Quango

The acronyms Qango and Quango, variously spelt out as QUAsi Non-Governmental Organization, QUasi-Autonomous Non-Governmental Organization, and QUasi-Autonomous National Government Organization, have been used, notably in the United Kingdom, but also in Australia, Ireland and other countries, to describe a range of organizations to which governments have devolved power. Confusion over the meaning of the acronym has been reflected in confusion over the use of the term, and may have contributed to its decline in use. The term Quango carries with it an implication of poor management and lack of accountability.

History of the term

The term originated as a humorous shortening of -NGO, that is, an ostensibly non-governmental organization which performs governmental functions, often with government funding or other support. Wettenhall, R 1981 'The quango phenomenon', Current Affairs Bulletin 57(10):14-22.] ] There are many such organizations. In Australia and other countries, the Red Cross provides blood bank services, with government support and backing of various kinds. Examples in the United Kingdom include bodies engaged in self-regulation of various sectors, such as the Press Complaints Commission and the Law Society. An essential feature of a Quango, in the original definition, was that it should not be formally part of the public sector.

However, the appeal of the term was such that it was extended to a wide range of governmental organizations, such as executive agencies (from 1988) providing health, education and other services. Particularly in the United Kingdom, this extension took place in a polemical context, being associated with claims that the proliferation of such authorities was undesirable and should be reversed [http://www.lewrockwell.com/orig/watson4.html] . In the course of this process, attempts were made to derive the acronym from longer terms which did not carry the presumption that the organization in question was non-governmental. The most popular was Quasi-Autonomous National Government Organization, which, however, carries with it the false presumption that state and local governments cannot make use of Quangos, so leading to the parallel acronym, Qualgo. [The Times "New body's waste plea." (April 18, 1986): NA. [http://find.galegroup.com/itx/start.do?prodId=SPN.SP00 Newspapers Online. Gale.] Gale Document Number:CJ117886677. Retrieved 5 Apr, 2008. "...London Waste Regulation Authority, the first 'qualgo' formed after abolition of the Greater London Council, ... The new body is a joint board of councilors from London boroughs. 'Qualgo' stands for 'quasi-autonomous local government organization', the municipal equivalent of a quango, in which members are appointed by other councilors. " ]

Since most of such bodies are in fact part of the government in terms of funding, appointment and function, the acronym does not work as a description - these are generally not non-governmental organizations with less autonomy than others. As a result, it has largely been abandoned in UK official usage. The less controversial term non-departmental public body (NDPB) is now used to describe many of the organizations with devolved governmental roles, in an attempt to avoid the pejorative associations of the term Quango.

The UK government's definition of a non-departmental public body or quango in 1997 was::"A body which has a role in the processes of national government, but is not a government department or part of one, and which accordingly operates to a greater or lesser extent at arm's length from Ministers." [http://www.archive.official-documents.co.uk/document/caboff/bodies97/intro-1.htm]

Criticisms

Quangos are often accused of bureaucratic waste and excess. For example, in 2005 Dan Lewis, author of The Essential Guide to Quangos, claimed that the UK has 529 Quangos, many of which are useless and duplicate the work of others. In August 2008 a report by the right-wing pressure group, The Taxpayers' Alliance, claimed that £15 billion was being wasted by the Regional Development Agencies, Quangos set up to encourage economic development in the English regions. [Cite web
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7548573.stm
title=Agencies branded 'waste of money'
work=bbc.co.uk
publisher=BBC News
quote=Quangos set up to improve the fortunes of the English regions have been branded a costly and ineffectual waste of money by a pressure group.
date=2008-08-08
accessdate=2008-08-08]

United Kingdom

The use of executive agency with service delivery functions has developed alongside Non-Departmental Public Bodies in the UK. These agencies do not usually have a legal identity separate from that of their parent department; and, unless they have trading fund status, their accounts form part of the accounts of the parent department. The NHS also has bodies called Special Health Authorities which are technically neither NDPBs nor executive agencies, and the Department of Health collectively describes all three types as "arm's length bodies".

Network Rail, the organization responsible for the UK's railway infrastructure is a classical quango, subject to dispute over whether it is, as its formal structure suggests, a non-governmental private company, or a state-owned enterprise.

Republic of Ireland

The Republic of Ireland has more than 800 quangos — 482 at national level and 350 at local level. [According to a survey carried out by the think-tank Tasc in 2006. [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/newspapers/sunday_times/ireland/article616806.ece Focus: What's wrong with quangos?] — "The Sunday Times" newspaper article, 29 October 2006] they have a combined annual budget of €13 billion and 5,784 quango members.

ee also

*Executive Agency
*Departments of the United Kingdom Government
*Scottish public bodies
*Off-budget enterprise
*Non-governmental organization

References

External links

* [http://www.civilservice.gov.uk/other/agencies/ Cabinet Office - Agencies and Public Bodies]
* [http://quangos.ercouncil.org Economic Research Council - online database of all UK quangos 1998-2006]
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2087-2340529,00.html The Sunday Times Article on Quangos - Sept 2006]
* [http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2007/10/extrabudgetary-.html Richard Allen and Dimitar Radev, "Managing and Controlling Extrabudgetary Funds", OECD Journal of Budgeting, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2006]
* Carsten Greve, Matthew Flinders, Sandra Van Thiel (1999), Quangos—What's in a Name? Defining Quangos from a Comparative Perspective, Governance 12 (2), 129–146 doi:10.1111/0952-1895.951999095
* [http://www.cabinet-office.gov.uk/central/1997/consult/quchap1.htm Definition of 'non-departmental public body' as synonymous with 'QUANGO']
* [http://www.publicappointments.gov.uk/ UK government site about the process of making public appointments]