Papal Coronation

Coronation of Pope Celestine V, the only pope to be crowned twice.^[1]

A papal coronation was the ceremony of the placing of the Papal Tiara on a newly elected pope. The first recorded papal coronation was that of Pope Celestine II in 1143. Soon after his coronation in 1963, Pope Paul VI abandoned the practice of wearing the tiara. His successors have chosen not to resume the coronation practice. As one becomes pope upon consent to a proper election, the papal inauguration ceremony, with or without coronation, serves only symbolic purposes.

Ritual

When a conclave elects a new pope, he assumes all of the rights and authority of the papacy immediately upon his acceptance of election; however, popes traditionally numbered their regnal years from the date of their coronation.^[2] Since the Pontificate of Pope John XXIII, all cardinals must be bishops, and for several centuries the cardinals have always elected one of their own to be pope. If a newly elected pope is not a bishop, he is consecrated at once. In accordance with tradition, the right of consecration belongs to the Dean of the College of Cardinals, in his absence to the Subdean, and in the absence of both of these, to the senior Cardinal Bishop.^[3] If the new pope is already a bishop, his election is announced immediately to the people gathered in Saint Peter's Square and he gives them his blessing.

The episcopal enthronement of the pope takes place in his cathedral, the Basilica of Saint John Lateran. This ceremony was once combined with the coronation. During the Avignon papacy, the pope, being in France, could not be enthroned in his cathedral in Rome. The coronations continued, while enthronements had to await a return to Rome. When Pope Gregory XI did return to Rome, the Lateran Palace was badly in need of repair, so the Popes made the Vatican their residence and transferred coronations to Saint Peter's Basilica. The Lateran Basilica remains the cathedral of Rome, and the enthronement occurs there.^[4] During the "prisoner in the Vatican" period, the enthronement did not take place.

Coronation Mass

The coronation took place on the first Sunday or Holy Day following the election. It began with a solemn Papal Mass. During the chanting of Terce, he sat on a throne and all of the cardinals made what was called their "first obeisance" to him, approaching one by one and kissing his hand. Then the archbishops and bishops approached and kissed his feet.

Following this, at least from the beginning of the 16th century, the newly elected pope was carried in state through St. Peter's Basilica on the sedia gestatoria, under a white canopy, with the papal flabella (ceremonial fans) to either side. Instead of the papal tiara, he wore a jewelled mitre (the episcopal mitra pretiosa). Three times, the procession was stopped, and a bundle of flax lashed to a gilded staff was burnt before the newly elected pontiff, while a master of ceremonies said: Pater Sancte, sic transit gloria mundi (Holy Father, thus passes the glory of the world) as a symbolic caution to set aside materialism and vanity.^[5] Once at the high altar, he would begin to celebrate Solemn High Mass with full papal ceremonial.

After the Confiteor, the pope was seated on a throne and the three senior cardinal bishops approached him wearing mitres. Each in turn placed his hands above him and said the prayer, Super electum Pontificem (over the elected pope). First the Cardinal Bishop of Albano said:

God, who are present without distinction whenever the devout mind invokes you, be present, we ask you, we and this your servant, __, who to the summit of the apostolic community has been chosen as the judge of your people, infuse with the highest blessings that he experience your gift who has reached this point.^[6]

Then the Cardinal Bishop of Porto said:

We supplicate you, Almighty God, effect your customary devotion and pour out on this your servant, __, the grace of the Holy Spirit that he who is constituted at the head of our church as the servant of the mystery, you would strengthen with the fullness of virtue.^[7]

Finally the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia said:

God, who willed your Apostle Peter to hold first place in the inner fellowship of the apostles, that universal Christianity overcome evil, look propitiously we ask on this your servant, __, who from a humble position has suddenly been been enthroned with the apostles on this same principal sublimity, that just as he has been raised to this exalted dignity, so may he likewise merit to accumulate virtue; in bearing the burden of the universal church, help him, make him worthy and for thee who are blessed may merits replace vices.^[8]

Then the senior cardinal deacon placed the pallium on his shoulders saying:

