IMAX

This article is about the IMAX motion picture film format. For the company responsible for this format, see IMAX Corporation.

"i-Max" redirects here. For the Ford Motor Company sports utility vehicle, see Mazda Premacy.

Exterior of the Warren IMAX theatre in Wichita, Kansas^[1]

IMAX is a motion picture film format and a set of proprietary cinema projection standards created by the Canadian company IMAX Corporation. IMAX has the capacity to record and display images of far greater size and resolution than conventional film systems. Since 2002, some feature films have been upconverted into IMAX format for display in IMAX theatres and some have also been partially shot in IMAX.

A comparison between 35 mm and 15/70 mm negative areas

IMAX is the most widely used system for special-venue film presentations. As of March 2011^[update], there were 528 IMAX theatres in 46 countries.^[2]

History

The desire to increase the visual impact of film has a long history. In 1929, Fox introduced Fox Grandeur, the first 70 mm film format, but it quickly fell from use.^[3] In the 1950s CinemaScope (1953) and VistaVision (1954) widened the image from 35 mm film, following multi-projector systems such as Cinerama (1952). While impressive, Cinerama was difficult to install, and the seams between adjacent projected images were difficult to hide.

The IMAX system was developed by Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, Robert Kerr, and William C. Shaw.^[4]

During Expo 67 in Montreal, Kroitor's In the Labyrinth and Ferguson's Man and the Polar Regions both used multi-projector, multi-screen systems. Each encountered technical difficulties that led them to found a company, initially called "Multiscreen", with a primary goal of designing and developing a simpler approach. The single-projector/single-camera system they eventually settled upon was designed and built by Shaw, based upon a novel "Rolling Loop" film-transport technology purchased from Australian inventor Ronald Jones. Later,^[when?] when it became clear that a single, large-screen image had far more impact than multiple smaller ones, Multiscreen changed its name to IMAX.

Tiger Child, the first IMAX film, was demonstrated at Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan.^[5] The first permanent IMAX was in the Cinesphere at Ontario Place in Toronto in 1971, and is still in operation.^[6] During Expo '74 in Spokane, Washington, a very large IMAX screen that measured 90 × 65 m (300 × 213 ft) was featured in the US Pavilion (the largest structure in the expo). About 5 million visitors viewed the screen, which covered the viewer's total vision field when looking directly forward. This created a sensation of motion in most viewers, and motion sickness in some. An IMAX 3D theatre also is in operation near the former Expo 67 site at the "Montreal Science Centre" in the Port of Old Montreal.

The first permanent IMAX Dome installation, the Eugene Heikoff and Marilyn Jacobs Heikoff Dome Theatre at the Reuben H. Fleet Science Center, opened in San Diego's Balboa Park in 1973. It doubles as a planetarium. The first permanent IMAX 3D theatre was built in Vancouver, British Columbia for Transitions at Expo '86, and was in use until 30 September 2009.^[7] It was located at the tip of Canada Place, a Vancouver landmark.

As China is now the second largest market after USA with roughly 25 IMAX theatres located throughout the country, IMAX aims to attract more viewers by decreasing the admission prices in China.^[8]

Entertainment films

An audience views a film using 3D glasses

The IMAX format in the USA has traditionally been employed for specialty applications. The expense and logistics of producing and presenting IMAX films has led to approximately 40 minute shorter running times than conventional films. The majority tend to be documentaries that are suited for institutional venues such as museums and science centers. IMAX cameras have orbited the earth, climbed Mount Everest, explored the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean, and visited the Antarctic. An IMAX documentary about the success of the Mars Exploration Rovers was released in 2006, titled Roving Mars and used exclusive data from the Rovers.^[9]

One of the first attempts at presenting entertainment in the IMAX format was The Rolling Stones: Live at the Max (1991), an 85-minute compilation of concert footage filmed in IMAX during the band's 1990 Steel Wheels tour, edited to give the impression of a single concert.

In the 1990s more entertainment short films were created, notably T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous (directed by Brett Leonard), in 1998 and Haunted Castle, released in 2001 (both in 3D). In 1999, The Old Man and the Sea became the first IMAX animated film and proceeded to win an Oscar. The same year, Disney produced Fantasia 2000, the first full-length animated feature initially released exclusively in the IMAX format. Disney released the first 2D live–action IMAX entertainment film, Young Black Stallion, in late 2003.

