Zircon

Not to be confused with zirconia or cubic zirconia.

This article is about the mineral. For other uses, see Zircon (disambiguation).

Zircon
Zircon crystal from Tocantins, Brazil (2×2 cm)
General
Category	Mineral
Chemical formula	zirconium silicate ZrSiO4
Crystal symmetry	Tetragonal 4/m 2/m 2/m
Unit cell	a = 6.607(1) Å, c = 5.982(1) Å; Z=4
Identification
Color	Reddish brown, yellow, green, blue, gray, colorless; in thin section, colorless to pale brown
Crystal habit	tabular to prismatic crystals, irregular grains, massive
Crystal system	Tetragonal Ditetragonal Dipyramidal 4/m 2/m 2/m
Twinning	On {101}
Cleavage	indistinct, on {110} and {111}
Fracture	Conchoidal to uneven
Tenacity	Brittle
Mohs scale hardness	7.5
Luster	Vitreous to adamantine; greasy when metamict.
Streak	White
Diaphaneity	Transparent to opaque
Specific gravity	4.6–4.7
Optical properties	Uniaxial (+)
Refractive index	nω = 1.925-1.961 nε = 1.980-2.015, 1.75 when metamict
Birefringence	δ = 0.047–0.055
Pleochroism	Weak
Fusibility	Infusible
Solubility	Insoluble
Other characteristics	Fluorescent and radioactive, may form pleochroic halos
References	[1][2][3][4]

Zircon (pronounced /ˈzɜrkən/; including hyacinth or yellow zircon) is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates. Its chemical name is zirconium silicate and its corresponding chemical formula is ZrSiO₄. A common empirical formula showing some of the range of substitution in zircon is (Zr_1–y, REE_y)(SiO₄)_1–x(OH)_4x–y. Zircon forms in silicate melts with concentrated incompatible elements and accepts high field strength elements into its structure. For example, hafnium is almost always present in quantities ranging from 1 to 4%. The crystal structure of zircon is tetragonal crystal system. The natural color of zircon varies between colorless, yellow-golden, red, brown, blue, and green. Colorless specimens that show gem quality are a popular substitute for diamond; these specimens are also known as "Matura diamond".

The name either derives from the Syriac word ܙܐܪܓܥܢܐ zargono,^[5] from the Arabic word zarqun (زرقون), meaning vermilion, or from the Persian zargun (زرگون), meaning golden-colored.^[6] These words are corrupted into "jargoon", a term applied to light-colored zircons. The English word "Zircon" is derived from "Zirkon," which is the German adaptation of these words.^[7] Yellow zircon is called "hyacinth", from the flower hyacinthus, whose name is of Ancient Greek origin; in the Middle Ages all yellow stones of East Indian origin were called hyacinth, but today this term is restricted to the yellow zircons.

Properties

Optical microscope photograph; the length of the crystal is about 250 µm.

Zircon is ubiquitous in the crust of Earth. It occurs in igneous rocks (as primary crystallization products), in metamorphic rocks and in sedimentary rocks (as detrital grains). Large zircon crystals are rare. Their average size in granite rocks is about 0.1–0.3 mm, but they can also grow to sizes of several centimeters, especially in pegmatites.

Because of their uranium and thorium content, some zircons might undergo metamictization. Connected to internal radiation damage, these processes partially disrupt the crystal structure and partly explain the highly variable properties of zircon. As zircon becomes more and more modified by internal radiation damage, the density decreases, the crystal structure is compromised, and the color changes. Zircon is a common accessory mineral, occurring in Australia; Barbados; Russia (Ural Mountains); Trentino, Monte Somma, and Vesuvius, Italy; Arendal, Norway; Sri Lanka; India; Indonesia, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi; Thailand; Ratanakiri, Cambodia; the Kimberley mines, Republic of South Africa; Madagascar; Renfrew County, Ontario, and Grenville, Quebec, Canada; and Litchfield, Maine; Chesterfield, Massachusetts; Essex, Orange, and St. Lawrence counties, New York; Henderson County, North Carolina; the Pikes Peak district of Colorado; and Llano County, Texas in the United States. Australia leads the world in zircon mining, producing 37% of the world total and accounting for 40% of world EDR (economic demonstrated resources) for the mineral. Thorite (ThSiO₄) is an isostructural related mineral. Barbados produces 12% of the world total and 17% of world EDR accordingly.