Accept the pallium, representing the plenitude of the Pontifical office, to the honour of Almighty God, and the most glorious Virgin Mary, his Mother, and the Blessed Apostles Peter and Paul, and the Holy Roman Church.^[9][10]

In the 11th and 12th centuries the immantatio, or bestowal of the mantum (a papal vestment consisting of a very long red cope fastened with an elaborate morse) on the newly elected pope was regarded as especially symbolic of investiture with papal authority, and was conferred with the words: "I invest thee with the Roman papacy, that thou rule over the city and the world."^[11]

After the investiture with the pallium the pope incensed the high altar and then returned to his seat to receive again the obeisance of the cardinals, archbishops and bishops. Then the Mass continued. After the Gloria in excelsis and the Pax vobis, the pope said the Collect for the day and then secretly a prayer for himself.^[12] After the pope had returned again to his seat the Papal Laudes were chanted:

Cantors:	Response:
Hear, O Christ[13]	Life to our lord, __, decreed by God as Supreme Pontiff and Universal Father[14]
Savior of the world[15]	Grant him aid.[16]
Savior of the world	Grant him aid.
Savior of the world	Grant him aid.
Saint Mary[17]	Grant him aid.
Saint Mary	Grant him aid.
Saint Michael[18]	Grant him aid.
Etc.	etc.[19]

As with all Pontifical High Masses before Paul VI the Epistle and the Gospel were read in both Greek^[20] and Latin and the pope communicated at his throne.^[21]

Coronation

Photograph showing the moment of the coronation of Pope Benedict XV in the Sistine Chapel, 1914
The Humeston New Era (Iowa newspaper)

After the Mass, the new pope was crowned with the papal tiara. This frequently took place on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica, overlooking the crowds gathered in St. Peter's Square. The pope was seated on a throne with the flabella to either side of him. His mitre was removed, and the tiara was presented to the pope by the senior cardinal deacon, with the words:

Receive the tiara adorned with three crowns and know that thou art the father of princes and kings, the ruler of the world, the vicar on earth of Our Saviour, Jesus Christ, to Whom is honour and glory for ever and ever.^[22]

Then he solemnly placed the tiara on the pope's head, and arranged the lappets behind his neck.

Following his coronation, the pope pronounced the solemn pontifical blessing, Urbi et Orbi.

Taking possession of the cathedra of the Bishop of Rome

Procession for the possessio of Pope Benedict XIII

The last act of the inauguration of a new pope is still the formal taking possession (possessio) of his cathedra as Bishop of Rome in the Basilica of St. John Lateran. This is the final ceremony mentioned in Pope John Paul II's Apostolic Constitution on the vacancy of the Apostolic See and the election of the Roman Pontiff.^[23] The pope is enthroned in the same manner as other bishops. He is solemnly conducted to the episcopal throne, and takes possession by seating himself on it. He receives the kiss of peace and listens to the reading of a passage of Holy Scripture, whereupon he pronounced an address that used to be called the sermo inthronisticus.

In ancient times, the letters that the pope sent to the patriarchs in token of being in communion with them in the same faith were called litterae inthronisticae, or syllabai enthronistikai.^[24]

Location of the ceremony

Consecration of Antipope Benedict XIII at Avignon, September 28, 1394

The earliest papal coronations took place in St. John Lateran, the pope's cathedral. However, for hundreds of years papal coronations have traditionally taken place in the environs of St. Peter's Basilica, though a number of coronations took place in Avignon, during the Avignon papacy. Earlier, Pope Celestine V was twice crowned in L'Aquila.^[1] In 1800 Pope Pius VII was crowned in the crowded church of the Benedictine island monastery of San Giorgio, Venice, after his late predecessor, Pope Pius VI, had been forced into temporary exile during Napoleon Bonaparte's capture of Rome. Since the French seized the tiara along with the previous pope, he was crowned with a papier-mâché tiara, for which the ladies of Venice gave up their jewels.

All coronations after 1800 took place in Rome. Leo XIII was crowned in the Sistine Chapel,^[25] due to fears that anti-clerical mobs, inspired by Italian unification, might attack the Basilica and disrupt the ceremony. Benedict XV was also crowned in the chapel in 1914. Pius XI was crowned at the dais in front of the High Altar in St. Peter's Basilica. Popes Pius IX, Pius XII, John XXIII and Paul VI all were crowned in public on the balcony of the basilica, facing crowds assembled below in St. Peter's Square.