Technical aspects

Camera

An IMAX camera inside a display case

IMAX increases the resolution of the image by using a much larger film frame. To achieve this, 65 mm film stock passes horizontally through the cameras. Traditional cameras pass film vertically. 65 mm film has an image area that is 48.5 × 22.1 mm (1.91 × 0.87 in) (for Todd-AO), in IMAX the image is 69.6 × 48.5 mm (2.74 × 1.91 in) tall. In order to match standard film speed of 24 frames per second, three times the length of film moves through the camera.

Film

IMAX uses "ESTAR" (Kodak's trade name for PET film) base. The reason is for precision more than strength. Developing chemicals do not change the size or shape of ESTAR, and IMAX's pin registration (especially the cam mechanism) does not tolerate either sprocket-hole or film-thickness variations. The IMAX format is generically called "15/70" film, the name referring to the 15 sprocket holes per frame. The film's bulk requires platters rather than conventional film reels.^[10] IMAX platters range from 1.2 to 1.83 meters (3.9 to 6.0 ft) diameter to accommodate 1 to 2.75 hours of film. Platters with a 2.5 hour feature film weigh 250 kilograms (550 lb).

Soundtrack

In order to use more of the image area, IMAX film does not include an embedded soundtrack. Instead, the IMAX system specifies a separate six-channel 35mm (1.377 inch) magnetic film synchronized to the film. This is the same technology as was used to provide the 7-channel soundtrack for Cinerama. By the early 1990s, a separate digital 6-track source was used, locked to the projector by a SMPTE time code synchronization system. The audio plays off a hard disk drive as a single uncompressed audio file containing the 6 channels, which are converted directly to analogue rather than using a decoding method such as Dolby Digital. IMAX theatres place speakers both directly behind the screen and around the theatre to create a three-dimensional effect.^[11]

Projectors

The 15 kW Xenon short-arc lamp used in IMAX projectors

Drawing the large film through the projector presented challenges for both the camera and the projector. Conventional 70 mm systems were not steady enough for the 586× magnification. On the projector side, William Shaw adapted an Australian patent for film transport called the "rolling loop" by adding a compressed air "puffer" to accelerate the film, and put a cylindrical lens in the projector's "aperture block". The projector uses a vacuum to pull the film into contact with this lens. Thus the "field flattener" flattens the image field. The lens is twice the height of the film and connects to a pneumatic piston so it can be moved up or down while the projector is running. This way, if a piece of dust comes off the film and sticks to the lens, the projectionist can switch to the clean side of the lens at the push of a button. The lens also has "wiper bars" made of a felt or brush-like material which can wipe dust off the lens as it moves up or down. IMAX projectors are pin stabilized, meaning four registration pins engage the perforations at the corners of the projected frame to ensure perfect alignment. Shaw added cam–controlled arms to decelerate each frame to eliminate the microscopic shaking as the frame "settled" onto the registration pins. The projector's shutter is open around 20% longer than in conventional equipment and the light source is brighter. The xenon short-arc lamps are made of a thin layer of fused quartz and contain xenon gas at a pressure of about 25 atmospheres (367 PSI); because of this, projectionists are required to wear protective body armor when changing or handling these in case the lamp breaks (e.g., due to a drop to the floor) because of the danger from flying quartz shards when propelled by the high pressure of the Xenon gas within. An IMAX projector weighs up to 1.8 t (2.0 short tons) and at over 178 cm (70 in) tall and 195 cm (77 in) long.

IMAX Corporation has released four projector types that use its 15-perforation, 70 mm film format: GT (Grand Theatre), GT 3D (dual rotor), SR (Small Rotor), and MPX, which was designed for retrofitted theatres.^[12] In July 2008, the company introduced a digital projection system, which it has not given a distinct name or brand, designed for multiplex theatres with screens no wider than 21.3 m (70 ft). All IMAX projectors, except the standard GT system, can project 3D images.

