobs for the Boys", for example, rejected corporatism. Throughout the period of Yes Minister and Yes Prime Minister the incumbent government of the United Kingdom was Conservative with the government led by Thatcher.

In a 2004 documentary, Armando Iannucci compared Yes Minister to George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four in how it has influenced the public's view of the state. Although Lynn comments that the word "spin" has "probably entered the political vocabulary since the series,"^[4] Iannucci suggests that the show "taught us how to unpick the verbal tricks that politicians think they can get away with in front of the cameras."^[6] The series depicted the media-consciousness of politicians, reflecting the public relations training they undergo to help them deal with interviews and reading from autocue effectively. This is particularly evident in the episode "The Ministerial Broadcast", in which Hacker is advised on the effects of his clothes and surroundings. The episode "A Conflict of Interest" humorously lampoons the various political stances of Britain's newspapers through their readers (although this material was not original^[7]):

Hacker: Don't tell me about the press. I know exactly who reads the papers: the Daily Mirror is read by people who think they run the country; The Guardian is read by people who think they ought to run the country; The Times is read by people who actually do run the country; the Daily Mail is read by the wives of the people who run the country; the Financial Times is read by people who own the country; The Morning Star is read by people who think the country ought to be run by another country; and The Daily Telegraph is read by people who think it is.

Sir Humphrey: Prime Minister, what about the people who read The Sun?

Bernard: Sun readers don't care who runs the country, as long as she's got big tits.

Adam Curtis, in his three-part TV documentary The Trap, criticised the series as "ideological propaganda for a political movement",^[8] and claimed that Yes Minister is indicative of a larger movement of criticism of government and bureaucracy, centred upon public choice economics. This view has been supported by Jay himself:

The fallacy that public choice economics took on was the fallacy that government is working entirely for the benefit of the citizen; and this was reflected by showing that in any [episode] in the programme, in Yes Minister, we showed that almost everything that the government has to decide is a conflict between two lots of private interest – that of the politicians and that of the civil servants trying to advance their own careers and improve their own lives. And that's why public choice economics, which explains why all this was going on, was at the root of almost every episode of Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister.^[9]

Inspirations

The writers were inspired by a variety of sources, including sources inside government, published material and contemporary news stories. The writers also met several leading senior civil servants under the auspices of the Royal Institute of Public Administration, a think-tank for the public service sector, which led to the development of some plot lines. Some situations were conceived as fiction, but were later revealed to have real-life counterparts. The episode "The Compassionate Society" depicts a hospital with five hundred administrative staff but no doctors, nurses or patients. Lynn recalls that "after inventing this absurdity, we discovered there were six such hospitals (or very large empty wings of hospitals) exactly as we had described them in our episode."^[4]

In a programme screened by the BBC in early 2004, paying tribute to the series, it was revealed that Jay and Lynn had drawn on information provided by two insiders from the governments of Harold Wilson and James Callaghan, namely Marcia Williams and Bernard Donoughue.^[6] The published diaries of Richard Crossman also provided inspiration.^[4][10]

The episode entitled "The Moral Dimension", in which Hacker and his staff engage in the scheme of secretly consuming alcohol on a trade mission to the fictional Islamic state of Qumran, was based on a real incident that took place in Pakistan, involving Callaghan and Donoughue, the latter of whom informed Jay and Lynn about the incident.^[11] Jay says that "I can't tell you where, I can't tell you when and I can't tell you who was involved; all I can tell you is that we knew that it had actually happened. That's why it was so funny. We couldn't think up things as funny as the real things that had happened."^[12] Media historian Andrew Crisell suggests that the show was "enriched by the viewers' suspicion that what they were watching was unhealthily close to real life."^[13]

Fusing inspiration and invention, Lynn and Jay worked on the story "for anything from three days to two weeks," and only took "four mornings to write all the dialogue. After we wrote the episode, we would show it to some secret sources, always including somebody who was an expert on the subject in question. They would usually give us extra information which, because it was true, was usually funnier than anything we might have thought up."^[4] Designers Valerie Warrender and Gloria Clayton were given access to the Cabinet Rooms and the State Drawing Rooms. For security purposes, the arrangements of the rooms were altered, and the views from the windows were never shown, in order to conceal the layout of the buildings.^[14]

Main characters

James "Jim" Hacker

Main article: Jim Hacker

The three main characters in the Minister's Office of the Department of Administrative Affairs: from left, Sir Humphrey Appleby, Bernard Woolley and Jim Hacker.

