Research vessel

A research vessel (RV or R/V) is a ship designed and equipped to carry out research at sea. Research vessels carry out a number of roles. Some of these roles can be combined into a single vessel, others require a dedicated vessel. Due to the demanding nature of the work, research vessels are often constructed around an icebreaker hull, allowing them to operate in polar waters.

History

Endeavour replica in Cooktown harbour

Main article: History of research ships

The research ship had origins in the early voyages of exploration. By the time of James Cook's Endeavour, the essentials of what today we would call a research ship are clearly apparent. In 1766, the Royal Society hired Cook to travel to the Pacific Ocean to observe and record the transit of Venus across the Sun.^[1] The Endeavour was a sturdy boat, well designed and equipped for the ordeals she would face, and fitted out with facilities for her "research personnel", Joseph Banks. And, as is common with contemporary research vessels, Endeavour carried out more than one kind of research, including comprehensive hydrographic survey work.

Some other notable early research vessels were HMS Beagle, RV Calypso, HMS Challenger, and the Endurance and Terra Nova.

Modern types

Hydrographic survey

Canadian hydrographic survey vessel CCGS Frederick G. Creed

United States oceanographic research vessel, NOAAS Ronald H. Brown

Danish fisheries research vessel, FRV Dana

German naval research vessel Planet

United States polar research vessel, USCGC Polar Star

A hydrographic survey ship is a vessel designed to conduct hydrographic research and survey. Nautical charts are produced from this information to ensure safe navigation by military and civilian shipping.

Hydrographic survey vessels also conduct seismic surveys of the seabed and the underlying geology. Apart from producing the charts, this information is useful for detecting geological features which are likely to bear oil or gas. These vessels usually mount equipment on a towed structure, for example, air cannons, used to generate a high pressure shock wave to sound the strata beneath the seabed, or mounted on the keel, for example, a depth sounder.

In practice, hydrographic survey vessels are often equipped to perform multiple roles. Some function also as oceanographic research ships. Naval hydrographic survey vessels often do naval research, for example, on submarine detection.

An example of a hydrographic survey vessel is CCGS Frederick G. Creed. For an example of the employment of a survey ship see HMS Hydra.

Oceanographic research

Oceanographic research vessels carry out research on the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water, the atmosphere and climate, and as such, are required to carry equipment for collection of water samples from a range of depths, including the deep seas, as well as equipment for hydrographic sounding of the seabed, along with numerous other environmental sensors. As the requirements of both oceanographic and hydrographic research are very different from those of fisheries research, these boats often fulfil a dual role.

An example of an oceanographic research vessel is NOAAS Ronald H. Brown.

Fisheries research

A fisheries research vessel (FRV) requires platforms which are capable of towing different types of fishing nets, collecting plankton or water samples from a range of depths, and carrying acoustic fish-finding equipment. Fisheries research vessels are often designed and built along the same lines as a large fishing vessel, but with space given over to laboratories and equipment storage, as opposed to storage of the catch.

An example of a fisheries research vessel is FRV Scotia.

Naval research

Naval research vessels investigate naval concerns, such as submarine and mine detection, sonar and weapon trialling.

An example of a naval research vessel is the Neue Planet of the German Navy.

Polar research

Polar research vessels are constructed around an icebreaker hull, allowing them to operate in polar waters. These boats usually have dual roles, particularly in the Antarctic where they function also as polar replenishment and supply vessels to the Antarctic research bases.

An example of a polar research vessel is USCGC Polar Star.

Oil exploration

Oil exploration is performed in a number of ways, one of the most common being mobile drilling platforms or ships that are moved from area to area as needed to drill into the seabed to find out what deposits may or may not lie beneath it.

See also

• List of research vessels by country
• Technical research ship
• Marine research vessels
• European and American voyages of scientific exploration

References

1. ^ James Cook at the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

External links

• OCEANIC International Research Vessels Database
• Unofficial (English Language) Homepage of the research icebreaker "ARA Almirante Irizar
• Australian research vessel facilities
• Canadian research fleet
• Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research - home of the "Polarstern"
• Ifremer Fleet
• National Institute of Oceanography and Experimental Geophysics - OGS Trieste ITALY
• NOAA Marine Operations
• Scripps Institution of Oceanography
• Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI)
• University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS) research vessels (US academic fleet)