Zircon occurs in many colors, including red, pink, brown, yellow, hazel, or black. It can also be colorless. The color of zircons can sometimes be changed by heat treatment. Depending on the amount of heat applied, colorless, blue, or golden-yellow zircons can be made. In geological settings, the development of pink, red, and purple zircon occurs after hundreds of millions of years, if the crystal has sufficient trace elements to produce color centers. Color in this red or pink series is annealed in geological conditions above the temperature about 350 °C.

Applications

Sand-sized grains of zircon

Zircon is mainly consumed as a opacifier in the decorative ceramics industry.^[8] It is also the principal precursor to metallic zirconium, although this application is small, and all compounds of zirconium including zirconium oxide (ZrO₂), one of the most refractory materials known.

Occurrence

World production trend of zirconium mineral concentrates

Zircon is a common accessory to trace mineral constituent of most granite and felsic igneous rocks. Due to its hardness, durability and chemical inertness, zircon persists in sedimentary deposits and is a common constituent of most sands. Zircon is rare within mafic rocks and very rare within ultramafic rocks aside from a group of ultrapotassic intrusive rocks such as kimberlites, carbonatites, and lamprophyre, where zircon can occasionally be found as a trace mineral owing to the unusual magma genesis of these rocks.

Zircon forms economic concentrations within heavy mineral sands ore deposits, within certain pegmatites, and within some rare alkaline volcanic rocks, for example the Toongi Trachyte, Dubbo, New South Wales Australia^[9] in association with the zirconium-hafnium minerals eudialyte and armstrongite.

Radiometric dating

Zircon has played an important role during the evolution of radiometric dating. Zircons contain trace amounts of uranium and thorium (from 10 ppm up to 1 wt%) and can be dated using several modern analytical techniques. Because zircons can survive geologic processes like erosion, transport, even high-grade metamorphism, they contain a rich and varied record of geological processes. Currently, zircons are typically dated by uranium-lead (U-Pb), fission-track, and U+Th/He techniques.

Zircons from Jack Hills in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia, have yielded U-Pb ages up to 4.404 billion years,^[10] interpreted to be the age of crystallization, making them the oldest minerals so far dated on Earth. In addition, the oxygen isotopic compositions of some of these zircons have been interpreted to indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth.^[10][11] This interpretation is supported by additional trace element data,^[12][13] but is also the subject of debate.^[14][15]

Gallery

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  Crystal structure of zircon

• 

  A unit cell

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  Zircon collection at the National Museum of Natural History

• 

  Polished surface of the oldest zircon so far found on Earth^[10]

• 

  SEM image of zircon

• 

  A small sample of zircon.

Similar minerals

Hafnon (HfSiO₄), Xenotime (YPO₄), Béhierite, Schiavinatoite ((Ta, Nb)BO₄), Thorite, (ThSiO₄), and Coffinite (USiO₄) all share the same crystal structure (^VIIIX ^IVY O₄) as Zircon.

See also

• Baddeleyite, ZrO₂
• Cool Early Earth
• Heavy mineral sands ore deposits
• History of Earth
• Ilmenite
• List of minerals
• List of English words of Persian origin
• Oldest rock
• Radiometric dating