The Rt Hon. Jim Hacker, Lord Hacker of Islington KG PC BSc (Paul Eddington) was the editor of a newspaper, Reform, before entering government. He apparently spent a good deal of time in Parliament on the Opposition benches before his party won the general election. In Yes Minister he is the Minister for Administrative Affairs (a fictitious ministry of the British government) and a Cabinet Minister, and in Yes, Prime Minister he becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Hacker received his degree from the London School of Economics (graduating with a Third), for which he is often derided by the Oxford-educated Sir Humphrey (who attended the fictitious Baillie College graduating with a First in Classics). His early character is that of a gung-ho, but naïve, politician, bringing sweeping changes to his department. Before long, Hacker begins to notice that Civil Service tactics are preventing his planned changes being put into practice. As he learns he becomes more sly and cynical, and uses some of the Civil Service ruses himself. While Sir Humphrey initially held all the aces, Hacker now and again plays a trump card of his own.

Throughout Yes Minister Hacker is regularly portrayed as a publicity-mad bungler who is incapable of making a firm decision, prone to make potentially embarrassing blunders, and a frequent target of criticism from the press and stern lectures from the Chief Whip. However, in Yes, Prime Minister Hacker becomes more statesmanlike. He practises more grandiose speeches, dreams up his "grand design" and hones his diplomatic skills. Nearly all of these efforts land him in trouble. In a Radio Times interview to promote Yes, Prime Minister, Paul Eddington stated, "He's beginning to find his feet as a man of power, and he's begun to confound those who thought they'd be able to manipulate him out of hand."^[15]

Sir Humphrey Appleby

Main article: Humphrey Appleby

Sir Humphrey Appleby GCB, KBE, MVO, MA (Oxon) (Nigel Hawthorne) serves throughout the series as Permanent Secretary under his Minister, Jim Hacker at the Department of Administrative Affairs. He is appointed Cabinet Secretary just as Hacker's party enters a leadership crisis, and is instrumental in Hacker's elevation to Prime Minister. He is committed to maintaining the status quo for the country in general and for the Civil Service in particular.^[6] Sir Humphrey is a master of obfuscation and manipulation, baffling his opponents with technical jargon and circumlocutions, strategically appointing allies to supposedly impartial boards, and setting up interdepartmental committees to smother his Minister's proposals in red tape.

In Britain's Best Sitcom, Stephen Fry comments that "we love the idea of the coherence and articulacy of Sir Humphrey... it's one of the things you look forward to in an episode of Yes Minister... when's the big speech going to happen? And can I see if he's reading it from an idiot board... he's really learned it, and it's superb."^[6] Derek Fowlds posited to a concerned Eddington that these speeches were the reason why Hawthorne won a BAFTA for Best Comedy Performance four times in a row, while Eddington, though nominated, didn't win at all.^[6]

Loquacious and verbose, he frequently uses both his mastery of the English language and even his superb grasp of Latin and Greek grammar both to perplex his political master and to obscure the relevant issues. In a Radio Times interview to promote the second series of Yes, Prime Minister, producer Sydney Lotterby stated that he always tried to give Eddington and Hawthorne extra time to rehearse as their scenes invariably featured lengthy dialogue exchanges.^[16]

Bernard Woolley

Main article: Bernard Woolley

Bernard Woolley (Derek Fowlds) is Jim Hacker's Principal Private Secretary. His loyalties are therefore split between his Minister and his Civil Service boss, Sir Humphrey: while he is theoretically responsible to Hacker personally, it is Sir Humphrey who writes his performance reviews and influences Bernard's Civil Service career. This leads to difficult situations for the young civil servant. He usually handles these situations well, and maintains his reputation in the Civil Service as a "high flier" (as opposed to a "low flier supported by occasional gusts of wind").^[17]

Woolley is always quick to point out the physical impossibilities of Sir Humphrey's or Hacker's mixed metaphors, with almost obsessive pedantry. He can occasionally appear rather childlike, by making animal noises and gestures or by acting out how such an analogy cannot work, which sometimes annoys his Minister.

Woolley tends to side with Hacker when new policies are announced, because they seem radical or democratic, only for Sir Humphrey to point out the disadvantages to the status quo and the civil service in particular. To sway Bernard, Sir Humphrey uses phrases such as "barbarism" and "the beginning of the end".^[18] At times when Sir Humphrey fails to get his way, Woolley can be seen smiling smugly at him over his defeat.^[19]

In a 2004 retrospective, Armando Iannucci commented that Fowlds had a difficult task because he had to "spend most of his time saying nothing but looking interested in everyone else's total and utter guff" but "his one line frequently had to be the funniest of the lot." Iannucci suggests that Bernard is essential to the structure of the show because both Hacker and Appleby confide in him, "which means we get to find out what they're plotting next."^[6]

The Editor's Note to The Complete Yes Prime Minister (supposedly published in 2024 after Hacker's death but actually published by the BBC in 1989), thanks "Sir Bernard Woolley GCB" for his help and confirms that he did indeed make it to the position of Head of the Civil Service.^[20]

Other characters

The series featured a cast of recurring characters.

