Cross Fell

Cross Fell
Cross Fell seen from the Eden Valley
Elevation	893 m (2,930 ft)
Prominence	651 m (2,136 ft)
Parent peak	Helvellyn
Listing	Hewitt, Marilyn, Nuttall
Location
Cross Fell Location of Cross Fell in Cumbria
Location	North Pennines, England
Coordinates	54°42′10″N 2°29′14″W / 54.70278°N 2.48722°W / 54.70278; -2.48722Coordinates: 54°42′10″N 2°29′14″W / 54.70278°N 2.48722°W / 54.70278; -2.48722
Topo map	OS Landranger 91
OS grid	NY687343

Cross Fell is the highest point in the Pennine Hills of northern England and the highest point in England outside of the Lake District.

The summit, at 893 metres (2,930 ft), is a stony plateau, part of a 12.5 km (7.8 mi) long ridge running North West to South East, which also incorporates Little Dun Fell at 842 metres (2,762 ft) and Great Dun Fell at 849 metres (2,785 ft). The three adjoining fells form an escarpment that rises steeply above the Eden Valley on its south western side and drops off more gently on its north eastern side towards the South Tyne and Tees Valleys.

Cross Fell summit is crowned by a cross-shaped dry-stone shelter. On a clear day there are excellent views from the summit across the Eden Valley to the mountains of the Lake District. On the northern side of Cross Fell there are also fine views across the Solway Firth to the Southern Uplands of Scotland.

The fell is prone to dense hill fog and fierce winds. A shrieking noise induced by the Helm Wind is a characteristic of the locality.^{[note 1]} It can be an inhospitable place for much of the year. In ancient times it was known as "Fiends Fell" and believed to be the haunt of evil spirits. It has been speculated that this last feature may be why the fell became known as Cross Fell ("cross" meaning "angry").^{[2][dead link]}

A conspicuous local feature is the golf ball shaped radar installation on the summit of Great Dun Fell. This was built in the 1980s and supports civil air traffic control over the North Atlantic. The original site was built on the summit in 1949.

Local geography

Cross Fell and the adjoining fells are mainly a bed of hard, carboniferous limestone. Where this bed surfaces, there are steep rock faces. There are also strata of shale and gritstone that surface on the fell. On the south and west facing slopes of Cross Fell the rock faces have been broken up by frost action to give a scree slope made up of large boulders. The local terrain shows obvious evidence of recent glaciation and is covered by thin soil and acidic peat.

The summit of Cross Fell with Great Dun Fell in the background. The object in the centre is a triangulation point

Cross Fell, Great Dun Fell and Little Dun Fell form a block of high terrain which is all over 800 metres (2,625 ft) in altitude. This is the largest block of high ground in England and tends to retain snow-cover longer than neighbouring areas. Snow can be found in gullies on the north side of Cross Fell as late as May in most years. In some years, lying snow has been known to persist until July and fresh snowfall in June (mid-summer in the Northern Hemisphere) is common.

Precipitation on Cross Fell averages around 280 centimetres (110 in) per year. Local flora includes a number of rare alpine plants such as the Starry Saxifrage and a mountain Forget-me-not.^[3] Cross Fell is covered by what is known as "siliceous alpine and boreal grassland". It is the southernmost outlier of this vegetation type, which is common to highlands in Scotland and Scandinavia. It is a designated Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Local farmers are required to keep free-roaming sheep off the tops of the fells in order to avoid damaging the natural flora.^[4]

Cross Fell is a conspicuous feature in the landscape. It dominates the skyline on almost the entire 20 miles (32 km) length of the A66 trunk road between Penrith and Stainmore. It can also be seen from Helvellyn summit in the Lake District and from high ground throughout Dumfriesshire and Northumberland.

References

1. ^ "The Helm Wind Dufton Village Cumbria". www.dufton.org.uk. http://www.dufton.org.uk/the_helm_bar.htm. 
2. ^ North Pennines AONB Partnership article on Cross Fell
3. ^ Cumbrian Wildlife: plants^{[dead link]}
4. ^ "SAC selection - 6150 Siliceous alpine and boreal grasslands". www.jncc.gov.uk. Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Moor House – Upper Teesdale. http://www.jncc.gov.uk/ProtectedSites/SACselection/habitat.asp?FeatureIntCode=H6150. 

Notes

1. ^ The Helm Wind can be very strong where it is channelled down gullies in the side of the escarpment. It is experienced particularly in the villages of Milburn and Kirkland.^[1]

External links

Panoramas

• Jonathan de Ferranti. "Cross Fell, North Pennines". www.viewfinderpanoramas.org. http://www.viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ENG/Cross.gif.