Cultural periods of Peru

Cultural periods of Peru: This is a chart of cultural periods of Peru and the Andean Region developed by Edward Lanning and used by some archaeologists studying the area. An alternative dating system was developed by Luis Lumbreras and provides different dates for some archaeological finds.

Most of the cultures of the Late Horizon and some of the cultures of the Late Intermediate joined the Inca empire by 1493, but the period ends in 1534 because that marks the fall of the Inca empire after the Spanish conquest. Most of the cut-off years mark either an end of a severe drought or the beginning of one. These marked a shift of the most productive farming to or from the mountains, and tended to mark the end of one culture and the rise of another.

The more recent findings concerning the Norte Chico civilization are not included on this list, as it was compiled before the site at Caral was investigated in detail.

Period Dates Cultures

Ceramic

Late Horizon 1476 CE – 1534 CE Inca

Late Intermediate 1000 CE – 1476 CE Chimú, Chincha, Cajamarca, Piura, Chancay, Chachapoyas, Chincha, Chiribaya, Chucuito,
Huaman Huilca, Ilo, Qotu Qotu, Pacacocha, Palli Marca, Piura, Sican, Tajaraca, Huaylas, Conchucos, Huamachuco, Rucanas, Chanka, Aymara nations, Ayabaca, Bracamoros, Huancabambas, Tallan culture, Huarco, Ichma, Parinacota, Cuntis, Chinchaycochas, Huarochiri, Kheswas, Tarmas, Paltas, Camanas

Middle Horizon 600 CE – 1000 CE Huari, Tiwanaku, Piura

Early Intermediate 200 CE – 600 CE Moche, Nazca, Lima, Tiwanaku, Pechiche, Piura

Early Horizon 900 BCE – 200 CE Chavín, Cupisnique, Late Chiripa, Paracas, Pechiche, Sechura

Initial Period 1800/1500 BCE – 900 BCE Early Chiripa, Kotosh, Toríl (The Cumbe Mayo aqueduct was built c. 1000 BCE)

Preceramic

Period VI 2500 BCE – 1500/1800 BCE Norte Chico (Caral), Buena Vista, Casavilca, Culebras, Ventarrón, Viscachani, Huaca Prieta

Period V 4200 BCE – 2500 BCE Honda, Lauricocha III, Viscachani,

Period IV 6000 BCE – 4200 BCE Ambo, Canario, Siches, Lauricocha II, Luz, Toquepala II

Period III 8000 BCE – 6000 BCE Arenal, Chivateros II, Lauricocha I, Playa Chira, Puyenca, Toquepala I

Period II 9500 BCE – 8000 BCE Chivateros I, Lauricocha I

Period I ? BCE – 9500 BCE Oquendo, Red Zone (central coast)

Alternative timeline by Luis Lumbreras:

Period Dates Cultures

Ceramic

Tawantinsuyu Empire 1430 CE – 1532 CE Incas

Regional States 1200 CE – 1470 CE Huari, Chimú, Chincha, Chanka Confederation

Huari Empire 800 CE – 1200 CE Huari, Tiwanaku

Regional Development 100 CE – 800 CE Moche, Nazca, Lima, Tiwanaku, Recuay, Gallinazo

Formative 900 BCE – 200 CE Chavín, Vicus

Preceramic

Archaic 4000 BCE – 1200/1800 BCE

Lithic 4000 BCE – 1500 BCE

See also

Amazonas before the Inca Empire

The Pre-Incan Lost Pyramid of Puñay

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v · d · e Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures

Americas Paleo-Indians · Genetic history · Archaeology of the Americas · Indigenous peoples of the Americas

North America North American pre-Columbian cultures – Caddoan Mississippian – Chichimeca –Hopewell tradition – Coles Creek – Fremont – Marksville – Mississippian – Mogollon – Plaquemine – Plum Bayou – Poverty Point – Troyville – Weeden Island –

Mesoamerica Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology – Capacha – Cholula – Coclé – Epi-Olmec – Huastec – Izapa – Mixtec – Olmec – Pipil – Quelepa – Shaft tomb tradition – Teuchitlan – Tarascan – Teotihuacan – Tlatilco – Toltec – Totonac – Veracruz – Xochipala – Zapotec

South America South American Indigenous people – pre-Columbian chronology – Cañaris – Chachapoya – Chancay – Chavín – Chimu – El Abra – Hydraulic culture of mounds (Bolivia) – Las Vegas – Lima – La Tolita (Tumaco) – Manteño-Guancavilca – Mapuche – Moche – Mollo – Muisca (Chibchas) – Nariño – Nazca – Norte Chico – Quimbaya – San Agustin – Shuar – Sican – Taino – Tairona – Tiwanaku – Tierradentro – Valdivia – Wari

