Dental trauma

"Dental traumatology" redirects here. For the journal, see Dental Traumatology (journal).

Not to be confused with Dental barotrauma.

Dental trauma refers to trauma to the face, mouth, and especially the teeth lips and periodontium. The study of dental trauma is called dental traumatology.^[1]

Types

• Tooth fractures^[1]
  • Enamel infraction
  • Enamel fracture
  • Enamel-dentine fracture
  • Complex fracture of tooth
  • Root fracture of tooth

• Injuries of the periodontal apparatus
  • Subluxation of the tooth
  • Luxation of the tooth
  • Intrusion of the tooth
  • Avulsion of the tooth^[2]

• Soft tissue laceration, most commonly the lips and the gingiva.

Risk factors

• Young children^[3]
• Sports, especially contact sports
• Piercing in tongue and lips^[4]
• Military trainings^[5][6]
• Acute changes in barometric pressure, i.e. dental barotrauma,^[7] which can affect scuba divers^[8] and aviators^[9]
• Class II malocclusion

Prevention

Main article: Mouthguard

A regular use in mouthguard during sports and other high-risk activities (such as military trainings) are the most effective prevention for dental trauma.^[10] However, studies in various high risk populations for dental injuries are repeatedly reporting of a low compliance of individuals for the regular using of mouthguard during activities.^[11] Moreover, even with regular use, effectiveness in prevention on dental injuries is not complete, and injuries can still occur even when mouthguards are used as users are not always aware of the best makes or size, which inevitably result in a poor fit.^[5]

Management

The sequelae of dental trauma can be serious and can involve pulp necrosis, requiring root canal treatment or tooth extraction.^[1] However, recommended in all dental traumas are good oral hygiene with 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate mouthwash, a soft and cold diet, and avoidance of smoking for several days.^[12] When the injured teeth are painful with function due to damage to the periodontal ligaments (e.g., dental subluxation), a temporary splinting of the injured teeth may relief the pain and enhance eating ability.^[13] Avulsed permanent tooth should be gently rinse under tap water and immediately re-planted in its original socket within the alveolar bone and later temporarily splinted by a dentist.^[2] Failure to re-planted the avulsed tooth within the first 40 minutes after the injury may resulted in very poor prognosis for the tooth.^[2] Management of injured primary teeth differs from management of permanent teeth; avulsed primary tooth should not be re-planted (to avoid damage to the permanent dental crypt).^[3]

See also

• Dental barotrauma
• Mouthguard

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Template:''Textbook and Color Atlas of Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth'', Fourth Edition, edited by Andreason J, Andreasen F, and Andersson L, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2007
2. ^ ^{a b c} Flores MT, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, et al. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (June 2007). "Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. II. Avulsion of permanent teeth". Dent Traumatol 23 (3): 130–136. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2007.00605.x. PMID 17511833. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Flores MT, Malmgren B, Andersson L, et al. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (August 2007). "Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. III. Primary teeth". Dent Traumatol 23 (4): 196–202. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2007.00627.x. PMID 17635351. 
4. ^ Liran, Levin; Yehuda Zadik , Tal Becker (December 2005). "Oral and Dental Complications of Intra-oral Piercing". Dent Traumatol 21 (6): 341–343. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2005.00395.x. PMID 16262620. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118672805/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Zadik Y, Levin L (December 2008). "Orofacial injuries and mouth guard use in elite commando fighters". Mil Med 173 (12): 1185–1187. PMID 19149336. 
6. ^ Zadik Y, Levin L (February 2009). "Oral and facial trauma among paratroopers in the Israel Defense Forces". Dent Traumatol 25 (1): 100–102. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00719.x. PMID 19208020. 
7. ^ Zadik Y (Jul-Aug 2009). "Dental barotrauma". Int J Prosthodont 22 (4): 354–7. PMID 19639071. http://www.quintpub.com/journals/ijp/abstract.php?iss2_id=367&article_id=4557&article=8&title=Dental%20Barotrauma. 
8. ^ Zadik, Yehuda; Drucker Scott (September 2011). "Diving dentistry: a review of the dental implications of scuba diving". Aust Dent J. 56 (3): 265–71. doi:10.1111/j.1834-7819.2011.01340.x. PMID 21884141. 
9. ^ Zadik, Yehuda (January 2009). "Aviation dentistry: current concepts and practice". British Dental Journal 206 (1): 11–6. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.1121. PMID 19132029. http://www.nature.com/bdj/journal/v206/n1/pdf/sj.bdj.2008.1121.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-26. 
10. ^ Zadik Y, Levin L (February 2009). "Does a free-of-charge distribution of boil-and-bite mouthguards to young adult amateur sportsmen affect oral and facial trauma?". Dent Traumatol 25 (1): 69–72. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00708.x. PMID 19208013. 
11. ^ Zadik Y, Jeffet U, Levin L (December 2010). "Prevention of dental trauma in a high-risk military population: the discrepancy between knowledge and willingness to comply". Mil Med 175 (12): 1000–1003. PMID 21265309. 
12. ^ Zadik Y (December 2008). "Algorithm of first-aid management of dental trauma for medics and corpsmen". Dent Traumatol 24 (6): 698–701. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00649.x. PMID 19021668. 
13. ^ Flores MT, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, et al. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (April 2007). "Guidelines for the management of traumatic dental injuries. I. Fractures and luxations of permanent teeth". Dent Traumatol 23 (2): 66–71. doi:10.1111/j.1600-9657.2007.00592.x. PMID 17367451. 

External links

• International Association Of Dental Traumatology
• [1]