Monetary reform

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Monetary reform describes any movement or theory that proposes a different system of supplying money and financing the economy from the current system.^[1]

Monetary reformers may advocate any of the following, among other proposals:

• A return to the gold standard (or silver standard or bimetallism).^{[2][3][4][5][6]}

• The issuance of interest-free credit from a government-controlled and fully owned central bank. These interest free but repayable loans would be used for public infrastructure and productive private investment. This proposal seeks to overcome the charge that debt-free money would cause inflation.^[7][8][9]

• The issuance of social credit - "debt-free" money issued directly from the Treasury - rather than the sourcing of fresh money from a central bank in the form of interest-bearing bonds. These direct cash payments would be made to "replenish" or compensate the populace for the net losses some monetary reformers believe the populace suffers in a fractional reserve-based monetary system.^[10][11]

• The enforcement of full reserve banking for the privately owned banking system.^[12][13][14]

Common targets for reform

Of all the aspects of monetary policy, certain topics reoccur as targets for reform:

Fractional Reserve Banking

Main article: Fractional-reserve banking

Fractional-reserve banking describes systems in which banks lend money while at the same time guaranteeing that depositors (whose money it is lending) will be able to make withdrawals on demand. A fraction of deposits is retained at the bank as reserves to cover normal withdrawals made by depositors.^[15] Because the bank extends a loan with money from depositors, while at the same time guaranteeing the deposits already held by the bank, this system has the effect of increasing the economy's money supply.^[16] When a bank makes a new loan, the funds will - generally speaking - be deposited in a bank again, where the same funds will be lent out again, increasing the money supply again. However, if the fraction of deposits that the bank withholds as reserves is greater than zero, each successive new loan will be slightly smaller than the previous loan, and the growth in the money supply will slow with each successive loan.^[16]

Several major historical examples of financial regulatory reform occurred in the 20th century relating to fractional-reserve banking, made in response to the Great Depression and the crash of 1929. These reforms included the creation of deposit insurance (such as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) to mitigate against the danger of bank runs.^[17] Countries have also implemented legal reserve requirements which impose minimum reserve requirements on banks.^[18] Mainstream economists believe^[17] that these monetary reforms have made sudden disruptions in the banking system less frequent.

However, some critics of fractional reserve banking (such as members of the Austrian school) argue that the practice inherently amounts to a kind of "fraud" perpetrated against depositors/savers as it, in their view, artificially lowers real interest rates, destabilizes the money supply and contributes to volatile and wasteful business cycles (or "credit cycles").^[19] Other critics, such as Michael Rowbotham, equate the practice with counterfeiting, where government-protected privileged private entities (the banks) are granted the legal right to create money "out of the nothing" while also being granted the right to charge interest on their creation.^[11] Michael Rowbotham argues that this concentrates wealth in the banking sector (which has a "cannibalizing" effect on the rest of the economy), causes the rest of the populace to slowly sink into debt slavery, creates volatile hyperinflation in the housing market and deflation in the consumer goods market, squeezes real wages, destroys farming and agriculture and de-industrializes heavily indebted economies.

Fiat money

Main article: Fiat money

Banks create new money as loans through fractional-reserve banking, resultant money is no longer backed by a tangible asset. Money does not represent anything other than the debt of another; the only "tangible" aspect of the system is the borrower’s promise to pay back the interest and principal on the loan. Debt and the ability of borrowers to service that debt then becomes the underlying currency.^[20]

Money creation by the central bank

Many people criticise the fact that governments pay interest for the use of their own money which the central bank creates "out of nothing".^[21][22] This leaves the state of a nation's economy susceptible to the interests of private bankers who create the money solely for the purpose of creating ongoing profits for their employees and shareholders, without any other binding social or legal obligations to the broader community (or future generations) that are normally expected from government entities. Either private individuals or corporations borrow to fund themselves and their businesses, or government "borrows" money from the central bank to fund deficit spending.

International organizations and developing nations

Some monetary reformers criticise existing global financial institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund and their policies regarding money supply, banks and debt in developing nations, in that they appear to these writers to be "forcing" a regime of extortionate or unpayable debt on weak Third World governments that do not have the capacity to pay the interest on these loans without severely affecting the well-being or even the viability of the local population. The attempt by weak Third World governments to service external debt with the sale of valuable hard and soft commodities on world markets is seen by some to be destructive of local cultures, destroying local communities and their environment.^[7][11][23]