Theatre

IMAX theatre construction differs significantly from conventional theatres. The increased resolution allows the audience to be much closer to the screen; typically all rows are within one screen height; conventional theatre seating runs 8 to 12 screen heights. Also, the rows of seats are set at a steep angle (up to 30° in some domed theatres) so that the audience is facing the screen directly.^[13]

A standard IMAX screen is 22 × 16.1 m (72 × 52.8 ft), but can be larger. The world's largest cinema screen (a 15/70 mm IMAX) is the LG IMAX Theatre in Sydney, Australia. It is approximately eight stories high, with dimensions of 35.73 × 29.42 m (117.2 × 96.5 ft) and covers an area of more than 1,015 m² (10,930 sq ft).^[14] The largest digital IMAX screen, almost 100 feet (30 m) wide, is located at the Warren Theatres in Wichita, Kansas.^[15]

IMAX theatres are described as either "Classic Design" (purpose-built structures), or "Multiplex Design" (retrofitted auditoriums).^[9]

IMAX variations

IMAX Dome / OMNIMAX

Outside of the IMAX dome in Tijuana, Baja California, México

The frame layout of the IMAX Dome film

The control room of an IMAX Dome Theatre

Planetario Alfa, Museum, Astronomical observatory and IMAX Dome system, Monterrey, N.l., México.

In the late 1960s the San Diego Hall of Science (now known as the Reuben H. Fleet Science Center) began searching North America for a large-format film system to project on the dome of their planned 76 ft (23 m) tilted dome planetarium. The standard IMAX projector was unsuitable for use inside a dome because it had a 12 ft (3.7 m) tall lamp house on top. IMAX Corporation redesigned its system, adding an elevator to lift the projector to the center of the dome from the projection booth below. Spectra Physics designed a suitable lamphouse that took smaller, 18 in (46 cm) lamps and placed the bulb behind the lens instead of above the projector. In 1970,^[16] Ernst Leitz Canada, Ltd. (now ELCAN Optical Technologies) won a contract to develop and manufacture a fisheye lens projection system optimized to project an image onto a dome instead of a flat screen.

The dome system, which the San Diego Hall of Science called OMNIMAX, uses films shot with a camera equipped with a fisheye lens on the camera that squeezes a highly distorted 180° field of view onto the 65 mm IMAX film. The lens is aligned below the center of the frame and most of the bottom half of the circular field falls beyond the edge of the film. The part of the field that would fall below the edge of the dome is masked. When filming, the camera is aimed upward at an angle that matches the tilt of the dome. When projected through a matching fisheye lens onto a dome, the original panoramic view is recreated. OMNIMAX wraps 180° horizontally, 100° above the horizon and 22° below the horizon for a viewer at the center of the dome. OMNIMAX premiered in 1973 showing Voyage to the Outer Planets (produced by Graphic Films) and Garden Isle (by Roger Tilton Films) on a double bill. The biggest IMAX dome theater in the world is the Hackworth IMAX Dome theater at the Tech Museum in San Jose, CA.

IMAX has since renamed the system IMAX Dome. However, some theatres continue to call it OMNIMAX.

OMNIMAX theatres inhabit theme parks and North American museums, particularly those with a scientific focus, where the technical aspects of the system may be highlighted as part of the attraction. The projection room is often windowed to allow public viewing and accompanied by informational placards like other exhibits. The screen may be a permanent fixture, such as at the St. Louis Science Center and Boston's Museum of Science; or lowered and raised as needed, such as at the Science Museum of Minnesota (where it shares an auditorium with a standard IMAX screen). Before the feature begins, the screen can be backlit to show the speakers and girders behind it. While the majority of museum installations focus on educational and documentary films, on special occasions, entertainment films are also shown, such as Charlie and the Chocolate Factory at the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry. The largest in North America are at the Liberty Science Center in Jersey City, New Jersey and the Telus World of Science in Vancouver, BC, both of which have 88 feet (27 m) dome screens.

IMAX 3D

To create the illusion of depth, the IMAX 3D process uses separate camera lenses to represent the left and right eyes. The two lenses are separated by an interocular distance of 64 mm (2.5 in), the average distance between a human's eyes. Each lens feeds a separate roll of film. By projecting the two films simultaneously, viewers experience seeing a 3D image on a 2D screen. The IMAX 3D camera weighs over 113 kg (250 lb).

One method of creating the 3D illusion involves polarizating the light from the two images. During projection, the left and right eye images are linearly polarized as they are projected.^[17] Eyeglasses with right and left lenses polarized to match the projection present each eye with just the image intended for that eye since the polarization cancels out the other eye's image.