Pius XII's 1939 coronation broke new grounds by being the first to be filmed and the first coronation to be broadcast live on radio.^[26] The ceremony, which lasted for six hours, was attended by leading dignitaries; these included the heir to the Italian throne, the Prince of Piedmont, former kings Ferdinand I of Bulgaria and Alfonso XIII of Spain, the Duke of Norfolk (representing King George VI of the United Kingdom) and the Irish Taoiseach Éamon de Valera, the last two being in evening dress (white tie and tails).

Paul VI and the coronation

The last pope to be crowned was Paul VI. Though he decided to cease wearing a papal tiara within weeks of his coronation, and laid his own on the altar of St. Peter's Basilica in a gesture of humility, his 1975 Apostolic Constitution, Romano Pontifici Eligendo, still prescribed that "the new pontiff is to be crowned by the senior cardinal deacon."^[27]

Nevertheless, his successor, John Paul I, opted not to be crowned and to have a less formal "solemn Mass to mark the start of his ministry as Supreme Pastor" in September 1978.^[28][29]

John Paul II and the coronation

Main article: Papal Inauguration

After John Paul I's sudden death following a thirty-three day reign, the new pope John Paul II, opted to copy his predecessor's ceremony without coronation. In his homily at his Inauguration Mass, he said that Paul VI had "left his successors free to decide" whether to wear the papal tiara.^[30] He went on:

Pope John Paul I, whose memory is so vivid in our hearts, did not wish to have the tiara; nor does his Successor wish it today. This is not the time to return to a ceremony and an object considered, wrongly, to be a symbol of the temporal power of the Popes.

John Paul II's 1996 Apostolic Constitution, Universi Dominici Gregis, now in force, does not specify the form that the "solemn ceremony of the inauguration of the pontificate"^[31] of a new pope should take, whether with or without a coronation.

Existing papal tiaras remain available for any future pope who may choose to use one, unlikely though it may appear that it will ever be used again.^[32]

