Parkin Archeological State Park

Infobox_nrhp | name =Parkin Indian Mound
nrhp_type = nhl

---

caption = |Main mound and it's interpretative sign at the Parkin Site.
nearest_city= 60 Highway 184 North, Parkin, Arkansas
locmapin = Arkansas
area =
architect=
architecture=
designated= July 19, 1964cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=107&ResourceType=Structure
title=Parkin Indian Mound|date=2007-09-26|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service]
added = October 15, 1966cite web|url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/|title=National Register Information System|date=2007-01-23|work=National Register of Historic Places|publisher=National Park Service]
governing_body = State
refnum=66000200

Parkin Archeological State Park, also known as Parkin Indian Mound, is an archaeological site and state park in Parkin, Arkansas. Around 1350-1650 CE an aboriginal palisaded village existed at the site, at the confluence of the St. Francis and Tyronza Rivers. Artifacts from this site are on display at the site museum. The Parkin Site is the type site for the Parkin phase, an expression of Late Mississippian culture, believed by many archaeologists to be the province of Casqui visited by Hernando de Soto in 1542. Archeological artifacts from the village of the Parkin people are dated to 1400-1650 CE. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.cite web|url=PDFlink| [http://www.nps.gov/nhl/designations/samples/ar/ParkinIndianMound.pdf "Parkin Indian Mound", November 25, 1997, by Mark R. Barnes] |1.17 MiB |title=National Historic Landmark Nomination|date=19|publisher=National Park Service]

Culture of the Parkin Phase people

The Parkin Site is the type site for an important Late Mississippian cultural component, the Parkin phase, which dates from about 1400-1700 CE. The Parkin phase was a collection of villages along the St. Francis and Tyronza Rivers. This culture is contemporary with the Walls Phase and the Nodena phase. [cite book|author=Hudson, Charles M.|title =Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun|date =1997|publisher=University of Georgia Press] It has been determined that the site was continuously occupied for at least 500 years. In the early 1540's, the Hernando de Soto Expedition is believed to have visited several sites in the Parkin Phase, which is usually identified as the Province of Casqui [ cite book|last = Morse|first = Dan F.|title = Nodena-An account of 90 years of archaeological investigation in southeast Mississippi County, Arkansas| publisher = Arkansas Archaeological Survery Research Series| date = 1973|isbn = 1-56349-057-9] , with the Nodena Phase being identified as the province of Pacaha. The province takes its name from the chieftain Casqui who ruled the tribe from its primary village. The de Soto chroniclers indicate that political provinces characterized by a paramount chief living in a paramount town with satellite vassal towns surrounding it were the major political institutions of this area. The Parkin phase is a series of 21 villages of varying sizes along the St. Francis and Tyronza Rivers, most of them roughly 4 kilometers apart from each other. [cite book| author= Morse, Phyllis A. | title =Parkin| date =1981 | publisher=Arkansas Archaeological Survey| isbn = 0882-4591]

Parkin Phase settlement pattern

During the preceding periods, homesteads and small villages had been spread throughout the area, but by this time endemic warfare had forced the populations to consolidate into the palisaded villages. They would leave their villages during the day to farm their fields, collect wood, and hunt, but at night return to the safety of their well defended villages. The people of the Parkin phase were isolated from other phases to their east and southeast by swamps, which the spanish chroniclers described as some of the worst they had crossed. These acted as buffer zones in between the hostile phases. As time went on, the material culture(pottery designs, mortuary practices, etc.) of the Parkin phase diverged more and more from the surrounding phases, showing that the peoples of the Parkin phase were becoming islolated from their neighbors culturally as well as physically. [cite book| editors=David H. Dye and Sheryl Ann Cox|author= Morse, Phyllis A. | title =Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi|article-The Parkin Site and the Parkin Phase date =1990 | publisher=University of Alabama Press| isbn = 0-8173-0455-X] Motifs on artifacts found at the Parkin phase sites show that the people of Parkin were part of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, an extensive religious and trade network that brought chert, whelk shells, and other exotic goods to the Parkin phase sites.