Aztec civilization Maya civilization Inca Empire – Inca civilization

Language Nahuatl language Mayan languages Quechua

Writing Aztec writing Mayan writing Quipu

Religion Aztec religion Maya religion Inca religion

Mythology Aztec mythology Maya mythology Inca mythology

Calendar Aztec calendar Maya calendar

Society Aztec society Maya society Inca society

Infrastructure Chinampas Maya architecture Inca architecture (road system)
Incan agriculture

History Aztec history Inca history

People Moctezuma I
Moctezuma II
Cuitlahuac
Cuauhtémoc
K'inich Janaab' Pakal
Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil
Jasaw Chan K'awiil I Manco Cápac
Pachacutec
Atahualpa
Manco Inca

Conquest Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire
(Hernán Cortés) Spanish conquest of Yucatán
(Francisco de Montejo)
Spanish conquest of Guatemala
(Pedro de Alvarado) Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
(Francisco Pizarro)

See also

Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America – Columbian exchange – Mesoamerican writing systems – Native American cuisine – Native American pottery – Population history of American indigenous peoples – Pre-Columbian art – Painting in the Americas before Colonization

v · d · e    Pre-Columbian North America

Archaeological cultures

North American pre-Columbian chronology – Adena – Alachua – Ancient Pueblo (Anasazi) – Baytown – Belle Glade – Buttermilk Creek Complex – Caborn-Welborn – Calf Creek – Caloosahatchee – Clovis – Coles Creek – Deptford – Folsom – Fort Ancient – Fort Walton – Fremont – Glades – Glacial Kame – Hopewell (List of Hopewell sites) – Hohokam – Leon-Jefferson – Mississippian (List of Mississippian sites) – Mogollon – Monongahela – Old Cordilleran – Oneota – Paleo-Arctic – Paleo-Indians – Patayan – Plano – Plaquemine – Poverty Point – Prehistoric Southwest – Red Ocher – Santa Rosa-Swift Creek – St. Johns – Steed-Kisker – Tchefuncte – Tocobaga – Troyville

Archaeological sites

Angel Mounds – Bandelier National Monument – The Bluff Point Stoneworks – Cahokia – Chaco Canyon – Casa Grande – Coso Rock Art District – Eaker – Effigy Mounds National Monument – Etowah Indian Mounds – Eva – Folsom Site – Fort Ancient – Fort Center – Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument – Holly Bluff Site – Hopewell Culture National Historical Park – Kincaid Mounds – Kolomoki – Manitou Cliff Dwellings – Marksville – Meadowcroft Rockshelter – Mesa Verde – Moorehead Circle – Moundville – Mummy Cave – Nodena Site – Ocmulgee National Monument – Old Stone Fort – Parkin Park – Pinson Mounds – Portsmouth Earthworks – Poverty Point – Pueblo Bonito – Rock Eagle – Rock Hawk – Salmon Ruins – Serpent Mound – Spiro Mounds – SunWatch – Taos Pueblo – Toltec Mounds – Town Creek Indian Mound – Winterville

Miscellaneous

Ballgame – Black drink – Buhl woman – Calumet – Chunkey – Clovis point – Container Revolution – Eastern Agricultural Complex – Eden point – Effigy mound – Falcon dancer – Folsom point – Green Corn Ceremony – Horned Serpent – Kennewick man – Kiva – Metallurgy – Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing – Medicine wheel – Mound builders – N.A.G.P.R.A. – Norse colonization of the Americas – Piasa – Pueblo dwellings – Southeastern Ceremonial Complex – Three Sisters agriculture – Thunderbird – Underwater panther

Related: Genetic history · Indigenous Portal of North America · Pre-Columbian era

v · d · e    History of the Americas

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Lists
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Archaeology of the Americas · North America by period · North American timelines · Mesoamerica by period · Mesoamerica timeline

Era: By period · By region · Three-age system · Ancient history · Pre-Columbian · Classical Antiquity · Middle Ages · Modern history · Future

References

Edward P. Lanning, 1967 Peru Before the Incas. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., ISBN 0-13-661595-3

Categories:
History of Peru
Prehistory of Peru
Archaeology timelines
Andean civilizations
History of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Indigenous peoples of South America
Archaeology of Peru
Pre-Columbian cultures