List of papal coronations 1143–1963

Date	Location	Pope	Cardinal	Deaconry	Notes
October 3, 1143	Rome	Pope Celestine II	Gregorio Tarquini	SS. Sergio e Bacco	On September 26 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Alberic de Beauvais bishop of Ostia.
March 12, 1144	Rome	Pope Lucius II	Gregorio Tarquini	SS. Sergio e Bacco	On the same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Alberic de Beauvais, bishop of Ostia.
March 14, 1145	Abbey of Farfa	Pope Eugenius III	Odone Bonecase	S. Giorgio in Velabro	On February 18 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Corrado della Suburra bishop of Sabina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
July 12, 1153	Rome	Pope Anastasius IV	Odone Bonecase	S. Giorgio in Velabro
December 5, 1154	Rome	Pope Adrian IV	Probably by Cardinal Rodolfo	S. Lucia in Septisolio	Odone Fattiboni was absent (see papal election, 1154)
September 20, 1159	Nympha	Pope Alexander III	Odone Bonecase	S. Giorgio in Velabro	On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ubaldo Allucingoli bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
October 4, 1159	Abbey of Farfa	Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164)	Cardinal Icmar bishop of Tusculum and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals
July 22, 1167	Rome	Antipope Paschal III			On April 22, 1164 he was consecrated bishop of Rome at Lucca by Henry II of Leez prince-bishop of Liège (not a cardinal).
1168	Rome	Antipope Callistus III	(?)[33]
September 6, 1181	Velletri	Pope Lucius III	Teodino de Arrone bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina.[34]
December 1, 1185	Verona	Pope Urban III	(?) (probably by Cardinal Ardicio Rivoltella deacon of S. Teodoro[35])
October 25, 1187	Ferrara	Pope Gregory VIII	Giacinto Bobone Orsini	S. Maria in Cosmedin	On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome, probably by Cardinal Thibaud bishop of Ostia e Velletri (?).
January 7, 1188	Pisa	Pope Clement III	Giacinto Bobone Orsini	S. Maria in Cosmedin
April 14, 1191	Rome	Pope Celestine III	Graziano da Pisa	SS. Cosma e Damiano	On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ottaviano di Paoli bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals
February 22, 1198	Rome	Pope Innocent III	Graziano da Pisa	SS. Cosma e Damiano	On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ottaviano di Paoli, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals
August 31, 1216	Rome	Pope Honorius III	Guido Pierleone	S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano	On July 24, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Ugolino Conti di Segni bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
April 11, 1227	Rome	Pope Gregory IX	Ottaviano dei Conti di Segni	SS. Sergio e Bacco
June 28, 1243	Anagni	Pope Innocent IV	Rainiero Capocci	S. Maria in Cosmedin	On that same day, he was consectrated bishop of Rome, probably by Cardinal Rinaldo Conti di Segni bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals (?).
December 20, 1254	Naples	Pope Alexander IV	Riccardo Annibaldeschi	S. Angelo in Pescheria
September 4, 1261	Viterbo	Pope Urban IV	Riccardo Annibaldeschi	S. Angelo in Pescheria
September 20, 1265	Viterbo	Pope Clement IV	Riccardo Annibaldeschi	S. Angelo in Pescheria
March 23, 1272	Rome	Pope Gregory X	Giovanni Gaetano Orsini	Deacon of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano	On March 19 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by (?) (possibly by Cardinal Odo of Châteauroux bishop of Frascati and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals).
February 22, 1276	Rome	Pope Innocent V	Giovanni Gaetano Orsini	S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano
September 20, 1276	Viterbo	Pope John XXI	Giovanni Gaetano Orsini	S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano
December 26, 1277	Rome	Pope Nicholas III	Giacomo Savelli	S. Maria in Cosmedin	On December 19 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by (?) (possibly by Cardinal Bertrand de Saint-Martin bishop of Sabina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals).
March 23, 1281	Orvieto	Pope Martin IV	Giacomo Savelli	S. Maria in Cosmedin	On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
May 19, 1285	Rome	Pope Honorius IV	Goffredo da Alatri	S. Giorgio in Velabro	On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Latino Malabranca Orsini, bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