• Frank Weisel (often deprecatingly called weasel), played by Neil Fitzwiliam, was Hacker's political adviser in the first series. The less scrupulous Hacker eventually found him rather tiresome (and Mrs. Hacker wondered why he "[didn't] just move in") and he was sent on a worldwide fact-finding assignment from which he did not return to the cast.
• It was not until Yes, Prime Minister that another such character appeared regularly: Dorothy Wainwright, special adviser to the Prime Minister, who was played by Deborah Norton. Earlier Prime Ministerial advisers had appeared from time to time in episodes of Yes Minister, including Daniel Moynihan as Daniel Hughes in "The Writing on the Wall" (1980) and Nigel Stock as Sir Mark Spencer in "Bed of Nails" (1982).
• Hacker also had a Press Secretary, Bill Pritchard, played by Antony Carrick.

Meanwhile, Sir Humphrey's civil service colleagues were regularly featured.

• They included Sir Arnold Robinson (played by John Nettleton), Cabinet Secretary in Yes Minister and later President of the Campaign for Freedom of Information;
• Sir Frederick Stewart (played by John Savident), Permanent Secretary of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, known as "Jumbo" to his friends;
• Sir Ian Whitchurch (played by John Barron), Permanent Secretary to the Department of Health and Social Security and
• Sir Frank Gordon, who appeared in both series of Yes, Prime Minister as Permanent Secretary to the Treasury (played by Peter Cellier).
• Sir Humphrey also had an old acquaintance: Sir Desmond Glazebrook (played by Richard Vernon), who was Board member, then Chairman, of Bartlett's Bank. He became Governor of the Bank of England in the Yes, Prime Minister episode "A Conflict of Interest". (This was to avoid, as one possibility, Britain's expulsion from the Commonwealth.)

Hacker's family:

• His wife, Annie Hacker (played by Diana Hoddinott), who appeared in several episodes, and
• His daughter, Lucy (played by Gerry Cowper), who only appeared on-screen in one episode ("The Right to Know") but who is mentioned intermittently throughout.
• At one point (in "Party Games") it is stated that the Hackers have more than one child.

Others:

• Various Chief Whips, usually acting in Yes Minister as a "gatekeeper" to the unseen Prime Minister, the first of whom, Vic Gould, was played by Edward Jewesbury^[21].
• Hacker's chauffeur, George (Arthur Cox), appeared in five episodes. He is a character who is always more in touch with current events than the Minister—anything from empty NHS hospitals to Cabinet reshuffles. This often irritates Hacker who, when he asks George where the information came from, is usually told that it is common knowledge among the Whitehall drivers.
• Tom Sargent (Robert Urquhart), Hacker's predecessor as Minister for Administrative Affairs in the previous government, appeared in the episode "Big Brother".
• Basil Corbett is a rival politician who, though he is not seen, is central to the plot of "The Devil You Know".
• Well-known broadcasters who played themselves included Robert McKenzie, Ludovic Kennedy and Sue Lawley. Robert Dougall regularly played a newsreader, which was his own real life profession. Another newscaster, Nicholas Witchell, can be heard reporting on Hacker's visit to a school in "The National Education Service".

Episodes

Main article: List of Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister episodes

A total of thirty-eight episodes were made, and all but one are of 30 minutes' duration. They were videotaped in front of a studio audience, which was standard BBC practice for situation comedies at the time. The actors did not enjoy filming as they felt that the studio audience added additional pressure. Lynn, however, says that the studio audience on the soundtrack was necessary because laughter is a "communal affair." The laughter also acted as a kind of insurance: Jay observes that politicians would be unable to put pressure on the BBC not to "run this kind of nonsense" if "200–250 people were falling about with laughter."^[6] There were occasionally film inserts of location sequences, and some shots of Hacker travelling in his car were achieved by means of chroma key. Each programme usually comprised around six scenes.

The pilot was produced in 1979 but not transmitted until 1980 in fear that it could influence the results of the 1979 UK General Election.^[6] Yes Minister ran for three series, each of seven episodes, between 1980 and 1982. These were followed by two Christmas specials: one 10-minute sketch as part of an anthology presented by Frank Muir,^[22] and then the hour-long "Party Games", in 1984. The latter's events led to Hacker's elevation to Prime Minister, dovetailing into the sequel, Yes, Prime Minister. This ran for two series, each of eight episodes, from 1986 to 1988.

Opening titles and music

Gerald Scarfe's caricature of Paul Eddington as Hacker

The opening titles were drawn by artist Gerald Scarfe, who provided distinctive caricatures of Eddington, Hawthorne and Fowlds in their respective roles to represent distortion.^[6] He animated them as 'self-drawing' by positioning the camera above his paper, adding parts of lines, and then photographing two frames at a time. The sequence ended with the title of the episode superimposed on a facsimile of an edition of the House of Commons Weekly Information Bulletin. Curiously, the legend Compiled in the Public Information Office of the House of Commons Library was left in the sequence. Scarfe created a second set of graphics for Yes, Prime Minister, including a different title card for each episode. Derek Fowlds wanted to buy an original drawing but was unable to afford it.^[6] The series' performance credits typically only featured those of the actors who appeared in the particular episode, not the names of characters.