Period	Dates	Cultures
Ceramic
Late Horizon	1476 CE – 1534 CE	Inca
Late Intermediate	1000 CE – 1476 CE	Chimú, Chincha, Cajamarca, Piura, Chancay, Chachapoyas, Chincha, Chiribaya, Chucuito, Huaman Huilca, Ilo, Qotu Qotu, Pacacocha, Palli Marca, Piura, Sican, Tajaraca, Huaylas, Conchucos, Huamachuco, Rucanas, Chanka, Aymara nations, Ayabaca, Bracamoros, Huancabambas, Tallan culture, Huarco, Ichma, Parinacota, Cuntis, Chinchaycochas, Huarochiri, Kheswas, Tarmas, Paltas, Camanas
Middle Horizon	600 CE – 1000 CE	Huari, Tiwanaku, Piura
Early Intermediate	200 CE – 600 CE	Moche, Nazca, Lima, Tiwanaku, Pechiche, Piura
Early Horizon	900 BCE – 200 CE	Chavín, Cupisnique, Late Chiripa, Paracas, Pechiche, Sechura
Initial Period	1800/1500 BCE – 900 BCE	Early Chiripa, Kotosh, Toríl (The Cumbe Mayo aqueduct was built c. 1000 BCE)
Preceramic
Period VI	2500 BCE – 1500/1800 BCE	Norte Chico (Caral), Buena Vista, Casavilca, Culebras, Ventarrón, Viscachani, Huaca Prieta
Period V	4200 BCE – 2500 BCE	Honda, Lauricocha III, Viscachani,
Period IV	6000 BCE – 4200 BCE	Ambo, Canario, Siches, Lauricocha II, Luz, Toquepala II
Period III	8000 BCE – 6000 BCE	Arenal, Chivateros II, Lauricocha I, Playa Chira, Puyenca, Toquepala I
Period II	9500 BCE – 8000 BCE	Chivateros I, Lauricocha I
Period I	? BCE – 9500 BCE	Oquendo, Red Zone (central coast)

Period	Dates	Cultures
Ceramic
Tawantinsuyu Empire	1430 CE – 1532 CE	Incas
Regional States	1200 CE – 1470 CE	Huari, Chimú, Chincha, Chanka Confederation
Huari Empire	800 CE – 1200 CE	Huari, Tiwanaku
Regional Development	100 CE – 800 CE	Moche, Nazca, Lima, Tiwanaku, Recuay, Gallinazo
Formative	900 BCE – 200 CE	Chavín, Vicus
Preceramic
Archaic	4000 BCE – 1200/1800 BCE
Lithic	4000 BCE – 1500 BCE

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History of Peru — The history of Peru spans several millennia. Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre Columbian America. It was conquered by the Spanish Empire… … Wikipedia
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Fiestas Patrias (Peru) — The Fiestas Patrias peruanas, or Peruvian National Holidays are celebrations of Peru s independence from the Spanish Empire. They officially consist of two days:*July 28, in commemoration of Peru s independence won by José de San Martín. *July 29 … Wikipedia
Prehistoric art — Ceramic stirrup spout vessel representing a crustacean. Moche Culture, Peru, 100 BCE to 700 CE … Wikipedia
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Cultural periods of Peru

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v · d · e Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
Americas	Paleo-Indians · Genetic history · Archaeology of the Americas · Indigenous peoples of the Americas
North America	North American pre-Columbian cultures – Caddoan Mississippian – Chichimeca –Hopewell tradition – Coles Creek – Fremont – Marksville – Mississippian – Mogollon – Plaquemine – Plum Bayou – Poverty Point – Troyville – Weeden Island –
Mesoamerica	Mesoamerican pre-Columbian chronology – Capacha – Cholula – Coclé – Epi-Olmec – Huastec – Izapa – Mixtec – Olmec – Pipil – Quelepa – Shaft tomb tradition – Teuchitlan – Tarascan – Teotihuacan – Tlatilco – Toltec – Totonac – Veracruz – Xochipala – Zapotec
South America	South American Indigenous people – pre-Columbian chronology – Cañaris – Chachapoya – Chancay – Chavín – Chimu – El Abra – Hydraulic culture of mounds (Bolivia) – Las Vegas – Lima – La Tolita (Tumaco) – Manteño-Guancavilca – Mapuche – Moche – Mollo – Muisca (Chibchas) – Nariño – Nazca – Norte Chico – Quimbaya – San Agustin – Shuar – Sican – Taino – Tairona – Tiwanaku – Tierradentro – Valdivia – Wari
	Aztec civilization	Maya civilization	Inca Empire – Inca civilization
Language	Nahuatl language	Mayan languages	Quechua
Writing	Aztec writing	Mayan writing	Quipu
Religion	Aztec religion	Maya religion	Inca religion
Mythology	Aztec mythology	Maya mythology	Inca mythology
Calendar	Aztec calendar	Maya calendar
Society	Aztec society	Maya society	Inca society
Infrastructure	Chinampas	Maya architecture	Inca architecture (road system) Incan agriculture
History	Aztec history		Inca history
People	Moctezuma I Moctezuma II Cuitlahuac Cuauhtémoc	K'inich Janaab' Pakal Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil Jasaw Chan K'awiil I	Manco Cápac Pachacutec Atahualpa Manco Inca
Conquest	Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (Hernán Cortés)	Spanish conquest of Yucatán (Francisco de Montejo) Spanish conquest of Guatemala (Pedro de Alvarado)	Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire (Francisco Pizarro)
See also
Portal:Indigenous peoples of North America – Columbian exchange – Mesoamerican writing systems – Native American cuisine – Native American pottery – Population history of American indigenous peoples – Pre-Columbian art – Painting in the Americas before Colonization

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Cultural periods of Peru

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