February 22, 1288	Rome	Pope Nicholas IV	Matteo Orsini Rosso	S. Maria in Portico
August 29, 1294	Aquila	Pope Celestine V	Probably by Cardinal Matteo Orsini Rosso	S. Maria in Portico	On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome probably by Cardinal Hugh Aycelin bishop of Ostia e Velletri. He was crowned again a few days later (the only instance of a double papal coronation).[1]
January 23, 1295	Rome	Pope Boniface VIII	Matteo Orsini Rosso	S. Maria in Portico	On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Hugh Aycelin, bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
October 27, 1303	Rome	Pope Benedict XI	Matteo Orsini Rosso	S. Maria in Portico
November 14, 1305	Lyon	Pope Clement V	Napoleone Orsini Frangipani	S. Adriano
September 5, 1316	Lyon	Pope John XXII	Napoleone Orsini Frangipani	S. Adriano
May 15, 1328	Rome	Antipope Nicholas V	Giacomo Alberti	pseudocardinal-bishop of Ostia e Velletri	On May 12 he was consecrated bishop of Rome also by Giacomo Alberti, at that time bishop of Castello.
January 8, 1335	Avignon	Pope Benedict XII	Napoleone Orsini Frangipani	S. Adriano
May 19, 1342	Avignon	Pope Clement VI	Raymond Guillaume des Farges	S. Maria Nuova
December 30, 1352	Avignon	Pope Innocent VI	Gaillard de la Mothe	S. Lucia in Septisolio
November 6, 1362	Avignon	Pope Urban V	Probably by Cardinal Guillaume de la Jugié	S. Maria in Cosmedin	On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Andouin Aubert bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
January 3, 1371	Avignon	Pope Gregory XI	Cardinal Rinaldo Orsini	S. Adriano	On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Guy de Boulogne bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
April 18, 1378	Rome	Pope Urban VI	Giacomo Orsini	S. Giorgio in Velabro
October 31, 1378	Fondi	Antipope Clement VII	Count Onorato Caetani (not a Cardinal)
November 9, 1389	Rome	Pope Boniface IX	Tommaso Orsini	S. Maria in Domnica	On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Francesco Moricotti Prignano bishop of Palestrina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
October 11, 1394	Avignon	Antipope Benedict XIII	Hugues de Saint-Martial	S. Maria in Portico	On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Jean de Neufchâtel bishop of Ostia e Velletri.
November 11, 1404	Rome	Pope Innocent VII	Rinaldo Brancaccio	SS. Vito e Modesto
December 19, 1406	Rome	Pope Gregory XII	Probably by Cardinal Rinaldo Brancaccio	SS. Vito e Modesto
July 7, 1409	Pisa	Antipope Alexander V	Amadeo Saluzzo	S. Maria Nuova
May 25, 1410	Bologna	Antipope John XXIII	Rinaldo Brancaccio	SS. Vito e Modesto	On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Jean Allarmet de Brogny bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
November 21, 1417	Constance	Pope Martin V	Amadeo Saluzzo	S. Maria Nuova	On November 14 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Jean Allarmet de Brogny, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
May 19, 1426	Peñíscola	Antipope Clement VIII	crowned by (?)
March 11, 1431	Rome	Pope Eugenius IV	Alfonso Carillo de Albornoz	S. Eustachio
June 24, 1440	Basle	Antipope Felix V	Cardinal Louis Aleman	S. Cecilia
March 19, 1447	Rome	Pope Nicholas V	Prospero Colonna	S. Giorgio in Velabro
April 20, 1455	Rome	Pope Callistus III	Prospero Colonna	S. Giorgio in Velabro
September 3, 1458	Rome	Pope Pius II	Prospero Colonna	S. Giorgio in Velabro
September 16, 1464	Rome	Pope Paul II	Niccolò Fortiguerra	S. Cecilia
August 25, 1471	Rome	Pope Sixtus IV	Rodrigo Borgia	S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano	On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Guillaume d'Estouteville bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
September 12, 1484	Rome	Pope Innocent VIII	Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini	S. Eustachio
August 26, 1492	Rome	Pope Alexander VI	Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini	S. Eustachio
October 8, 1503	Rome	Pope Pius III	Raffaele Riario	S. Giorgio in Velabro	On October 1 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
November 26, 1503	Rome	Pope Julius II	Raffaele Riario	S. Giorgio in Velabro
March 19, 1513	Rome	Pope Leo X	Alessandro Farnese	S. Eustachio	On March 17 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Raffaele Riario, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
August 31, 1522	Rome	Pope Adrian VI	Marco Cornaro	S. Maria in Via Lata