The theme music was composed by Ronnie Hazlehurst and is largely based on the Westminster Quarters: the chimes of Big Ben. When asked in an interview about its Westminster influence, Hazlehurst replied, "That's all it is. It's the easiest thing I've ever done."^[23] Scarfe's and Hazlehurst's work was not used for the first episode, "Open Government". The final version of the titles and music had yet to be agreed, and both differ substantially from those used for subsequent instalments. The opening and closing title caption cards feature drawings of most of the cast, but are less exaggerated than those of Scarfe, while the unaccredited music is a more up-tempo piece for brass band. The Scarfe and Hazlehurst credits were used for some repeat broadcasts of the first episode, but the original pilot credits were retained for the DVD release.

Reception

The series gained high audience figures, and 90+ on the audience Appreciation Index.^[14] Critics, such as Andrew Davies in the Times Educational Supplement and Armando Iannucci, have noted that the show had high expectations of audience.^[14] Lynn posits that the public are more intelligent than most situation comedies, often patronising, give them credit for. Jay believes that the viewers were just as intelligent as the writers, but that there were some things that they needed to know but didn't.^[6]

Yes Minister won the BAFTA award for Best Comedy Series for 1980, 1981 and 1982, and the "Party Games" special was nominated in the Best Light Entertainment Programme category for 1984. Yes, Prime Minister was short-listed for Best Comedy Series for both 1986 and 1987. Nigel Hawthorne's portrayal of Sir Humphrey Appleby won the BAFTA Award for Best Light Entertainment Performance four times (in 1981, 1982, 1986 and 1987). Eddington was also nominated on all four occasions.^[24] Yes Minister came sixth in a 2004 BBC poll to find 'Britain's Best Sitcom'.^[25] In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted by industry professionals, Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister were jointly placed ninth. They were also placed 14th in Channel 4's The Ultimate Sitcom, a poll conducted by people who work in sitcoms.^[26]

The series have been cited by political scientists for their accurate and sophisticated portrayal of the relationships between civil servants and politicians,^[27] and are quoted in some textbooks on British politics.^[4] The series was highly rated by critics and politicians. The shows were very popular in government circles. The Guinness Television Encyclopedia suggests that "real politicians ... enjoyed the show's cynical dismissal of Whitehall intrigue and its insights into the machinations of government."^[28] Lord Donoughue, an admirer of the series who was head of James Callaghan's policy unit at 10 Downing Street from 1976-9, noticed that, when the Labour Party returned to power in 1997 after 18 years in opposition, a number of junior Ministers took so seriously the relationships with civil servants as depicted by Jay and Lynn that they were unduly wary of senior officials and allowed this suspicion to influence their behaviour.^[29]

Yes Minister and Yes Prime Minister were the favourite programme of then Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher. She told The Daily Telegraph that "its clearly-observed portrayal of what goes on in the corridors of power has given me hours of pure joy."^[14] Gerald Kaufman described it as "The Rt Hon. Faust MP, constantly beset by the wiles of Sir Mephistopheles."^[14] As a supporter of Thatcher, Jay embraced her appreciation, although the more leftist Lynn was concerned.^[6]

Hawthorne and Eddington performing the sketch with Thatcher in January 1984.

Thatcher performed a short sketch with Eddington and Hawthorne on 20 January 1984 at a ceremony where the writers were presented with an award from Mary Whitehouse's NVLA,^[30] an event commemorated on the cover of the satirical magazine Private Eye.^[31] Authorship of the sketch is unclear. In Britain's Best Sitcom, Bernard Ingham says that he wrote it; other sources give Thatcher sole credit, while Michael Cockerell says that she wrote it with Ingham's help.^[3] Another source gives renegade credit to Charles Powell.^[14] The actors, who were both starring in separate West End plays at the time, were not enthusiastic at the idea and asked Lynn to "get them out" of it. The writer, however, was not in a position to help. Hawthorne says he and Eddington resented Thatcher's attempts to "make capital" from their popularity.^[12] Ingham says that it "went down a bomb", while Lynn brands it a "dreadful sketch" that was only funny because Thatcher was doing it.^[6] Accepting the award from the NVLA, Lynn thanked Thatcher "for taking her rightful place in the field of situation comedy." Everyone, except the Prime Minister, laughed.^[12]

When Paul Eddington visited Australia during the 1980s, he was treated as a visiting British PM by the then Australian leader, Bob Hawke, who was obviously a great fan of the show. At a rally, Hawke said "You don't want to be listening to me; you want to be listening to the real Prime Minister", forcing Eddington to improvise.^[32] In an interview to promote the first series of Yes, Prime Minister, Derek Fowlds said that "both political sides believe that it satirises their opponents, and civil servants love it because it depicts them as being more powerful than either. And of course, they love it because it's all so authentic."^[15] The series was well-received in the United States, running on the A&E Network and repeatedly on public television.^[33]