Alternatively the two projectors take turns displaying each frame (while one projector's image is displayed, the other is blocked) at an effective rate of 48 frames per second. The viewer dons LCD shutter glasses that contain LCD panels that block or transmit light in each eye in sync with the projector, such that each eye only sees the image intended for it.

Several films produced in a smaller-format 3D process for release in conventional theatres have also been presented in IMAX 3D, including Toy Story 3, Tron: Legacy, Transformers: Dark of the Moon and Avatar.

Further information: 3D film

Some IMAX theatres further enhance the viewing experience by moving and/or vibrating the seats at opportune moments.

IMAX HD

Variations on IMAX included the 48 frames per second IMAX HD process, which sought to reduce strobing and offer higher definition by doubling the normal film rate. The IMAX HD system was tested in 1992 at the Canada Pavilion of the Seville Expo '92 with the film Momentum. High costs doomed it but not before many theatres had been retrofitted to project at 48 frames, especially in Canada, in order to play Momentum.^[18] In the 1990s theme parks in Thailand, Germany, and Las Vegas used IMAX HD for their Motion Simulator rides.^[19] The Disney parks attraction Soarin' Over California features a modification of both IMAX HD and IMAX Dome, projecting in 48 frames per second.

Production issues

The doubled IMAX HD frame rate means that each IMAX HD reel lasts half as long, and the logistical implications of this reach throughout the film production chain. IMAX production by default is at least 3 to 5 times more expensive than common 35 mm production. The further increase in IMAX HD has prevented significant adoption.

IMAX DMR

In 2002, IMAX and Universal Studios released an IMAX-format version of the 1995 film Apollo 13, the first application of IMAX's proprietary DMR (Digital Media Remastering) process, which allows conventional films to be upconverted into IMAX format. This special digital intermediate technology allowed films shot on 35mm for conventional theatres to be shown in IMAX venues. Because of a technical limitation on the size of the film reel, several early DMR releases were shortened to less than two hours. Later releases did not have this limitation; current IMAX platters allow a run time of up to 170 minutes where films could run longer in IMAX Digital venues.

Reviewers have generally praised the results of the DMR blowup process, which are visually and audibly superior to the same films projected in 35mm.^{[citation needed]} But some filmmakers, such as producer Frank Marshall, point out that DMR blowups are not comparable to films created directly in the 70 mm 15 perf IMAX format, and that directors Ron Howard and George Lucas expected better.^[20] They note that the decline of Cinerama coincided roughly with its replacement by a simpler, cheaper, technically inferior version, and view DMR with alarm. IMAX originally reserved the phrase "the IMAX experience" for true 70 mm productions, but now allows its use on DMR productions as well.

Since 2002 many Hollywood films have been remastered for IMAX. Warner Brothers (WB) has especially embraced the format with the two Matrix sequels, and since 2004 has been releasing its Harry Potter film franchise in IMAX to strong financial success. Also in 2004 the company released the animated film The Polar Express in IMAX 3D. Express became the most successful film ever to be released in IMAX theatres, producing at least a quarter of the film's gross of $302 million from less than 100 IMAX screens. This success has led to annual holiday season re-release. In 2005 WB released Batman Begins simultaneously in conventional theatres and IMAX, helping the film reach $200M at the domestic box office. In summer 2006 WB released the highly anticipated Superman Returns remastered for IMAX, with some effects scenes transformed into 3D. Spider-Man 3 broke the IMAX gross record in 2007 by a huge margin.

The July 2008 Batman Begins sequel The Dark Knight (partially shot on IMAX—see below) broke box office records for IMAX, taking in about $6.3 million from 94 theatres in the U.S. and Canada over the opening weekend. The record for an IMAX opening weekend was again broken in May 2009 by Star Trek: The IMAX Experience, which took in $8.3 million.^[21] The current IMAX opening weekend record (as of July 2011) is held by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2, which brought in $15.5 million.^[22]

Feature films partially shot on IMAX cameras

Some recent features have employed IMAX cameras for selected scenes, however no full-length feature film has yet been shot entirely using IMAX cameras due to the numerous difficulties presented with the format - the cameras are much larger and heavier than standard cameras and as they are noisier it makes dialogue recording difficult.^[23] The cameras have short film loads ranging from 30 seconds to two minutes^[23] and the cost of the film stock is much greater than standard 35mm film.^[24]

The Dark Knight featured six sequences (a total of 30 minutes) shot using IMAX. According to the film's press notes, this was the "first time ever that a major feature film has been even partially shot using IMAX cameras".^[25]

Michael Bay's 2009 film Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen also included scenes shot in IMAX.^[26] The slightly longer version playing in IMAX theatres included about nine minutes of IMAX footage.

