Profanity

For the Wikipedia policy on profanity, see Wikipedia:Profanity.

In cartoons, profanity is often depicted by substituting symbols ("grawlixes") for words, as a form of non-specific censorship.

Profanity is a show of disrespect, or a desecration or debasement of someone or something. Profanity can take the form of words, expressions, gestures, or other social behaviors that are socially constructed or interpreted as insulting, rude, vulgar, obscene, desecrating, or other forms.^[1]

The original meaning of the adjective profane (Latin: "in front of", "outside the temple") referred to items not belonging to the church, e.g., "The fort is the oldest profane building in the town, but the local monastery is older, and is the oldest building," or "besides designing churches, he also designed many profane buildings". Over time, the meaning has changed.

Statistics

Tape-recorded conversations find that roughly 80–90 spoken words each day – 0.5% to 0.7% of all words – are swear words, with usage varying from between 0% to 3.4%. In comparison, first-person plural pronouns (we, us, our) make up 1% of spoken words.^[2]

As blasphemy

The original meaning of the term was restricted to blasphemy, sacrilege or saying God's name (or an identifier such as "Lord" or "God") in vain. Profanity represented secular indifference to religion or religious figures, while blasphemy was a more offensive attack on religion and religious figures, considered sinful, and a direct violation of The Ten Commandments.

Profanities in the original meaning of blasphemous profanity are part of the ancient tradition of the comic cults, which laughed and scoffed at the deity or deities.^[3][4] An example from Gargantua and Pantagruel is "Christ, look ye, its Mere de ... merde ... shit, Mother of God."^{[5][not in citation given]}

Research into swearing

Swearing and cursing are modes of speech existing in all human languages. They perform certain social and psychological functions, and utilize particular linguistic and neurological mechanisms; all these are avenues of research. Functionally similar behavior can be observed in chimpanzees, and may contribute to our understanding, notes New York Time author Natalie Angier.^[6]

Angier also notes that swearing is a widespread but perhaps underappreciated anger management technique; that "men generally curse more than women, unless said women are in a sorority, and that university provosts swear more than librarians or the staff members of the university day care center"; and that linguistic research has shown that the physiological reactions of individuals who are proud of their education are similar between exposure to obscene words and exposure to bad grammar.^[6]

Profane language is by no means a recent phenomenon. The Bible sometimes uses strong language, such as mention of men who "eat their own dung, and drink their own piss" in the Authorized King James Version of 1611's close translation of Hebrew text of 2 Kings 18:27. Shakespeare is replete with vulgarisms, though many are no longer readily recognized. Even the oldest traces of human writing include swear words.^{[citation needed]}

Keele University researchers Stephens, Atkins, and Kingston found that swearing relieves the effects of physical pain.^[7] Stephens said "I would advise people, if they hurt themselves, to swear".^[8] However, the overuse of swear words tends to diminish this effect.^[8] The team earned themselves the Ig Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 for the research.

Swearing in the workplace (UK)

In the United Kingdom, swearing in the workplace can be an act of gross misconduct under certain circumstances. In particular, this is the case when swearing accompanies insubordination against a superior or humiliation of an inferior employee. However, in other cases it may not be grounds for instant dismissal.^[9] According to a UK site on work etiquette, the "fact that swearing is a part of everyday life means that we need to navigate a way through a day in the office without offending anyone, while still appreciating that people do swear. Of course, there are different types of swearing and, without spelling it out, you really ought to avoid the 'worst words' regardless of who you’re talking to".^[10] With respect to swearing between colleagues, the site explains that "[a]lthough it may sound strange, the appropriateness [of] swearing [...] is influenced largely by the industry you are in and the individuals you work with". The site continues to explain that, even in a workplace in which swearing is the norm, there is no need to participate in it.^[10] The site stresses that swearing is, in generally, more problematic in asymmetric situations, such as in the presence of senior management or clients, but it also mentions that a "holier than thou" attitude towards clients may be problematic.^[10]

The Guardian reported that "36% of the 308 UK senior managers and directors having responded to a survey accepted swearing as part of workplace culture", but warned about specific inappropriate uses of swearing such as when it is discriminatory or part of bullying behaviour. The article ends with a quotation from Ben Wilmott (Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development): "Employers can ensure professional language in the workplace by having a well drafted policy on bullying and harassment that emphasises how bad language has potential to amount to harassment or bullying."^[11]

Severity

The relative severity of various British profanities, as perceived by the public, was studied on behalf of the British Broadcasting Standards Commission, Independent Television Commission, BBC and Advertising Standards Authority; the results of this jointly commissioned research were published in December 2000 in a paper called "Delete expletives?". It listed the profanities in order of decreasing severity.

A similar survey was carried out in 2009 by New Zealand's Broadcasting Standards Authority. The results were published in March 2010, in a report called "What Not to Swear". According to the Authority, the findings "measured how acceptable the public finds the use of swear words, blasphemies, and other expletives in broadcasting".