Agriculture and Food

The people of Parkin were intensely involved in maize agriculture, as well as other food crops originating in the Americas, such as beans, gourds, squash, and sunflowers. After the harvest maize was stored in large above ground cribs for consumption during the remainder of the year. They also gathered wild foodstuffs such as pecans and persimmons. [cite book| author= Morse, Phyllis A. | title =Parkin| date =1981 | publisher=Arkansas Archaeological Survey| isbn = 0882-4591] . The de Soto choroniclers described the area as being under heavy cultivation, and the most populous they had seen in "La Florida". The Spaniards described groves of wild fruit and nut bearing trees, implying that the Parkin phase peoples must have left them standing when clearing other trees for the cultivation of maize and their other crops. [cite book|author=Hudson, Charles M.|title =Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun| date =1997 | publisher=University of Georgia Press] The hunting of whitetail deer, squirrel, rabbit, turkey, and mallard was practiced as well as fishing for alligator gar, catfish, drum, turtles and mussels. [ cite book | last = Morse | first = Dan F. | title = Nodena-An account of 90 years of archaeological investigation in southeast Mississippi County, Arkansas| publisher = Arkansas Archaeological Survery Research Series| date = 1973 | isbn = 1-56349-057-9] The 2 rivers and the moat must have been a very productive source of fish, as the de Soto chroniclers spoke often of "gifts of fish" from the residents of Casqui.

Language

The peoples of Parkin were probably Tunican or Siouan speaking. It is known that the Tunica were in the area at the time of the de Soto Entrada, and the related group of phases present in the region may have all been Tunican speakers, with Caddoan speakers to their west and south. But by the time of later European contact in the 1670s and the beginning of the historic period, the area was occuppied by the Dhegiha Siouan speaking Quapaw. Attempts have been made to connect pottery styles and words from the de Soto narratives with the Quapaw, but have so far been unsuccessful. [cite book|last= Hoffman|first= Michael P.|editor=David H. Dye and Cheryl Ann Cox|article = The Terminal Missisippian Period in the Arkansas River Valley and Quapaw Ethenogenesis|title=Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi|publisher = University of Alabama Press|date = 1990|isbn=0-8173-0455-X]

Parkin Site 1350-1650 CE

The site was a 17 acre palisaded village at the confluence of the St. Francis and Tyronza Rivers. . All other sites of the Parkin Phase are located on very fertile soil, but not the Parkin Site. The soil it is located on is not adequate to support the population level that is thought to have resided at the site. It is believed that the large village was located at the confluence of the 2 rivers because this allowed the residents to control transportation and trade on the waterways. [cite book| author= Morse, Phyllis A. | title =Parkin| date =1981 | publisher=Arkansas Archaeological Survey| isbn = 0882-4591] There was 1 large substructure mound and 6 smaller ones arranged around a central plaza. The largest mound was 6.5 meters tall, with a projecting terrace level that was 1.5 meters tall. It is located beside the St. Francis River, with the plaza on it's other side. The spanish chroniclers describe the main mound as having a large structure at its summit, which was the residence of the chief, Casqui. Situated on the terrace level were the homes and other structures utilized by his wives and attendants. [cite book| editors=David H. Dye and Sheryl Ann Cox|author= Morse, Phyllis A. | title =Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi|article-The Parkin Site and the Parkin Phase date =1990 | publisher=University of Alabama Press| isbn = 0-8173-0455-X] The other 6 mounds ranged from 1 to 1.5 meters in height. The plaza would have been used for religious rituals and the playing of games such as chunkey and the ballgame. [ cite book | author = Hudson, Charles M.|title =The Southeastern Indans| date =1976 ] Surrounding the plaza were numerous well laid out houses, aligned to the axis' of the mound and plaza, giving the whole site a planned look. [ cite book | last = Morse | first = Phyllis A.| title = Parkin| publisher = Arkansas Archaeological Survery Research Series| date = 1981 | isbn = 0882-4591] The villages of this area were described as having few if any trees, probably because this was the primary source of fuel and building materials. For this reason the Spanish camped amongst a nearby grove of trees to avoid the sweltering heat on the floodplain. Homes were built from wattle and daub, with thatched roofs. The palisade which surrounded the site on 3 sides was designed for defensive purposes. It had bastions at regular intervals, with archers slots to defend against marauding enemies. Immediately outside the palisade was a large moat which surrounded the site on 3 sides and connected to the St. Francis River , which was its fourth side. The area inside the ditch and palisade was 3 meters higher than the surrounding land. Although it is possible that the level of the site was raised by the inhabitants, it is more likely that dirt and refuse built up in the confined space and raised it's level gradually, similar to a tell in the Middle East.

