Bruce Nauman

Bruce Nauman
Bruce Nauman, Human/Need/Desire, 1983
Born	December 6, 1941 (1941-12-06) (age 69) Fort Wayne, Indiana
Nationality	American
Field	sculpture, photography, neon, video, drawing and performance
Training	University of Wisconsin–Madison and University of California, Davis
Works	"Laair," 1970, "Human/Need/Desire," 1983
Influenced	Greg Colson, Rachel Whiteread
Awards	Larry Aldrich Award

Bruce Nauman (born December 6, 1941 in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is a contemporary American artist. His practice spans a broad range of media including sculpture, photography, neon, video, drawing, printmaking, and performance. Nauman lives in Galisteo, New Mexico.

Life and work

Nauman studied mathematics and physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1960–64), and art with William T. Wiley and Robert Arneson at the University of California, Davis (1965–6). In 1964 he gave up painting to dedicate himself to sculpture, performance and cinema collaborations with William Allan and Robert Nelson. He worked as an assistant to Wayne Thiebaud. Upon graduation (MFA, 1966), he taught at the San Francisco Art Institute from 1966 to 1968, and at the University of California at Irvine in 1970. In 1968 he met the singer and performance artist Meredith Monk and signed with the dealer Leo Castelli. Nauman moved from Northern California to Pasadena in 1969. In 1979, Nauman further moved to New Mexico where he continues to work and live along with his wife, the painter Susan Rothenberg.

Confronted with “What to do?” in his studio soon after graduating, Nauman had the simple but profound realization that “If I was an artist and I was in the studio, then whatever I was doing in the studio must be art. At this point art became more of an activity and less of a product.”^[1] Between 1966 and 1970 he made several videos, in which he used his body to explore the potentials of art and the role of the artist, and to investigate psychological states and behavioural codes. Much of his work is characterized by an interest in language, often manifesting itself in a playful, mischievous manner. For example, the neon Run From Fear- Fun From Rear, or the photograph Bound To Fail, which literalizes the title phrase and shows the artist's arms tied behind his back. There are however, very serious concerns at the heart of Nauman's practice. He seems to be fascinated by the nature of communication and language's inherent problems, as well as the role of the artist as supposed communicator and manipulator of visual symbols.

Nauman began in the 1960s with exhibitions at Nick Wilder’s gallery in Los Angeles and in New York at Leo Castelli in 1968 along with early solo shows at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Whitney Museum in 1972. Through most of his midcareer until the early 1980s he flew just below the radar of art market experts.^[2]

His Self Portrait as a Fountain (1966) shows the artist spouting a stream of water from his mouth. At the end of the 1960s, Nauman began constructing claustrophobic and enclosed corridors and rooms that could be entered by visitors and which evoked the experience of being locked in and of being abandoned. A series of works inspired by one of the artist's dreams was brought together under the title of Dream Passage and created in 1983, 1984, and 1988.^[3] In his installation Changing Light Corridor with Rooms (1971), a long corridor is shrouded in darkness, whilst two rooms on either side are illuminated by bulbs that are timed to flash at different rates.^[4]

Exhibitions

In 1966, the Nicholas Wilder Gallery, Los Angeles, held Nauman’s first solo exhibition of fibreglass sculptures just before the artist received his master's degree. In 1968, the Leo Castelli Gallery, New York, and the Galerie Konrad Fischer, Düsseldorf, initiated a long series of solo shows. Also in 1968, he was invited for the first time to participate in Documenta 4 in Kassel, and received a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts that enabled him to work in New York for one year. As early as 1972, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and Marcia Tucker at the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, organized the first solo museum exhibition of the artist’s work, which traveled in Europe and the United States. A major retrospective was held at the Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, and the Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, in 1981. Since the mid-1980s, primarily working with sculpture and video, he has developed disturbing psychological and physical themes incorporating images of animal and human body parts. Nauman retrospective was organized by the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, and traveled to many venues throughout America and Europe from 1993 to 1995. In 1997, the Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg mounted another major retrospective, which toured the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris, Hayward Gallery in London and Nykytaiteen Museo in Helsinki. Since then, Nauman has had major solo exhibitions at Dia Art Foundation (2002), Deutsche Guggenheim in Berlin (2003), Tate Modern (2004), Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art (2005), Tate Liverpool (2006), Milwaukee Art Museum (2006), Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive (2007), and Hamburger Bahnhof (2010).^[5]

Collections

Nauman's work is in the collections of the Kunstmuseum Basel; the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum and the Museum of Modern Art in New York; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington, DC; and the Tate Modern in London among many others.