Legacy

The show has been remade several times, albeit sometimes unofficially. The first was the unofficial Canadian remake Not My Department, which only lasted one season and was ostensibly based on a novel unrelated to Yes, Minister. Rosenbaddarna (from 1990) was the Swedish unofficial remake. The title of the Portuguese remake, Sim, Sr. Ministro (from 1996), is a direct translation of the original's title. Ji, Mantriji (2001) was the remake in Hindi (with the BBC's permission) by STAR Plus, Rupert Murdoch's Indian satellite TV channel.^[34] Both Sir Humphrey and Jim Hacker are portrayed there by the same actors who dubbed them for the original. A computer game version of Yes Minister was released in 1987 for the Commodore 64, Amstrad CPC and ZX Spectrum. The premise was to survive one week in office as Jim Hacker.^[35] In 2009, Israeli sitcom Polishook, explicitly modeled on Yes Minister, aired for a single season on Channel 2's Keshet Broadcasting. Also in 2009, it was announced that a Dutch remake would be made by S&V Fiction for VPRO, lasting 11 episodes. In the planned Dutch version, Sir Humphrey will be a woman and Bernard will be a Moroccan called Mohammed.^[36]

In 2005, BBC Four launched The Thick of It, described by director Armando Iannucci as "Yes Minister meets Larry Sanders",^[37] and The Daily Telegraph called it "a Yes, Minister for the Labour years."^[38] The style shows many identifiable hallmarks of Yes Minister, namely the blundering politician virtually entirely dependent on those whose presentational and political nous greatly eclipse his own limited abilities.

Stage play (2010)

It was announced in early 2010 that Jay and Lynn would collaborate again to produce a stage play^[39] which ran from 13 May to 5 June, at Chichester Festival Theatre. This production revived at the Gielgud Theatre, in London's West End from 17 September 2010 until 15 January 2011. The principal cast was David Haig as Jim Hacker, Henry Goodman as Sir Humphrey, Jonathan Slinger as Bernard Woolley and Emily Joyce as Claire Sutton, Hacker's special policy advisor.^[40] This production, while following the spirit and tone of the original series in many respects, was set contemporaneously at Chequers, the Prime Minister's country residence, with BlackBerrys frequently in evidence,^[41] and even included a topical reference to a coalition agreement which Sir Humphrey had drafted (the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats having formed a coalition government in Britain in May 2010).^[42] The plot was a little more provocative^[43] and risqué than most of those seen previously (including a debate about the ethics of procuring a fifteen year old as a sexual partner for a visiting dignitary,^[44] a proposition which Claire suggested might be spun in the national interest as a "euro-job"^[45]) and included some stronger expletives (reflecting perhaps their widely reported use among New Labour's hierarchy between 1997 and 2010^[46]). There was also a higher element of traditional farce.^[47]

The play features a new character, Claire Sutton, who is introduced by the Prime Minister as head of the policy unit at Number Ten. She is a 21st century successor to Dorothy Wainwright, but less haughty and seemingly more willing to get her hands dirty. She is described by Jay and Lynn as in her late thirties, attractive and intelligent. She calls Hacker by his first name ("Fiscal mechanics, Jim"), whereas Dorothy addressed him as "Prime Minister". In response to a sarcastic interjection about "starving permanent secretaries", Sir Humphrey patronises her as "dear lady" (as he did "that Wainwright female" in the TV series).^[48] Emily Joyce, who played Claire both at Chichester and in London, was forty-one when the play opened.^[49]

The play began a tour of the United Kingdom in February 2011, with Simon Williams as Sir Humphrey Appleby,^[50] Richard McCabe as Jim Hacker^[51] and Charlotte Lucas as Claire Sutton. It returned to the West End in July 2011 for a 10-week run at the Apollo Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue, with Williams and McCabe reprising their roles.^[52]

Reflecting in 2011 on the sustained topicality of Yes, Minister/Prime Minister, Jonathan Lynn noted that, since the opening of the stage show in Chichester, "all we've added is a couple of jokes about [telephone] hacking and an extra joke about the Greeks [subject at the time to a debt crisis]." He added that the original episodes were written about a year before transmission - "satirical comedy doesn't change" - and that "writing in 1986, we found the same headlines in 1956".^[53]

Radio

Sixteen episodes^[54] of Yes Minister were adapted and re-recorded for broadcast by BBC Radio 4, with the principal cast reprising their roles. Produced by Peter Atkin, they were broadcast across two seasons, each with eight episodes.^[55] The first series aired 18 October to 7 December 1983, with the second originally transmitted 8 October to 27 November 1984.^[1] The complete set was released on cassette in February 2000, and on compact disc in October 2002. The series was repeated on the digital radio station BBC 7 in early 2007.