Pottery

Most pottery found at the Parkin Site is of the kind known as Missisippian Plain "var Neeleys Ferry" and Barton Incised "var. Togo"(formerly called Parkin Punctated). Pottery found at Parkin phase sites are usually utilitarian wares rather than the elaborate mortuary types found at the Nodena, Kent or Walls phase burials. The archaeologist Clarence Bloomfield Moore described pottery from St. Francis River sites with adjectives such as "lopsided", "insufficiently fired", "rude and scanty", "inferior surface" and "great monotony". Although this belies the fact that elaborate effigy pottery were also found at these sites, including 5 human head effigy pots, underwater panther effigies, elaborate fish and dog effigies, and red and white spiral, swastika and stripped bottles. The inclusion of less specifically mortuary wares found in graves seems to be a cultural difference between the Parkin peoples and the peoples of the surrounding phases. The Parkin Phase people put a bowl and a bottle into a grave with the bodies, as did the people of the Nodena, Walls, and Kent phases. Pottery made by the Parkin people was built up from strips of clay, and then smoothed out by the potter, much like other pottery in the Eastern America area where the potters wheel was unknown. Slips using galena for white, hematite for red, and sometimes graphite for black were used to paint the pottery. [cite book| editors=David H. Dye and Sheryl Ann Cox|author= Morse, Phyllis A. | title =Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi|article-The Parkin Site and the Parkin Phase date =1990 | publisher=University of Alabama Press| isbn = 0-8173-0455-X] The effigy head pots give an idea of what the people of the Parkin Site may have looked like, as envisioned by this bust on display at the Parkin Site museum.

panish Artifacts

cquote|"On the day of our arrival, the Cacique said that inasmuch as he knew the Governor to be a man from the sky, who must necessarily have to go away, he besought him to leave a sign, of which he might ask support in his wars, and his people call upon for rain, of which their fields had great need, as their children were dying of hunger. The Governor commanded that a very tall cross be made of two, pines, and told him to return the next day, when he would give him the sign from heaven for which he asked; but that the Chief must believe nothing could be needed if he had a true faith in the cross. He returned the next day, complaining much because we so long delayed giving him the sign he asked, and he had good- will to serve and follow us. Thereupon he set up a loud wailing because the compliance was not immediate, which caused us all to weep, witnessing such devotion and earnestness in his entreaties. The Governor told him to bring all his people back in the evening, and that we would go with them to his town and take thither the sign he had asked. He came in the afternoon with them, and we went in procession to the town, while they followed us. Arriving there, as it is the custom of the Caciques to have near their houses a high hill, made by hand, some having the houses placed thereon, we set up the cross on the summit of a mount, and we all went on bended knees, with great humility, to kiss the foot of that cross. The Indians did the same as they saw us do, nor more nor less; then directly they brought a great quantity of cane, making a fence about it; and we returned that night to our camp."|20px|20px|- "LUYS HERNANDEZ de BIEDMA 1544" [ cite web| url = http://www.siu.edu/~anthro/muller/Biedma/Biedma_frame.html|title =RELATION OF THE CONQUEST OF FLORIDA PRESENTED BY LUYS HERNANDEZ de BIEDMA| accessed = 2008-9-30] In 1977 a large charred posthole was found at the summit of the large substructure mound at the Parkin Site. [cite book| editors=David H. Dye and Sheryl Ann Cox|author= Morse, Phyllis A. | title =Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi|article-The Parkin Site and the Parkin Phase date =1990 | publisher=University of Alabama Press| isbn = 0-8173-0455-X] In 1966 a Spanish trade bead which matches descriptions of the seven-layer glass beads carried by the expedition was found at the Parkin site, as well as a brass bell known as a "Clarksdale Bell". [cite web|url=http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/archinfo/parkin_site.pdf| title = THE PARKIN SITE:HERNANDO DE SOTO IN CROSS COUNTY, ARKANSAS| access date = 2008-09-19 ] [cite web|url=http://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=1246| title = Parkin Archeological State Park-Encyclopedia of Arkansas| access date = 2008-09-19 ] The bell was associated with a childs burial, which also contained 4 pottery items, all known types of Parkin Phase pottery. [cite book|author= Morse, Phyllis A. |title = Parkin | date = 1981 |publisher=Arkansas Archaeological Survey|isbn = 0882-4591] . This is one of only a hand full of sites from the Southeast to contain items from the de Soto entrada in a datable archaeological context.

ee also

* Mississippian culture
* List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
* Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
* Known Mississippian culture Chiefdoms

References

* Hudson, Charles M., "Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando De Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms", University of Georgia Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8203-1888-4

External links

* [http://www.arkansasstateparks.com/parkinarcheological/ Parkin Archeological State Park, at Arkansas State Parks]