Alternative money systems

Central Bank Independence

In an attempt to control the volatile, exponential growth of the money supply, some countries have created a currency board, or granted independence to their central bank. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand, the Reserve Bank of Australia, the Federal Reserve, and the Bank of England are examples where the central bank is explicitly given the power to set interest rates and conduct monetary policy independent of any direct political interference or direction from the central government. This may enable the setting of interest rates to be less susceptible to political interference and thereby assist in combating inflation (or debasement of the currency) by allowing the central bank to more effectively restrict the growth of M3.^[24] However, given that these policies do not address the more fundamental issues inherent in fractional reserve banking, many suggest that only more radical monetary reform can promote positive economic or social change. Although central banks may appear to control inflation, through periodic bank rescues and other means, they may inadvertently be forced to increase the money supply (and thereby debase the currency) to save the banking system from bankruptcy or collapse during periodic bank runs, thereby inducing moral hazard in the financial system, making the system susceptible to economic bubbles.^[25]

International Monetary Reform

Theorists such as Robert Mundell (and more radical thinkers such as James Robertson) see a role for global monetary reform as part of a system of global institutions alongside the United Nations to provide global ecological management and move towards world peace, with Robert Mundell in particular advocating the revived use of gold as a stabilising factor in the international financial system.^[26][27] Henry Liu of the Asia Times Online argues that monetary reform is an important part of a move towards post-autistic economics.^[28]

While some mainstream economists favour monetary reforms to reduce inflation and currency risk and to increase efficiency in the allocation of financial capital, the idea of all-encompassing reform for green or peace objectives is typically espoused by those on the left-wing of the subject and those associated with the anti-globalization movement.^[29]

Social Credit and the provision of debt-free money directly from government

Still other radical reform proposals emphasise monetary, tax and capital budget reform which empowers government to direct the economy toward sustainable solutions which are not possible if government spending can only be financed with more government debt from the private banking system. In particular a number of monetary reformers, such as Michael Rowbotham, Stephen Zarlenga and Ellen Brown, support the restriction or banning of fractional-reserve banking (characterizing it as an illegitimate banking practice akin to embezzlement) and advocate the replacement of fractional-reserve banking with government-issued debt-free fiat currency issued directly from the Treasury rather than from the quasi-government Federal Reserve. (For an in depth critique see Gary North's Gertrude Coogan’s Bluff, ^[30]

Alternatively, some monetary reformers such as those in the Social Credit movement, support the issuance of repayable interest-free credit from a government-owned central bank to fund infrastructure and sustainable social projects. This Social Credit movement flourished briefly in the early 20th century, but then became marginalized and died out in the post-World War II era.

Both these groups (those who advocate the replacement of fractional-reserve banking with debt-free government-issued fiat, and those who support the issuance of repayable interest-free credit from a government-owned central bank) see the provision of interest-free money as a way of freeing the working populace from the bonds of "debt slavery" and facilitating a transformation of the economy away from environmentally damaging consumerism and towards sustainable economic policies and environment-friendly business practices.

Examples of government issued debt-free money

Some governments have experimented in the past with debt-free government-created money independent of a bank. The American Colonies used the "Colonial Scrip" system prior to the Revolution, much to the praise of Benjamin Franklin. He believed it was the efforts of English bankers to revoke this government-issued money that caused the Revolution.^[31] Abraham Lincoln used interest-free money created by the government to help the Union win the American Civil War.^[32] He called these 'Greenbacks' "the greatest blessing the people of this republic ever had."^[33][34]

The islands of Guernsey and Jersey in the Channel Islands create^{[citation needed]} their own money, the Guernsey pound and Jersey pound, to supplement the British Pound and the Scottish pound.

Local barter, local currency

Some go further and suggest that wholesale reform of money and currency, based on ideas from green economics or Natural Capitalism, would be beneficial. These include the ideas of soft currency, barter and the local service economy.

Local currency systems can operate within small communities, outside of government systems, and use specially printed notes or tokens called scrips for exchange. Barter takes this further by swapping goods and services directly; a compromise being the Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS) scheme: a formalised system of Community-based economics that records members’ mutual credit in a central location.

