Ramphotyphlops braminus

Ramphotyphlops braminus
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Subphylum:	Vertebrata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Typhlopidae
Genus:	Ramphotyphlops
Species:	R. braminus
Binomial name
Ramphotyphlops braminus (Daudin, 1803)
Synonyms
Eryx braminus - Daudin, 1803 [Tortrix] Russelii - Merrem, 1820 Typhlops braminus - Cuvier, 1829 Typhlops Russeli - Schlegel, 1839 Argyrophis truncatus - Gray, 1845 Argyrophis Bramicus - Gray, 1845 Eryx Bramicus - Gray, 1845 Tortrix Bramicus - Gray, 1845 Onychocephalus Capensis - A. Smith, 1946 Ophthalmidium tenue - Hallowell, 1861 T[yphlops]. (Typhlops) inconspicuus - Jan, 1863 T[yphlops]. (Typhlops) accedens - Jan, 1863 T[yphlops]. accedens - Jan & Sordelli, 1864 Typhlops (Typhlops) euproctus - Boettger, 1882 Typhlops bramineus - Meyer, 1887 Tortrix russellii - Boulenger, 1893 Typhlops russellii - Boulenger, 1893 Typhlops braminus - Boulenger, 1893 Typhlops accedens - Boulenger, 1893 Typhlops limbrickii - Annandale, 1906 Typhlops braminus var. arenicola - Annandale, 1906 [Typhlops braminus] var. pallidus - Wall, 1909 Typhlops microcephalus - Werner, 1909 Glauconia braueri - Sternfeld, 1910 [Typhlops] braueri - Boulenger, 1910 Typhlopidae braminus - Roux, 1911 Typhlops fletcheri - Wall, 1919 Typhlops braminus braminus - Mertens, 1930 Typhlops braminus - Nakamura, 1938 Typhlops pseudosaurus - Dryden & Taylor, 1969 Typhlina (?) bramina - McDowell, 1974 Ramphotyphlops braminus - Nussbaum, 1980[1]

Common names: Brahminy blind snake, Brahminy blindsnake,^[2] more.

Ramphotyphlops braminus is a harmless blind snake species found mostly in Africa and Asia, but has been introduced in many other parts of the world. Completely fossorial, they are often mistaken for earthworms, except that they are not segmented. The specific name is a Latinized form of the word Brahmin, which is a caste among Hindus. No subspecies are currently recognized.^[2]

Description

R. braminus

Adults are small and thin, averaging between 6.35-16.5 cm (2½ to 6½ inches) in length. The head and tail-tip look much the same, with no narrowing of the neck. The rudimentary eyes appear only as a pair of small dots under the head scales. The tip of the tail ends with a tiny pointed spur. The head scales are small and resemble those on the body. There are 14 rows of dorsal scales along the entire body. The coloration of the adults varies from shiny silver gray to charcoal gray or purple. The venter is grayish to brown. Juveniles are colored much the same as the adults.^[3]

The tiny eyes are covered with translucent scales, rendering these snakes almost entirely blind. The eyes cannot form images, but are still capable of registering light intensity.

Common names

Ramphotyphlops braminus is variously known as Brahminy blind snake (or Brahminy blindsnake),^[2] flowerpot snake, common blind snake, island blind snake, Hawaiian blind snake, Nilgiri worm snake (for the synonym Typhlops fletcheri), and Perrotet's shieldtail snake (for the synonym Typhlina bramina). The moniker flowerpot snake derives from the snake's incidental introduction to various parts of the world through the plant trade.

Geographic range

Found in Africa and Asia, but being an introduced species in many parts of the world, it is also found in Australia and the Americas. It is common throughout most of Florida [1]

In Africa, it has been reported in Benin, Togo, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Somalia, Zanzibar, coastal Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa (an isolated colony in Cape Town), Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, Mauritius, the Mascarene Islands and the Seychelles.

R. braminus

In Asia it occurs in Arabia, Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, mainland India, the Maldives, the Lakshadweep Islands, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawashima and Miyakoshima, Taiwan, Hong Kong, southern China, Hainan, the Malay Peninsula, the Maritime Southeast Asia including Singapore, Sumatra and nearby islands (the Riao Archipelago, Bangka, Billiton and Nias), Borneo, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Butung, Salajar, Ternate, Halmahera, Buru, Ceram, Ambon, Saparua, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Madura, Flores, Lomblen, Sumba, Timor, Kai Island, the Aru Islands (requires confirmation according to McDowell, 1974:25), New Guinea (Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea), New Britain and Bougainville Island. In Australia in the Northern Territory near Darwin and the northern tip of Queensland). It occurs in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, on Christmas Island, Palau, Guam, Saipan and the Hawaiian Islands. The Americas in the United States (California, Massachusetts, and Florida), western and southern Mexico and Guatemala and in the Cayman Islands. The vertical distribution is from sea level to 1,200 m in Sri Lanka and up to 1,500 m in Gautemala. The type locality given is "Vizagapatam" [India].^[1]

