Crested Porcupine

Crested Porcupine
Crested porcupine in captivity
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Hystricidae
Genus:	Hystrix
Subgenus:	Hystrix
Species:	H. cristata
Binomial name
Hystrix cristata Linnaeus, 1758

The crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) is a species of rodent in the Hystricidae family.^[2] It is extant in mainland Italy, Sicily, North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa.

Physical Attributes

Hystrix cristata Skull – Museum of Toulouse

Hystrix cristata is part of the family Hystricidae. The more common name for this species is the crested porcupine. The adult crested porcupine has an average head and body length of about 60 to 83 cm (24 to 33 in) long, discounting the tail, and weighs from 13 to 27 kg (29 to 60 lb)^[3].

Almost the entire body is covered with bristles which are either dark brown or black and rather coarse. This mammal is recognizable by the quills that run along the head, nape, and back that can be raised into a crest. Hence the name crested porcupine. There are also some sturdier quills which are about 35 cm (14 in) in length and run along the sides and back half of the body. These sturdier quills are used, for the most part, for defense and are usually marked with light and dark bands which alternate; these are not firmly attached. This porcupine has a shorter tail which has rattle quills at the end. The rattle quills broaden at the terminal end and the broad portion is hollow with thin walls. When these quills are vibrated they produce a hiss-like rattle.

The front feet of the crested porcupine have four developed and clawed digits with a regressed thumb, the rear feet have five. The paws have naked and padded soles and have a plantigrade gait. The ears are external and both the eyes and ears are very small with long vibrissae on its head. The skull is specific in many ways, first the infraorbital foramen is greatly enlarged so that portions of the masseter extend through it and attach from the frontal side surface of the snout. Second the angular process is inflected on the lower jaw, thirdly the nasal cavity is enlarged. Prominent pockets create enlarged areas of attachment for chewing muscles. Collar bones are very much reduced, and there are one incisor, one premolar and three molars.

Food and digestion

The Crested porcupine is for the most part herbivorous, eating roots, bulbs, crops. But occasionally they do consume insects, small vertebrates and carrion. In order to ingest calcium and sharpen incisors they often gnaw on bones. These animals often travel long distances looking for food. They have high crowned teeth that grind plant cells which are digested in the stomach and the undigested fibers are retained in an enlarged appendix and anterior large intestine where they are broken down by microorganisms.

Reproduction

Most of what is known about reproduction in the crested porcupine comes from individuals in captivity. Usually female crested porcupines have one litter every year. One or two very well developed young are born in a chamber within the burrow that is usually lined with grass, but only after a 66 day gestation period, on average. The young weigh about 1000g at birth, which is about three percent of the mothers weight. They leave the den after one week. At this time the spines begin to harden. Crested porcupines reach adult weight at one to two years and are often sexually mature just before then.

Behavior

The crested porcupine is a terrestrial mammal; they very seldom climb trees, but can swim. They are nocturnal and monogamous. The crested porcupine takes care of the young for a long time and small family groups consist of the adult pair and young of various ages. In defense, when disturbed, they raise and fan their quills to make themselves look bigger. If continually bothered, the crested porcupine will stamp its feet, whirr the quills, and charge the disturber back end first trying to stab the enemy with the thicker, shorter quills. These attacks are known to have killed lions, leopards, hyenas, and even humans.

Crested porcupines have been known to collect thousands of bones that they find at night. They are mostly nocturnal, and they may wander upon the skeletons of many animals. These include prehistoric animals, such as Deinotherium^{[citation needed]}. They will collect these bones, and store them in an underground chamber, or cave. Sometimes humans dig up these bones, it is an amazing find for paleontologists and archaeologists.

Population

There are eight species in the genus Hystrix, only two of which are found outside of Asia. The crested porcupine is widespread in Africa and Italy. Although it is favored in many parts of its range as food, its conservation status is set at least concern.

Range

The crested porcupine is found in Italy, North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. In the Mediterranean it is known from mainland Italy and the island of Sicily, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia; there are also records from Libya, and along the Egyptian coast. It has been recorded from sea level to 2550 m in Moroccan Anti Atlas. It is sometimes asserted that the porcupine was introduced to Italy by the Romans, but fossil and sub fossil remains suggest it was possibly present in Europe in the Upper Pleistocene.

Countries

These are the countries from which the crested porcupine is known:

Native: Algeria; Angola; Benin; Burkina Faso; Cameroon; Chad; Côte d'Ivoire; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Ghana; Guinea-Bissau; Italy; Iraq; Israel; Jordan; Kenya; Liberia; Libya; Mali; Mauritania; Morocco; Namibia; Niger; Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; Somalia; Sudan; Tanzania, Togo; Tunisia; Uganda

Possibly extinct: Egypt

Presence uncertain: Central African Republic; the Congo; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Portugal (introduced)

Map of Range from Red List

References

1. ^ Grubb, P., Amori, G., de Smet, K. & Bertolino, S. (2008). Hystrix cristata. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 5 January 2009.
2. ^ Woods, C. A.; Kilpatrick, C. W. (2005). "Hystricognathi". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M.. Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed.. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1538–1600. ISBN 0801882214. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/ 
3. ^ van Aarde, Rudi (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 704–705. ISBN 0-87196-871-1. 

• McPhee, M. 2003. "Hystrix cristata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Hystrix_cristata.html.

Gallery

North African crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) drawn by Gustav Mützel

External links

• http://www.wildafrica.cz/images/animals/413_dikobraz-obecny.jpg
• http://www.archeozoo.org/IMG/png/hystrix_cristata.png
• http://www.cst.cmich.edu/users/dietr1rv/zoogems/porc%20quills-HatchNecklace.jpg