References

1. ^ Handbook of Mineralogy
2. ^ Mindat
3. ^ Webmineral
4. ^ Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., ISBN 0-471-80580-7
5. ^ Pearse, Roger (2002-09-16). "Syriac Literature". http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/oriental/syriac.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-11. 
6. ^ Stwertka, Albert (1996). A Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. pp. 117–119. ISBN 0-19-508083-1. 
7. ^ http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=zircon
8. ^ Ralph Nielsen "Zirconium and Zirconium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a28_543
9. ^ "Dubbo Zirconia Project Fact Sheet June 2007". 06/2007. http://www.alkane.com.au/projects/nsw/dubbo/DZP%20Summary%20June07.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-10. 
10. ^ ^{a b c} Wilde S.A., Valley J.W., Peck W.H. and Graham C.M. (2001). "Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago". Nature 409 (6817): 175. doi:10.1038/35051550. PMID 11196637. http://www.geology.wisc.edu/%7Evalley/zircons/Wilde2001Nature.pdf. 
11. ^ Mojzsis, S.J., Harrison, T.M., Pidgeon, R.T. (2001). "Oxygen-isotope evidence from ancient zircons for liquid water at the Earth’s surface 4300 Myr ago". Nature 409 (6817): 178–181. doi:10.1038/35051557. PMID 11196638. 
12. ^ Ushikubo, T., Kita, N.T., Cavosie, A.J., Wilde, S.A. Rudnick, R.L. and Valley, J.W. (2008). "Lithium in Jack Hills zircons: Evidence for extensive weathering of Earth's earliest crust". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 272: 666–676. Bibcode 2008E&PSL.272..666U. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.032. 
13. ^ "Ancient mineral shows early Earth climate tough on continents". Physorg.com. June 13, 2008. http://www.physorg.com/news132583481.html. 
14. ^ Nemchin, A.A., Pidgeon, R.T., Whitehouse, M.J. (2006). "Re-evaluation of the origin and evolution of >4.2 Ga zircons from the Jack Hills metasedimentary rocks". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 244: 218–233. Bibcode 2006E&PSL.244..218N. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.054. 
15. ^ Cavosie, A.J., Valley, J.W., Wilde, S.A., E.I.M.F. (2005). "Magmatic δ18O in 4400–3900 Ma detrital zircons: a record of the alteration and recycling of crust in the Early Archean". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 235: 663–681. Bibcode 2005E&PSL.235..663C. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.028. 

External links

• Geochemistry of old zircons
• Mineral galleries

Further reading

John M. Hanchar & Paul W. O. Hoskin (eds.) (2003). "Zircon". Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 53. ISBN 0-939950-65-0 (Mineralogical Society of America monograph). D. J. Cherniak and E. B. Watson (2000). "Pb diffusion in zircon". Chemical Geology 172: 5–24. doi:10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00233-3.  A. N. Halliday (2001). "In the beginning…". Nature 409 (6817): 144–145. doi:10.1038/35051685. PMID 11196624.  Hermann Köhler (1970). "Die Änderung der Zirkonmorphologie mit dem Differentiationsgrad eines Granits". Neues Jahrbuch Mineralogische Monatshefte 9: 405–420.  K. Mezger and E. J. Krogstad (1997). "Interpretation of discordant U-Pb zircon ages: An evaluation". Journal of Metamorphic Geology 15: 127–140. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.00008.x.  J. P. Pupin (1980). "Zircon and Granite petrology". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 73: 207–220. Bibcode 1980CoMP...73..207P. doi:10.1007/BF00381441.

Gunnar Ries (2001). "Zirkon als akzessorisches Mineral". Aufschluss 52: 381–383. Bibcode 1980CoMP...73..207P. doi:10.1007/BF00381441.  G. Vavra (1990). "On the kinematics of zircon growth and its petrogenetic significance: a cathodoluminescence study". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 106: 90–99. Bibcode 1990CoMP..106...90V. doi:10.1007/BF00306410.  John W. Valley, William H. Peck, Elizabeth M. King, Simon A. Wilde (2002). "A Cool Early Earth". Geology 30: 351–354. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0351:ACEE>2.0.CO;2. http://www.geology.wisc.edu/zircon/cool_early/cool_early_home.html. Retrieved 2005-04-11.  G. Vavra (1994). "Systematics of internal zircon morphology in major Variscan granitoid types". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 117: 331–344. Bibcode 1994CoMP..117..331V. doi:10.1007/BF00307269.