Micro credit

Banks offering small loans on simple interest, not compound interest, can make a difference to small-scale business people trying to make a start without collateral. The Grameen Bank instituted this technique and remains popular and influential.^[35]

Return to the gold standard

A move away from fiat money towards a hard currency or asset-backed currency does not necessarily mean using commodity money such as gold, silver or both in daily transactions. The vast majority of the gold supposedly in reserve is held by the Federal Reserve as collateral for the national debt. The currency could be tied to the good faith and credit of the United States Government, which already issues bonds on the open market, which in turn could be redeemable in gold or silver. Digital means are also now possible to allow trading in hard currencies such as gold, and some believe a new free market will emerge in money production and distribution, as the internet allows renewed decentralisation and competition in this area, eroding the central government's and bankers' old monopoly control of the means of exchange.^[36][37] Some monetary reformers believe that in a genuine free market, where government did not impose a monopoly currency on the populace, a gold standard or silver standard monetary system would arise spontaneously out of the free market because of their unique properties: their extraordinary malleability, their strong resistance to forgery, their character as stable and impervious to decay, and their inherently limited supply.^[38]

See also

• Criticism of fractional-reserve banking
• Full reserve banking
• Social Credit
• Seignorage
• List of monetary reformers

References

1. ^ For an example of the use of the term, see this contribution from Bilderberg.org
2. ^ Sound Money, Lew Rockwell
3. ^ Our Money Madness, Lew Rockwell
4. ^ The Case for a Gold Dollar, Murray Rothbard
5. ^ The Twilight of Irredeemable Debt, Antal E. Fekete
6. ^ See also Antal E. Fekete, G. Edward Griffin and Ludwig von Mises
7. ^ ^{a b} Brown, Ellen H. (2007). Web of Debt. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Third Millennium Press. ISBN 0979560802. http://books.google.com/books?id=ILMGrEC524UC. Retrieved 2007-12-15. 
8. ^ Stephen A. Zarlenga, The Lost Science of Money AMI (2002)
9. ^ Market Fundamentalism, Richard C. Cook
10. ^ As an example of such groups, see the Social Credit website and the Social Credit School of Studies
11. ^ ^{a b c} Rowbotham, Michael (1998). The Grip of Death: A Study of Modern Money, Debt Slavery and Destructive Economics. Jon Carpenter Publishing. ISBN 9781897766408. 
12. ^ What has Government done to our money?, Murray Rothbard
13. ^ The Case for a 100% Gold Dollar, Murray Rothbard
14. ^ Free Banking and the Free Bankers, Jörg Guido Hülsmann, Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics (Vol. 9, No. 1)
15. ^ Mankiw, N. Gregory (2002). Macroeconomics (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 484. ISBN 0-7167-5237-9. 
16. ^ ^{a b} Mankiw, N. Gregory (2002). Macroeconomics (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 485. ISBN 0-7167-5237-9. 
17. ^ ^{a b} Mankiw, N. Gregory (2002). Macroeconomics (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 489. ISBN 0-7167-5237-9. 
18. ^ Mankiw, N. Gregory (2002). Macroeconomics (5th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 487. ISBN 0-7167-5237-9. 
19. ^ Murray Rothbard, The Mystery of Banking
20. ^ Gotterdämmerung, by Antal E. Fekete
21. ^ For an example of the public criticism of the current monetary system, see the speech of the Earl of Caithness in the House of Lords on 5 March 1997
22. ^ Other examples of such critics include Austrian Economists such as Murray Rothbard, and other monetary reformers such as Antal E Fekete, Stephen Zarlenga, and Michael Rowbotham
23. ^ As an example of groups critical of the World Bank, see the "Whirled Bank" website
24. ^ Manipulating the Interest Rate: a Recipe for Disaster, by Thorsten Polliet, December 2007
25. ^ Moral Hazard Effects of Central Bank Intervention, by Nouriel Roubini
26. ^ Uses and Abuses of Gresham's Law, by Robert Mundell
27. ^ The Role of Money, James Robertson
28. ^ The Road to Hyperinflation, Henry C.K. Liu
29. ^ As an example of such groups, see the Sustainable Economics website
30. ^ Gertrude Coogan’s Bluff, Greenback Populism as Conservative Economics [1]
31. ^ America Created its Own Money in 1750, by Congressman Charles G. Binderup
32. ^ The Forgotten War
33. ^ Source of quote discussed here
34. ^ Quoted in the Michael Journal here
35. ^ The Microfinance Revolution, by Marguerite S. Robinson
36. ^ Not Losing Your Head, Speech by Lew Rockwell
37. ^ Free Market Money System by F.A. Hayek
38. ^ Theory of Money and Credit, Ludwig von Mises

External links

• American Monetary Institute
• Prosperity UK A monthly journal on Money Reform which campaigns for publicly created debt-free money
• Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform
• The Money Reform Party, U.K.
• Forum for Stable Currencies, House of Lords
• The Mystery of Banking, Murray Rothbard
• The Ethics of Money Production, Jörg Guido Hülsmann (2008), Ludwig von Mises Institute
• Transforming Money
• Free Banking FAQ
• Greening the Dollar
• UK Monetary Reform & Proposals for Full-Reserve Banking
• Full Reserve Banking