Notable instances in popular culture

• Ulysses by James Joyce^[12]
• The Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger ^[13][14]
• Pygmalion (play) by George Bernard Shaw (for the use of bloody)^[15]
• Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell and the film – "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn", said in 1939, was among the first uses of profanity in a major American film.^[16]
• Winnebago Man documentary starring Jack Rebney ^[17]

See also

Blasphemy Bleep censor Damnation English profanity (category) Ethnic slurs Minced oath Obscenity Profanum Profanity in Science Fiction            Seven Dirty Words Swear filter Verbal abuse

Other languages Profanity by language (category) Profanity in American Sign Language Dutch profanity Esperanto profanity Finnish profanity Italian profanity Latin profanity Spanish profanity

References

Notes

1. ^ "Definition of Profane", emphasis on original, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, retrieved on June 5, 2007.
2. ^ Jay T. (2009). The Utility and Ubiquity of Taboo Words. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4:153-161. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01115.x Entire document
3. ^ Bakhtin 1941, "introduction", p.5-6
4. ^ Meletinsky, Eleazar Moiseevich The Poetics of Myth (Translated by Guy Lanoue and Alexandre Sadetsky) 2000 Routledge ISBN 0415928982 p.110
5. ^ François Rabelais, Gargantua book, chap. XVII; In French the words mère de (meaning "mother of") sound like merde, which means "shit".Full text of Chapter 16, Rabelais and His World at Google Books.
6. ^ ^{a b} Angier, Natalie (25 September 2005), "Cursing is a normal function of human language, experts say", New York Times, http://articles.sfgate.com/2005-09-25/news/17390497_1_linguistic-language-dialect 
7. ^ Richard Stephens, John Atkins, and Andrew Kingston (2009). "Swearing as a Response to Pain". Neuroreport (12): 1056–60. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Joelving, Frederik (12 July 2009), "Why the #$%! Do We Swear? For Pain Relief", Scientific American, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=why-do-we-swear 
9. ^ Swearing in the Workplace.
10. ^ ^{a b c} Work Etiquette – Swearing in the Workplace.
11. ^ Matt Keating (2006-06-03). "Should swearing be tolerated in the workplace?". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/jun/03/careers.work. Retrieved 2010-05-12. 
12. ^ Ellmann, Richard (1982). James Joyce. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 502–04. ISBN 0-1950-3103-2. 
13. ^ "Art or trash? It makes for endless, debate that cant be won". The Topeka Capital-Journal. 1997-10-06. http://www.cjonline.com/stories/100697/snider.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20. "Another perennial target, J.D. Salinger's Catcher in the Rye, was challenged in Maine because of the "f" word." 
14. ^ Ben MacIntyre (2005-09-24). "The American banned list reveals a society with serious hang-ups". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,923-1792974,00.html. Retrieved 2007-12-20. 
15. ^ Pygmalion, Act III. Eliza's "Walk? Not bloody likely!"
16. ^ Raw Dialog Challenges all the Censors. p. 92. http://books.google.com/books?id=rlUEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA92&dq=frankly%20my%20dear%20i%20don't%20give%20a%20damn%20censorship&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q=frankly%20my%20dear%20i%20don't%20give%20a%20damn%20censorship&f=false.  Life Magazine: 92. 10 June 1966. 
17. ^ ""Winnebago Man" a Profanity-Laced Delight". NBC News Popcorn Biz (New York). 2010-05-20. http://www.nbcnewyork.com/entertainment/movies/_Winnebago_Man__a_Profanity-Laced_Delight_All__National_.html. Retrieved 2010-05-20. 

Bibliography

• Bakhtin, Mikhail; Iswolski, Hélène (translator) (1993) [1941]. Rabelais and His World. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 
• Bulcke, Camille (2001) [1968]. An English-Hindi Dictionary (3rd ed.). Ramnagar, New Delhi: Chand. ISBN 81-219-0559-1. 
• Almond, Ian (2003). "Derrida and the Secret of the Non-Secret: On Respiritualising the Profane". Literature and Theology 17 (4): 457–471. doi:doi:10.1093/litthe/17.4.457. ISSN 0269-1205. http://litthe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/17/4/457. 

Further reading

• Jim O'Connor. Cuss Control. 2000.
• Edward Sagarin. The Anatomy of Dirty Words. 1962.
• Bill Bryson. The Mother Tongue. 1990.
• Richard A Spears. Forbidden American English. 1990.
• Sterling Johnson. Watch Your F*cking Language. 2004.
• Geoffrey Hughes. Swearing. 2004.
• Ruth Wajnryb. Expletive Deleted: A Good Look at Bad Language. 2005.
• Jesse Sheidlower. The F-Word. 2009. (3rd ed.)
• Croom, Adam M. "Slurs." Language Sciences, Volume 33, Number 3, May 2011, pp. 343-358. Published by Elsevier.
• Swearing is bad? by Karen Stollznow

External links

• Most vulgar words in The Online Slang Dictionary (as voted by visitors)