Honors

Fifteen Pairs of Hands (1996) in the collection of the National Gallery of Art

In 1993, Nauman received the Wolf Prize in Arts (an Israeli award) for his distinguished work as a sculptor and his extraordinary contribution to twentieth-century art. In 1999, he received the Golden Lion of the Venice Biennale. in 2004 he received the Praemium Imperiale for sculpture. That same year he created his work Raw Materials specifically for display at the Tate Modern. Artfacts.net ranked Nauman as the number one among living artist in 2006, followed by Gerhard Richter and Robert Rauschenberg.^[6] Time Magazine named Nauman one of their 100 most influential people in 2004.

On January 25, 2008, the United States Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) announced the selection of Bruce Nauman as the American representative to the 2009 Venice Biennale where he won the prestigious Golden Lion.^[7]

He holds honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degrees from the San Francisco Art Institute and the California Institute of the Arts.

Influences

Nauman cites Samuel Beckett, Ludwig Wittgenstein, John Cage, Philip Glass, La Monte Young and Meredith Monk as major influences on his work. Nauman was a part of the Process Art Movement.

Works

Some of his best-known works include:

• Laair (1970) - A soft-cover artist's book, featuring only 10 color illustrations [photographs] of the Los Angeles skyline. No text.
• Clown Torture - in separate stacked video screens, a clown screaming "No" repeatedly, a clown telling an annoying children's joke, a clown balancing goldfish bowls, and a clown sitting on a public toilet.
• Vices and Virtues (1988) - Atop the Charles Lee Powell Structural Systems Laboratory on the campus of the University of California, San Diego as part of the Stuart Collection of public art: neon signs seven feet tall, alternating the seven vices and seven virtues: FAITH/LUST, HOPE/ENVY, CHARITY/SLOTH, PRUDENCE/PRIDE, JUSTICE/AVARICE, TEMPERANCE/GLUTTONY, and FORTITUDE/ANGER.
• The True Artist Helps the World by Revealing Mystic Truths - a spiraling neon sign with this slogan.
• Setting a Good Corner - looping video of the artist setting a corner fencepost.
• World Peace - five projectors or video players displaying four women and a man each speaking simultaneous monologues about world peace.
• Learned Helplessness in Rats (Rock and Roll Drummer) - maze, closed circuit video camera, video projector, two videotape players, two monitors, and two videotapes. Collection of MOMA.
• Henry Moore bound to fail, back view(1967–1970)- In 2001, this work sold for $9 million at auction. This is one of the highest prices paid for Nauman's work.^[8]
• Raw Materials (2004) - displayed in the Turbine Hall of the Tate Modern; successfully included a lifetime of text pieces into a single Gesamtkunstwerk-cum-audio retrospective.^[2]
• Untitled "Leave the Land Alone" (1969/2009) - premiered as a public skywriting project over Pasadena for the Armory Center for the Arts in September 2009, initiated by curator Andrew Berardini. This work connects with LAAIR as well as lambastes the Land Art movement^[9]
• Days (2009) - two rows of wafer-thin white speakers that played voices chanting the days of the week. Purchased in a 50-50 deal by the Museum of Modern Art in New York and Maja Oeri, a MoMA trustee whose Emanuel Hoffmann Foundation is at the Schaulager in Basel, Switzerland.^[10]
• For Beginners (all the combinations of the thumb and fingers) (2010) - video depicting Nauman’s hands enacting all the possible combinations of the four fingers and thumb — 31 positions in all — accompanied by his verbal enumeration of each finger combination. Purchased in a 50-50 deal by François Pinault and LACMA.^[11]