Upcoming films that will be partially shot in IMAX include Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Rises (the sequel to The Dark Knight),^[27] John Woo's Flying Tigers^[28] and Brad Bird's Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol.^[29]

IMAX Digital Theatre System

A digital version debuted in 2008. The new system is a projection standard only. Digital IMAX systems can show either 2D or 3D content in DCI or IMAX digital format (which in itself is a superset of DCI). The digital system alleviates the need for film reels and facilitates inexpensive distribution of IMAX features.

One big disadvantage is much lower resolution than normal IMAX film, estimated to be about 12,000 × 8,700 theoretical pixels or 6,120 × 4,500 actually discernible pixels.^[30] The digital installations have produced some confusion based on poor consumer differentiation to the traditional 15/70 IMAX.^[31]

IMAX digital currently uses two 2K-resolution Christie projectors with Texas Instruments Digital Light Processing technology alongside parts of IMAX's proprietary technologies. The two 2K images are projected over each other, producing an image that is potentially brighter 2K digital cinema. Originally, IMAX considered using two Sony 4K projectors.^[32] Some reviewers note that this approach does not produce image quality higher than single 4K projectors, which are available for some non-IMAX theatres.^[31][33]

3D digital camera

In early January 2010, IMAX announced a 3D digital camera, with expected availability in 2011. The camera is expected to reduce production and projection costs by eliminating the use of film.^[34]

Awards

In 1996 IMAX was awarded the Oscar for Scientific and Technical Achievement by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.^[35] The award cited IMAX's innovations in creating and developing a method of filming and exhibiting large-format, wide-angle motion pictures.^[36]

To date, ten native-format IMAX format films have received Academy Awards nomination, with one winner, the animated short, The Old Man and the Sea. Nominated films:

• The Eruption of Mount St. Helens!, 1980 Documentary (Short Subject)
• Fires of Kuwait, 1992 Documentary (Feature)
• The Living Sea, 1995 Documentary (Short Subject)
• Special Effects: Anything Can Happen, 1996 Documentary (Short Subject)
• Cosmic Voyage, 1996 Documentary (Short Subject)
• Amazon, 1997 Documentary (Short Subject)
• Alaska: Spirit of the Wild, 1997 Documentary (Short Subject)
• More, 1998 Short Film (Animated)
• Dolphins, 2000 Documentary (Short Subject)

Other uses

Many IMAX films have been remastered into HDTV format (cropped to fit into HDTV's 16:9 aspect ratio) for the MOJO HD, HDNet and HD Theatre networks.

In July 2005 the BFI IMAX Cinema in London became the first to host live music concerts, using a digital non-IMAX projector.^{[citation needed]} The Science Museum London and BFI IMAX Cinema have also hosted computer game tournaments using digital projectors.^{[citation needed]}

Several amusement park attractions have integrated IMAX film segments, including Back to the Future: The Ride formerly at Universal Studios in Florida and California, Horizons, formerly at Epcot Center, Soarin' Over California at Disney's California Adventure and Epcot and Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey at the Wizarding World of Harry Potter within Islands of Adventure in Florida.

Technical specifications

IMAX (15/70)

• spherical lenses
• 70 mm film, 15 perforations per frame
• horizontal rolling loop movement, from right to left (viewed from base side)
• 24 frames per second
• camera aperture: 70.41 × 52.63 mm (2.772 × 2.072 in)
• projection aperture: at least 20.3 mm (0.80 in) less than camera aperture on the vertical axis and at least 0.016 in (0.41 mm) less on the horizontal axis
• aspect ratio: 1.44:1

IMAX Dome/OMNIMAX
Same as IMAX except:

• fisheye lenses
• lens optically centered 9.4 mm (0.37 in) above film horizontal center line
• projected elliptically on a dome screen, 20° below and 110° above perfectly centered viewers

IMAX locations

• 

  The Cinesphere in Toronto, the first IMAX theatre in the world

• 

  Prasads IMAX Theater, at Hyderabad, India

• 

  IMAX 3D at "Broadway at the Beach", at Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

• 

  The VieShow Theatre in Taipei, Taiwan.