November 26, 1523	Rome	Pope Clement VII	Marco Cornaro	S. Maria in Via Lata
November 3, 1534	Rome	Pope Paul III	Innocenzo Cibo	S. Maria in Domnica
February 22, 1550	Rome	Pope Julius III	Innocenzo Cibo	S. Maria in Domnica
April 10, 1555	Rome	Pope Marcellus II	Jean du Bellay bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina		On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Gian Pietro Carafa, bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
May 26, 1555	Rome	Pope Paul IV	Francesco Pisani	S. Marco
January 6, 1560	Rome	Pope Pius IV	Alessandro Farnese	S. Lorenzo in Damaso
January 17, 1566	Rome	Pope Pius V	Giulio Feltre della Rovere	S. Pietro in Vincoli
May 25, 1572	Rome	Pope Gregory XIII	Girolamo Simoncelli	SS. Cosma e Damiano
May 1, 1585	Rome	Pope Sixtus V	Ferdinando de' Medici	S. Maria in Domnica
December 8, 1590	Rome	Pope Gregory XIV	Andreas von Austria	S. Maria Nuova
November 3, 1591	Rome	Pope Innocent IX	Andreas von Austria	S. Maria Nuova
February 9, 1592	Rome	Pope Clement VIII	Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora	S. Maria in Via Lata	On February 2 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Alfonso Gesualdo bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
April 29, 1605	Rome	Pope Leo XI	Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora	S. Maria in Via Lata
May 29, 1605	Rome	Pope Paul V	Francesco Sforza di Santa Fiora	S. Maria in Via Lata
February 14, 1621	Rome	Pope Gregory XV	Andrea Baroni Peretti Montalto	S. Maria in Via Lata
September 29, 1623	Rome	Pope Urban VIII	Alessandro d'Este	S. Maria in Via Lata
October 4, 1644	Rome	Pope Innocent X	Carlo de Medici	S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano
April 16, 1655	Rome	Pope Alexander VII	Gian Giacomo Teodoro Trivulzio	S. Maria in Via Lata
June 26, 1667	Rome	Pope Clement IX	Rinaldo d'Este	S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano
May 11, 1670	Rome	Pope Clement X	Francesco Maidalchini	S. Maria in Via Lata
October 4, 1676	Rome	Pope Innocent XI	Francesco Maidalchini	S. Maria in Via Lata
October 16, 1689	Rome	Pope Alexander VIII	Francesco Maidalchini	S. Maria in Via Lata
July 15, 1691	Rome	Pope Innocent XII	Urbano Sacchetti	S. Maria in Via Lata
December 8, 1700	Rome	Pope Clement XI	Benedetto Pamphilj	S. Maria in Via Lata	On November 30 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal de Bouillon bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
May 18, 1721	Rome	Pope Innocent XIII	Benedetto Pamphilj	S. Maria in Via Lata
June 4, 1724	Rome	Pope Benedict XIII	Benedetto Pamphilj	S. Maria in Via Lata
July 16, 1730	Rome	Pope Clement XII	Lorenzo Altieri	S. Agata in Suburra
August 21, 1740	Rome	Pope Benedict XIV	Carlo Maria Marini	S. Agata in Suburra
July 16, 1758	Rome	Pope Clement XIII	Alessandro Albani	S. Maria in Via Lata
June 4, 1769	Rome	Pope Clement XIV	Alessandro Albani	S. Maria in Via Lata	On May 28 he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Federico Marcello Lante bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
February 22, 1775	Rome	Pope Pius VI	Alessandro Albani	S. Maria in Via Lata	On that same day, he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Giovanni Francesco Albani, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
March 21, 1800	Venice	Pope Pius VII	Antonio Doria Pamphili	S. Maria ad Martyres
October 5, 1823	Rome	Pope Leo XII	Fabrizio Ruffo	S. Maria in Via Lata
April 5, 1829	Rome	Pope Pius VIII	Giuseppe Albani	S. Maria in Via Lata
February 6, 1831	Rome	Pope Gregory XVI	Giuseppe Albani	S. Maria in Via Lata	On that same day he was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca bishop of Ostia e Velletri and dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals.
June 21, 1846	Rome	Pope Pius IX	Tommaso Riario Sforza	S. Maria in Via Lata
March 3, 1878	Rome	Pope Leo XIII	Teodolfo Mertel	deacon of S. Eustachio
August 9, 1903	Rome	Pope Pius X	Luigi Macchi	S. Maria in Via Lata
September 6, 1914	Rome	Pope Benedict XV	Francesco Salesio Della Volpe	S. Maria in Aquiro
February 12, 1922	Rome	Pope Pius XI	Gaetano Bisleti	S. Agata in Suburra
March 12, 1939	Rome, Vatican City	Pope Pius XII	Camillo Caccia-Dominioni	S. Maria in Domnica
November 4, 1958	Rome, Vatican City	Pope John XXIII	Nicola Canali	S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano
June 30, 1963	Rome, Vatican City	Pope Paul VI	Alfredo Ottaviani	S. Maria in Domnica