In 1997, Derek Fowlds reprised the role of Bernard Woolley to read Antony Jay's How To Beat Sir Humphrey: Every Citizen's Guide To Fighting Officialdom. It was broadcast in three daily parts by Radio 4 from 29 September to 1 October 1997^[1] and released by BBC Audiobooks on cassette in October 1997.

Merchandise

Video and DVD releases

The BBC issued some episodes of Yes Minister, and all of Yes Prime Minister on VHS.^[56] They were re-released and repackaged at various points. The complete collection was released by the BBC through Warner Home Video on Region 1 DVD in October 2003. Warner appears to have added RCE region coding to the individual release of the second series of Yes Minister, but there are no similar reported problems on playing the complete collection.^[56] The BBC, through 2 Entertain Video, also issued several Region 2 DVDs:

• Yes Minister: Series One (BBCDVD1047), released 1 October 2001
• Yes Minister: Series Two (BBCDVD1120), released 30 September 2002
• Yes Minister: Series Three & "Party Games" (BBCDVD1188), released 29 September 2003
• The Complete Yes Minister (BBCDVD1462), released 15 November 2004
• Yes, Prime Minister: Series One (BBCDVD1365), released 4 October 2004
• Yes, Prime Minister: Series Two (BBCDVD1729), released 9 May 2005
• The Complete Yes Minister & Yes, Prime Minister, released 16 October 2006

Netflix streams both series to subscribers (as of August 2011, the series was no longer available to view via streaming). Computer users must use the Netflix player and Windows Media Player 11.

Australian/New Zealand releases (Region 4)

• Yes Minister: Series One, released 2 April 2002
• Yes Minister: Series Two, released 11 February 2002
• Yes Minister: Series Three & "Party Games", released 5 May 2003
• The Complete Yes Minister, released 10 July 2004
• Yes Prime Minister: Series One, released 12 February 2004
• Yes Prime Minister: Series Two, released 7 July 2005
• Yes Prime Minister: Series One and Two (Box Set), released 11 March 2005
• The Complete Yes Minister & Yes, Prime Minister, released 3 October 2007
• Roadshow Entertainment Australia^[57] / New Zealand^[58] – Search DVD Index

Books

Several books have been published surrounding the series. The scripts were edited and transformed into prose, and published by BBC Books in the form of diaries. Scenes that did not involve Hacker took the form of private memos between civil servants, or 'interviews' and written correspondence from other characters.

The three series of Yes Minister were published as paperbacks in 1981, 1982 and 1983 respectively before being combined into a revised hardback omnibus edition, The Complete Yes Minister: The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, in 1984. Two volumes of Yes, Prime Minister: The Diaries of the Right Hon. James Hacker were published in 1986 and 1987, before being made available as an omnibus edition in 1988. Both series were published as omnibus paperback editions in 1989:

• The Complete Yes Minister ISBN 0-563-20665-9
• The Complete Yes, Prime Minister ISBN 0-563-20773-6

Antony Jay's How to Beat Sir Humphrey: Every Citizen's Guide to Fighting Officialdom (ISBN 0-9528285-1-0) was published in April 1997. It was illustrated by Gerald Scarfe and Shaun Williams. It was read by Derek Fowlds on Radio 4 later that year.

The "Yes Minister" Miscellany was released in October 2009.

The script of the play, Yes, Prime Minister, was published in paperback by Faber & Faber in 2010 (ISBN 978-0-571-26070-6).

See also

• Hacker Ministry
• House of Cards
• The New Statesman
• Humphrey (cat), Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office (Humphrey the cat was named after Sir Humphrey Appleby)
• List of fictional politicians
• Party Animals
• Politician's syllogism
• Politics in fiction
• The West Wing
• The Thick Of It