• 

  An IMAX theatre located in the Tennessee Aquarium at Chattanooga.

• 

  London IMAX

• 

  IMAX film theatre in downtown Sacramento, CA.

• 

  An IMAX theatre in Warsaw, Poland.

• 

  IMAX 3D cinema in Eilat, Israel

• 

  Bucharest, Romania IMAX

• 

  The IMAX Peace Cinema in Shanghai, China.

• 

  IMAX-Cinema in Vienna, which closed on November 16th, 2005

• 

  A photo of the LG IMAX in Sydney, Australia, the largest screen in the world.

• 

  IMAX at the Melbourne Museum in Melbourne, Australia. The 3rd Largest Screen In the World.

• 

  SAIMAX IMAX Theater at San Antonio, United States

• 

  IMAX at the National Museum of the United States Air Force - Dayton, Ohio

• 

  IMAX Theatre at SM Mall of Asia in Pasay City, the first in the Philippines

See also

• List of IMAX DMR films
• List of IMAX films
• List of IMAX venues
• List of IMAX-based rides
• RealD Cinema
• VFX Creative Director
• Ultra High Definition Television (UHDTV) – has roughly similar resolution to 15/70 mm IMAX.^[37]

References

1. ^ Imax screen goes up with help, Kansas.com, 2010-11-25, http://www.kansas.com/2010/11/25/1604419/imax-screen-goes-up-with-help.html .
2. ^ IMAX corporate overview, http://www.imax.com/corporate/, retrieved 2011-05-01 
3. ^ "70 mm Grandeur film". Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/70_mm_Grandeur_film. Retrieved 2010-07-03. 
4. ^ The Birth of IMAX
5. ^ "IMAX'S Chronology of Techonological (sic) Events". IEEE Canada, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/imax/imax_chronology.html. Retrieved 23 February 2010. 
6. ^ "Corporate". IMAX.com. http://www.imax.com/corporate/profile/historyMilestones/. Retrieved 2010-07-03. 
7. ^ "IMAX Theatre". Imax.com. 2009-10-01. http://www.imax.com/vancouver/. Retrieved 2010-07-03.  (official site).
8. ^ "IMAX lowers prices in China". Asia Pacific Arts. 2011-02-14. http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa?imax_lowers_prices_in_china_16373.aspx. 
9. ^ ^{a b} "Imax". http://www.imax.com/. Retrieved 2010-07-03. .
10. ^ Brain, Marshall. "Howstuffworks "How IMAX Works"". Howstuffworks.com. http://www.howstuffworks.com/imax.htm/printable. Retrieved 2010-07-03. 
11. ^ "Big Enough for Everest: Inside IMAX Sound". DigitalContentProducer.com. 1999-06-01. http://digitalcontentproducer.com/mag/video_big_enough_everest/. Retrieved 2010-07-03. 
12. ^ "The 15/70 Filmmaker's Manual" (PDF). Imax. http://www.imax.com/images/corporate/pdfs/filmmaker.pdf. Retrieved 2009-12-29. 
13. ^ "The Omnimax Theatre". Great Lakes Science Center. 1996-06-27. http://www.greatscience.com/visit/omnihome.php. Retrieved 2010-07-03. 
14. ^ "Visitor info". IMAX. http://www.imax.com.au/visitor_info/. Retrieved 2009-10-07. 
15. ^ West side Imax opens today, Kansas.com, 2010-12-17, http://www.kansas.com/2010/12/17/1637225/west-side-imax-opens-today-with.html .
16. ^ Elcan.com
17. ^ What to Choose: IMAX 3D versus RealD versus Dolby 3D for 3D films?
18. ^ "IMAX - Precursors, Technical aspects, IMAX Dome/OMNIMAX, IMAX 3D, Viewer experience, History, Content, Technical specifications". Encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com. http://encyclopedia.stateuniversity.com/pages/10484/IMAX.html. Retrieved 2010-07-03. 
19. ^ "Imax Corporation - Company History". Fundinguniverse.com. http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Imax-Corporation-Company-History.html. Retrieved 2010-07-03. 
20. ^ "Change Comes To LFCA. 2004 LFCA". In70mm.com. http://www.in70mm.com/news/2004/lfca/index.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-03. 