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b c} Catholic Encyclopedia, "Pope Celestine V, Saint"
2. ^ Dowling, Austin (1908), "Conclave", The Catholic Encyclopedia, IV, New York: Robert Appleton Company, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04192a.htm 
3. ^ Universi Dominici gregis, 90
4. ^ Universi Dominici gregis, 91
5. ^ Oliger, Livarius (1912), "Sedia Gestatoria", The Catholic Encyclopedia, XIII, New York: Robert Appleton Company, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13679a.htm 
6. ^ ”Deus qui adesse non delignaris ubicumque devota mente invocaris, adesto quaesumus invocationibus nostris et huic famulo tuo N. quem ad culmen apostolicum commune iudicium tuae plebis elegit ubertatem supernae benedictionis infunde, ut sentiat se tuo munere ad hunc apicem pervenisse.” Coronation Rites, Reginald Maxwell Woolley, B.D. (Cambridge: at the University Press, 1915), pp. 160-161.
7. ^ “Supplicationibus, omnipotens Deus, effectum consuetae pietatis impende, et gratia Spiritus Sancti hunc famulum tuum N. perfunde; ut qui in capite ecclesiarum nostrae servitutis mysterio constituitur, tuae virtutis soliditate roboretur.” Ibid., p. 161.
8. ^ ”Deus qui Apostolum tuum Petrum inter caeteros coapostolos primatum tenere voluisti, eique universae Christianitatis molem superimpostuisti; respice propitius quaesumus hunc famulum tuum N. quem de humili cathedra violenter sublimatum in thronum eiusdem apostolorum principis sublimamus: ut sicut profectibus tantae dignitatis augetur, ita virtutum meritis cumuletur; quatenus ecclesiasticae universitatis onus, te adiuvante, digne ferat, et a te qui es beatitudo tuorum meritam vicem recipiat.” Ibid.
9. ^ Papal Coronation
10. ^ “Accipe pallium, plenitudinem scilicet pontificalis officii, ad honorem omnipotentis Dei et gloriosissimae Virginis eius genitricis et beatorum apostolorum Petri et Pauli et sanctae Romanae ecclesiae.”
11. ^ Thurston, Herbert (1908), "Cope", The Catholic Encyclopedia, IV, New York: Robert Appleton Company, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04351a.htm 
12. ^ This prayer is from the form for the Consecration of a bishop. Woolley. p. 163.
13. ^ "Exaudi Christe"
14. ^ ”Domino Nostro __ a Deo decreto summo Pontifici et universali Papae vita.”
15. ^ "Salvador mundi"
16. ^ "Tu illum adiuva"
17. ^ "Sancta Maria"
18. ^ "Sancte Michael"
19. ^ Woolley, p. 163. The Papal Laudes were most recently chanted during the opening procession of the Inauguration Mass of Pope Benedict XVI on April 24, 2005.
20. ^ The Greek Epistle and Gospel were traditionally read by a subdeacon and a deacon from the Byzantine monastery of Grottaferrata east of Rome
21. ^ I.e., the Sacrament was brought to the Pope by the deacon and the subdeacon at his throne and he consumed a portion of the Host and drank from the Chalice by means of a narrow gold or silver-gilt tube called a fistula.
22. ^ The Coronation of Pope Leo XIII
23. ^ Universi Dominici gregis, 92
24. ^ Van Hove, A. (1909), "Enthronization", The Catholic Encyclopedia, V, New York: Robert Appleton Company, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05479c.htm 
25. ^ Contemporary description of the coronation of Pope Leo XIII
26. ^ John Cornwell, Hitler's Pope: The Secret History of Pius XII (Viking, 1999) pp. 211-212.
27. ^ Romano Pontifici Eligendo Section 92.
28. ^ Time Magazine: How Pope John Paul I Won
29. ^ National Catholic Register: 33 Days of the Smiling Pope
30. ^ Papal Inauguration Homily of Pope John Paul II, L'Osservatore Romano (Text of the Homily)
31. ^ Universi Dominici gregis, 92
32. ^ OSV's encyclopedia of Catholic history, Tiara (p. 900)
33. ^ No information has been found about his coronation
34. ^ Regesta Imperii
35. ^ S. Miranda: Cardinal Uberto Crivelli (Pope Urban III) says that Urban III was crowned by protodeacon Giacinto Bobone Orsini but this is unlikely because this cardinal was absent from the papal court at that time (see papal election, 1185). Cardinal Rivoltella was the most senior cardinal-deacon present.

See also

• Papal Tiara
• Papal Inauguration
• Papal regalia and insignia

External links

• Video highlights from Pius XII's 1939 coronation
• The Coronation of Pope Leo XIII a detailed account
• The Papal Tiara shows photos of several papal coronations