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Lewisohn, Mark. "Yes Minister". BBC Comedy Guide. Archived from the original on 2007-10-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20071013172651/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/y/yesminister_7777145.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Lewisohn, Mark. "Yes, Prime Minister". BBC Comedy Guide. Archived from the original on 2007-03-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20070317115227/http://www.bbc.co.uk/comedy/guide/articles/y/yesprimeminister_1299003453.shtml. Retrieved 2007-08-18. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Cockerell, Michael (1988). Live From Number 10: The Inside Story of Prime Ministers and Television. London: Faber and Faber. p. 288. ISBN 0-571-14757-7. 
4. ^ ^{a b c d e f} "Yes Minister Questions & Answers". Jonathan Lynn Official Website. http://www.jonathanlynn.com/tv/yes_minister_series/yes_minister_qa.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-06. 
5. ^ "Doing the Honours"; Yes Minister, Series 2, Episode 2
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o} "Yes Minister". Written by Armando Iannucci; prod. Verity Newman. Britain's Best Sitcom. BBC. BBC Two. 2004-01-17.
7. ^ There are various versions of the "Times is read by the people who run the country" patter, which has been attributed to an anonymous advertising copywriter: see, for example, J. M. & M.J. Cohen, The Penguin Dictionary of Twentieth-Century Quotations (revised ed. 1995), 3:31. It appears in Using the Media, by Denis MacShane, London 1979; MacShane attributes this to TUC President Cyril Plant in 1976
8. ^ Adam Curtis. The Trap: What Happened To Our Dreams of Freedom, Part 1 – F. You Buddy [Television Production]. BBC. Quoted text at 0:35:34
9. ^ Adam Curtis. The Trap: What Happened To Our Dreams of Freedom, Part 1 – "F&#k You Buddy" [Television Production]. BBC. Quoted text at 0:36:07
10. ^ Crossman, Richard (1979). Diaries of a Cabinet Minister: Selections, 1964–70. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd. ISBN 0-241-10142-5. 
11. ^ "Yes Minister". Comedy Connections. 2008-07-25.
12. ^ ^{a b c} "Part 3: Modern Times". Prod. Paul Tilzey; Dir. Gabrielle Osrin. Omnibus: Laughter in the House. BBC. 1999-04-09.
13. ^ Crisell, Andrew (2002). An Introductory History of British Broadcasting (2nd ed ed.). London: Routledge. p. 201. ISBN 0-415-24792-6. 
14. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Cornell, Paul.; Martin Day, Keith Topping (1993). The Guinness Book of Classic British TV. Guinness. pp. 113–6. ISBN 0-85112-543-3. 
15. ^ ^{a b} Radio Times: 4–10 January 1986
16. ^ Radio Times 28 November–4 December 1987
17. ^ "The Whisky Priest". Writers Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn, Producer Peter Whitmore. Yes Minister. BBC. BBC Two. 1982-12-16.
18. ^ "Power to the People". Writers Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn, Producer Sydney Lotterby. Yes, Prime Minister. BBC. BBC Two. 1988-01-07.
19. ^ "Man Overboard". Writers Antony Jay and Jonathan Lynn, Producer Sydney Lotterby. Yes, Prime Minister. BBC. BBC Two. 1987-12-03.
20. ^ Lynn, J.; Jay A. (1989). The Complete Yes Prime Minister. London: BBC Books. p. 8. "We are especially grateful also to Sir Bernard Woolley GCB, formerly Hacker's Principal Private Secretary at Number Ten Downing Street and eventually Head of the Home Civil Service" 
21. ^ Opening episode, Open Government, broadcast on 25 February 1980
22. ^ "Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister". The British Comedy and Drama Website. http://www.britishcomedy.org.uk/comedy/minister.htm. Retrieved 2006-09-20. 
23. ^ "BBC New Talent: Advice for new TV composers". bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/newtalent/music/realmedia/ronnie.ram. Retrieved 2006-09-02. 
24. ^ "Awards for "Yes Minister"". IMDb.com. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0080306/awards. Retrieved 2006-09-01. 
25. ^ "Britain's Best Sitcom: The Final Top 10 Sitcoms". bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/sitcom/winner.shtml. Retrieved 2006-08-30. 
26. ^ "Frasier is The Ultimate Sitcom". paramountcomedy.com. 2006-01-03. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927051144/http://www.paramountcomedy.com/comedy/news/article.aspx?id=320. Retrieved 2007-02-27. 
27. ^ "Fiftieth Anniversary Award Winners" (PDF). The Political Studies Association of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 2006-09-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20060925034220/http://www.psa.ac.uk/about/brochure/PSA%20Brochure_18-25.pdf. Retrieved 2006-08-30. 
28. ^ Evans, Jeff (1995). The Guinness Television Encyclopedia. Middlesex: Guinness. p. 586. ISBN 0-85112-744-4. 
29. ^ Bernard Donoughue, article in programme for Yes Prime Minister (Gielgud Theatre, September 2010). Donoughue was himself a Minister from 1997-2000.