This is also the only snake reported from Lakshadweep Islands.^[4]

Habitat

Usually occur in urban and agricultural areas.^[3] These snakes live underground in ant and termite nests. They are also found under logs, moist leaves and humus in wet forest, dry jungle and even city gardens. The distribution and survival of this group of snakes directly reflects soil humidity and temperature.^[4]

Feeding

Their diet consists of the larvae, eggs, and pupae of ants and termites.^[3]

Reproduction

This species is parthenogenetic and all specimens collected so far have been female. They lay eggs or may bear live young. Up to eight offspring are produced: all female and all genetically identical.^[3]

References

1. ^ ^{a b} McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
2. ^ ^{a b c} "Ramphotyphlops braminus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174341. Retrieved 30 August 2007. 
3. ^ ^{a b c d} Brahminy Blind Snake at the Florida State Museum of Natural History. Accessed 30 August 2007.
4. ^ ^{a b} Whitaker R. 1978. Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide. Macmillan India Limited.

Further reading

• Annandale, N. 1906. Notes on the fauna of a desert tract in southern India. Part. I. Batrachians and reptiles, with remarks on the reptiles of the desert region of the North-West Frontier. Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Calcutta 1: 183-202.
• Boulenger GA. 1893. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) I. London (Taylor & Francis), 448 pp.
• Daudin FM. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles. vol. 7. Paris: Dufart, 436 pp.
• Jones GS, Thomas LA, Wong K. 1995. Ramphotyphlops braminus. Herpetological Review, 26 (4):210-211.
• Kelaart EF. 1854. Catalogue of reptiles collected in Ceylon. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2) 13: 137-140.
• Kraus F, Cravalho D. 2001. The Risk to Hawai'i from Snakes. Pacific Science, Vol. 55, no. 4:409-417. PDF at University of Hawai'i press. Accessed 20 April 2008.
• Nussbaum, RA. 1980. The brahminy blind snake (Ramphotyphlops braminus) in the Seychelles Archipelago: Distribution, variation, and further evidence for parthenogenesis. Herpetologica 36 (3): 215-221.
• Oliver JA, Shaw CE. 1953. The amphibians and reptiles of the Hawaiian Islands. New York. Zoologica, Vol. 38, no. 5: 65-95.
• O'Shea M, Halliday T. 2002. Smithsonian Handbooks: Reptiles and Amphibians. DK Publishing. 256 pp. ISBN 0789493934.
• Ota H, Hikida T, Matsui M, Mori A, Wynn AH. 1991. Morphological variation, karyotype and reproduction of the parthenogenetic blind snake, Ramphotyphlops braminus, from the insular region of East Asia and Saipan. Amphibia-Reptilia 12: 181-193
• Owen, R, Bowman DT Jr, Johnson SA. 1998. Geographic Distribution. Ramphotyphlops braminus. Herpetological Review 29 (2): 115.
• Palmer, DD and RN Fisher. 2010. Geographic Distribution. Ramphotyphlops braminus. Herpetological Review 41(4):518.
• Thomas LA. 1997. Geographic Distribution. Ramphotyphlops braminus. Herpetological Review 28 (2): 98.
• Vijayakumar SP, David P. 2006. Taxonomy, Natural History, And Distribution Of The Snakes Of The Nicobar Islands (INDIA), Based On New Materials And With An Emphasis On Endemic Species. Russian Journal of Herpetology Vol. 13, No. 1, 2006, pp. 11 – 40.
• Wall F. 1919. Notes on a collection of Snakes made in the Nilgiri Hills and the adjacent Wynaad. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 26: 552-584.
• Wallach V. 1999. Geographic distribution: Ramphotyphlops braminus. Herpetological Review 30 (4): 236.
• Wynn AH, Cole CJ, Gardner AL. 1987. Apparent Triploidy in the Unisexual Brahminy Blind Snake, Ramphotyphlops braminus. Am. Mus. Novit. 2868: 1-7.
• Russell, from [Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 16, Part 2] at [2]. Accessed 7 Nov 2009.

External links

• Ramphotyphlops braminus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 30 August 2007.
• Image of Ramphotyphlops braminus at the Institute of Toxicology and Genetics. Accessed 30 August 2007.
• Ramphotyphlops braminus at Snakes of Japan. Accessed 30 August 2007.
• Ramphotyphlops braminus at WildHerps.com. Accessed 30 August 2007.