Molar (tooth)

Molars
A lower wisdom tooth after extraction.
Permanent teeth of right half of lower dental arch, seen from above.
Latin	dentes molares
Gray's	subject #242 1118
Artery	posterior superior alveolar artery
Dorlands/Elsevier	Molar teeth

Molars are the rearmost and most complicated kind of tooth in most mammals. In many mammals they grind food; hence the Latin name mola, "millstone".

Adult humans have twelve molars, in four groups of three at the back of the mouth. The third, rearmost molar in each group is called a wisdom tooth. It is the last tooth to appear, breaking through the surface of the gum at about the age of twenty, although this varies from individual to individual. Ethnicity can also have an impact on the age at which this occurs, with statistical variations between groups.

The human mouth contains upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) molars. They are: maxillary first molar, maxillary second molar, maxillary third molar, mandibular first molar, mandibular second molar, and mandibular third molar.

Molars among species

• Tribosphenic: This kind is found in insectivores and young platypuses (adults have no teeth). Upper molars look like three-pointed mountain ranges; lowers look like two peaks and a third off to the side.
• Quadrate: This kind is found in humans and various other species. Four cusps are arranged in a rectangle; there may be a fifth.
• Bunodont: The cusps, instead of being sharp peaks, are rounded hills. The entire tooth is covered in enamel, and is most common among omnivores such as the pig, the bear and humans.
• Hypsodont: There is a lot of enamel and dentine above the gumline and the top of the pulp. This kind of molar is found in mammals that wear their teeth a lot, such as the horse.
• Zalambdodont: The tooth has two ridges that meet at an angle, forming the letter lambda.
• Dilambdodont: Like zalambdodont, but there are two lambdas on one tooth.
• Lophodont: The tooth has a few ridges perpendicular to the jaw.
• Selenodont: The tooth has a crescent-shaped ridge or ridges.
• Loxodont: The tooth has several parallel oblique ridges on its surface. The elephant Loxodonta is named for this feature.

Tribosphenic molar

The molar design that is considered one of the most important characteristics of mammals is a three-cusped shape called a tribosphenic molar. This molar design has two important features: the trigonid, or shearing end, and the talonid, or crushing heel. In modern mammals that have tribosphenic molars the trigonid is towards the front and the talonid towards the rear.

The tribosphenic design appears in all groups of mammals. Some paleontologists believe that it developed independently in monotremes, rather than being inherited from an ancestor that they share with marsupials and placentals; but this idea has critics and the debate is still going on.^[1]

Also some Jurassic mammals, such as Shuotherium and Pseudotribos, have "reversed tribosphenic" molars in which the talonid is towards the front. This variant is regarded as an example of convergent evolution.^[2]

Pathology

• Buccal bifurcation cyst
• Dental caries
• Dental trauma
• Dentigerous cyst and other odontogenic cysts
• Pericoronitis
• Periodontitis

Additional images

• 

  Molar 47 (left), molar 46 and premolar 45(right)

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  Mouth (oral cavity)

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  Left maxilla. Outer surface.

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  Base of skull. Inferior surface.

• 

  The permanent teeth, viewed from the right.

See also

• Incisor
• Canine tooth

References

1. ^ Stokstad, E. (January 2001). "Tooth Theory Revises History of Mammals". Science 291 (5501): 26. doi:10.1126/science.10.1126/SCIENCE.291.5501.26. PMID 11191993. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/291/5501/26?ck=nck. 
2. ^ Luo, Zhe-Xi; Ji, Q; Yuan, CX (November 2007). "Convergent dental adaptations in pseudo-tribosphenic and tribosphenic mammals". Nature 450 (7166): 93–97. doi:10.1038/nature06221. PMID 17972884. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v450/n7166/full/nature06221.html. 

External links

For pictures of various molars see The Diversity of Cheek Teeth.