30. ^ Stringer, Robin (1984-01-21). "Thatcher stars in "Yes Minister"" (Reprint on website). Daily Telegraph. http://www.yessirnigel.com/thatcher_script.html. Retrieved 2006-08-30. 
31. ^ "Maggie Stars in Whitehall Farce". 1984-01-27. http://www.private-eye.co.uk/covers.php?showme=577. Retrieved 2007-09-26. 
32. ^ "Hacker in Australia: footage of Paul Eddington visiting Australia". yes-minister.com. http://www.yes-minister.com/video/hackerinaustralia.ram. Retrieved 2006-09-02. 
33. ^ O'Connor, John J. (1987-06-14). "BBC sitcom proves politics has its laughs". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DC1E39F937A25755C0A961948260&scp=7&sq=Yes+Minister&st=nyt. Retrieved 2009-02-02. 
34. ^ "Hindi makeover for Yes Minister". BBC News. 20 April, 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1287388.stm. 
35. ^ Scott, Steve (1987). "Yes, Prime Minister". lemon64.com. http://www.lemon64.com/index.php?mainurl=http%3A//www.lemon64.com/reviews/view.php%3Fid%3D556. Retrieved 2006-08-30. 
36. ^ "Ja, Bewindsman". Chortle.co.uk. 2009-03-23. http://www.chortle.co.uk/news/2009/03/23/8584/ja%2C_bewindsman. Retrieved 2009-03-23. 
37. ^ "The Thick of It: Interview: Armando Iannucci, Chris Langham & Peter Capaldi". BBC Four website. 2005-04-19. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/thickofit/armando-iannucci.shtml. Retrieved 2006-09-07. 
38. ^ Sylvester, Rachel (30 April 2005). "New TV satire puts Labour in the thick of it" (Reprint on telegraph.co.uk). Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1489020/New-TV-satire-puts-Labour-in-the-thick-of-it.html. Retrieved 2006-09-07. 
39. ^ "Yes Prime Minister to make stage debut". BBC News. 2010-02-18. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8522359.stm. Retrieved 2010-02-18. 
40. ^ "Chicester Minister Bound for Gielgud, 17 Sep". Whats On Stage website. 2010-06-11. http://www.whatsonstage.com/news/theatre/london/E8831276247171/Chichester+Minister+Bound+for+Gielgud%2C+17+Sep.html. Retrieved 2010-06-12. 
41. ^ Remarkably, Sir Humphrey was able to show Bernard Woolley how to disable the Prime Minister's BlackBerry.
42. ^ Anthony Jay & Jonathan Lynn (2010) Yes, Prime Minister (the play) (Faber & Faber). In reality, during the negotiations that led to the coalition government in 2010, the two parties appear largely to have shunned support available to them from the civil service: see David Laws (2010) 22 Days in May and Rob Wilson (2010) 5 Days To Power, who concluded that, "probably the influence of the civil service, including the Cabinet Secretary, in pushing the [parties] together to avoid a financial crisis has been overplayed".
43. ^ David Haig interviewed in Country Life, 8 September 2010
44. ^ Yes, Prime Minister, act 1, scene 2 (pages 36-40)
45. ^ Yes, Prime Minister, act 2, scene 1 (page 61). The suggestion of "euro-job" was prompted by Hacker's objection to "Anglo-Kumranistan Liaison Project" as "a bit of a mouthful": ibid.
46. ^ See, for example, Alastair Campbell (2007) The Blair Years; Andrew Rawnsley (2010) The End of the Party; Anthony Seldon & Guy Lodge (2010) Brown at 10.
47. ^ David Haig, loc.cit.
48. ^ <Jay & Lynn (2010) Yes, Prime Minister, especially pages 14, 32 and 81-3.
49. ^ Emily Joyce: Internet Movie Database
50. ^ Daily Mail, Weekend, 15 January 2011
51. ^ [1]
52. ^ Yes Prime Minister Tickets
53. ^ Sunday Times Culture, 14 August 2011
54. ^ Episodes included "Open Government", "Big Brother", "The Economy Drive", "The Writing on the Wall", "The Smoke Screen", "The Ministerial Broadcast", "Official Secrets" and "A Conflict of Interest", "The Quality of Life", (vol.3) "The Compassionate Society", "The Greasy Pole", "The Skeleton in the Cupboard", "A Question of Loyalty" (vol.4) "The Whisky Priest", "The Death List" and "The Moral Dimension"
55. ^ Taylor, Rod (1994). The Guinness Book of Sitcoms. Middlesex: Guinness. p. 278. ISBN 0-85112-638-3. 
56. ^ ^{a b} "video/DVD". The Yes (Prime) Minister Files. http://www.yes-minister.com/video.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-31. 
57. ^ "New DVD titles for rent and retail from Roadshow Entertainment". Roadshow Entertainment.. http://www.roadshowentertainment.com.au. Retrieved 4 February 2009. 
58. ^ http://roadshow.co.nz

External links

• Yes Minister at BBC Programmes
• Yes Minister at the BBC 7—Comedy
• Yes Minister at the Internet Movie Database
• Yes Minister at TV.com
• Yes, Prime Minister at BBC Programmes
• Yes, Prime Minister at the Internet Movie Database
• Yes, Prime Minister at TV.com
• Yes Minister/Yes, Prime Minister at the British Comedy Guide
• Yes Minister/Yes, Prime Minister at the BFI's Screenonline
• Yes Minister/Yes, Prime Minister fan page
• Jonathan Lynn interview talking about Yes Minister at Den of Geek
• The ten funniest ever Yes Minister moments at the Daily Telegraph online site