References and further reading

1. ^ Art21. Bruce Nauman PBS.
2. ^ ^{a b} Storr, Robert. "Bruce Nauman." May 2009, Modern Painters.
3. ^ Bruce Nauman. Dream Passage, 28 May - 10 October 2010 Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin.
4. ^ Bruce Nauman, Changing Light Corridor with Rooms (1971) Tate Collection.
5. ^ Bruce Nauman Guggenheim Collection.
6. ^ Art FACTS
7. ^ ECA
8. ^ Auction Result: Bruce Nauman's Henry Moore bound to fail, back view
9. ^ Bruce Nauman's Airborn Ambitions LA Times, August 6, 2009
10. ^ Carol Vogel (July 7, 2011), 2 Continents, 1 Work and 31 Hand Positions New York Times.
11. ^ Carol Vogel (July 7, 2011), 2 Continents, 1 Work and 31 Hand Positions New York Times.

• Ketner II, Joseph (2006). Elusive Signs - Bruce Nauman Works with Light. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-944110-83-5. 
• Dexter, Emma; Bruce Nauman (2005). Raw Materials. Tate. ISBN 1-85437-559-8. 
• Janet Kraynak, ed (2003). Please Pay Attention Please: Bruce Nauman's Words: Writings and Interviews. The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-64060-0. 
• Robert C. Morgan ed. "Bruce Nauman", Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002
• (French) Bruno Eble, "Le miroir sans reflet. Considérations sur Bruce Nauman", Paris, L'Harmattan, 2001. ISBN 2-7475-0953-2

External links

General and biographical

• Biography, interviews, essays, artwork images and video clips from PBS series Art:21 -- Art in the Twenty-First Century - Season 1 (2001).
• 2004 interview from frieze
• Setting a Good Corner, an interview, PBS
• Bruce Nauman in artfacts
• http://www.speronewestwater.com/cgi-bin/iowa/artists/record.html?record=1

Works by Bruce Nauman

• Bruce Nauman at the Museum of Modern Art
• Bruce Nauman in the Tate Collection
• Inside Installations: Mapping the Studio II Conservation project and e-learning module at Tate Online
• Bruce Nauman in the Video Data Bank
• Bruce Nauman in the Mediateca Media Art Space
• Brooke Alexander Gallery

Exhibitions

• [1] Bruce Nauman: Current exhibition at the Musée d'art contemporain de Montréal, May 26-September 3, 2007.
• A Rose Has No Teeth: Bruce Nauman in the 1960s Current exhibition at the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, January 17-April 15, 2007.
• A Rose Has No Teeth: Bruce Nauman in the 1960s Current exhibition at the Museo d'Arte Contemporanea of Rivoli (Italy), May 23- September 9, 2007.
• Bruce Nauman: Make Me Think Me Exhibition at Tate Liverpool, UK, Summer 2006. Online resources include video footage of neons.
• Unilever Series: Bruce Nauman Raw Materials sound installation at Tate Modern, London, UK, 2004

Review and criticism

• Can everyone hear at the back?, by Rose Jennings, The Observer, October 10, 2004 - Martin Creed, Barbara Kruger, Jenny Holzer, John Baldessari and others on Bruce Nauman
• Inside the mind of Bruce Nauman, by Adrian Searle, The Guardian, October 12, 2004
• Nauman's rehashed sounds reverberate around the Tate's emptiness, by Charlotte Higgins, The Guardian, October 12, 2004
• From a whisper to a scream, by Laura Cumming, The Observer, October 17, 2004
• Sound of surprise, with no risk of playing to the gallery, by Charlotte Simmons, The Guardian, October 9, 2004
• Raw Materials Sound installation by Bruce Nauman at Tate Modern
• Bruce Nauman at Hayward Gallery, by R.J. Preece, World Sculpture News, 4,3, 1998

Persondata
Name	Nauman, Bruce
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	December 6, 1941
Place of birth	Fort Wayne, Indiana
Date of death
Place of death