21. ^ McClintock, Pamela (2009-05-10). "Star Trek' beams up $76.5 million". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118003418.html?categoryid=13&cs=1. 
22. ^ ‘Harry Potter’ Grosses All-Time Domestic Best of $168.6 Million. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
23. ^ ^{a b} "How The Dark Knight Went IMAX". Slash Film. 2008-06-14. http://www.slashfilm.com/how-the-dark-knight-went-imax/. Retrieved 2011-01-23. 
24. ^ "3D a 'Flash in the Pan' -- 'Inception' Cinematographer". The Wrap. 2010-11-12. http://www.thewrap.com/films/article/inception-cinematographer-3-d-may-be-flash-pan-22480. Retrieved 2011-01-23. 
25. ^ Warner Bros. Pictures press notes, The Dark Knight
26. ^ "Exclusive Video: Director Michael Bay talks Transformers Revenge of the Fallen". Collider. 2009-02-09. http://www.collider.com/entertainment/interviews/article.asp/aid/10866/tcid/1. Retrieved 2010-04-16. 
27. ^ "VP of IMAX talks 'The Dark Knight Rises'". Batman-News.com. 2010-10-27. http://batman-news.com/2010/12/22/vp-of-imax-talks-the-dark-knight-rises/. Retrieved 2010-12-28. 
28. ^ "Legendary director John Woo to use IMAX cameras to shoot war epic Flying Tigers action scenes". Film Fetish. 2010-08-30. http://www.filmfetish.com/2010/08/30/legendary-action-director-john-woo-to-use-imax-cameras-to-shoot-war-epic-flying-tigers-action-scenes/. Retrieved 2011-01-18. 
29. ^ "Paramount Pictures and IMAX Pact for Four Films in 2011". Giant Screen Cinema Association. 2011-01-10. http://www.giantscreencinema.com/Newsroom/News/tabid/70/ctl/ViewItem/mid/528/ItemId/1007/Default.aspx?SkinSrc=/Portals/_default/Skins/NewSkinner/News&ContainerSrc=/Portals/_default/Containers/NewSkinner/Basic. Retrieved 2011-01-18. 
30. ^ Information on the resolution of the IMAX film from Brian Bonnick, Sr. Vice Technology President of IMAX
31. ^ ^{a b} Hyder, James (2008-10-16). Is IMAX the next "New Coke"? LF Examiner, 16 October 2008. Retrieved from LFexaminer.com.
32. ^ "IMAX focuses on DLP chips". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3i9b4549028bac41ba6bbd83740dfe3c9d. 
33. ^ "AMC Theatres commits to Sony SXRD 4K projectors for four theatres". Broadcastengineering.com. http://broadcastengineering.com/hdtv/amc_theatres_sony_projectors/. Retrieved 2010-07-03. 
34. ^ Vlessing, Etan (Jan 7, 2010). "Imax plans next-gen 3D digital camera". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6065LY20100107. Retrieved January, 2011. 
35. ^ "IMAX Corporation: Information from". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/imax-corporation. Retrieved 2010-07-03. 
36. ^ "Imax Corp. Earns Academy Award For Technical Achievement. - Free Online Library". Thefreelibrary.com. 1997-01-07. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/IMAX+CORP.+EARNS+ACADEMY+AWARD+FOR+TECHNICAL+ACHIEVEMENT.(L.A.+LIFE)-a083850914. Retrieved 2010-07-03. ^{[dead link]}
37. ^ http://www.dibeg.org/previous_doc/0208BrazilSET/D012NHKreseach.pdf#page=39 Latest Research Activities of NHK Science and Technical Research Laboratories From Open House 2002

External links

• IMAX.com, the official Web site
• IMAX.com.au, LG IMAX - Sydney, NSW Australia
• ODEON IMAX
• IMAX iPad App, IMAX iPad App
• Large Formats, Describes the differences between the three different "large-format" or "giant-screen" formats, the IMAX Digital format, and the conventional formats.
• The-Numbers.com, IMAX box office figures
• IMAX in Russia, Moscow IMAX Web site
• Behind the Scenes Tour of The IMAX at the Maryland Science Center
• Map of theatres that are or aren't actual IMAX formats
• IMAX Soundtracks Database, IMAX Soundtracks Database
• IMAX Films, downloads