Mortal Kombat (video game)

"MK1" redirects here. For the UK postal district, see MK postcode area. For the first game in the Mario Kart series, see Super Mario Kart.

This article is about the original Mortal Kombat game. For the 2011 video game, see Mortal Kombat (2011 video game).

Mortal Kombat
Cover artwork for the home versions.
Developer(s)	Midway Sculptured Software / Probe (home consoles) Activision Las Vegas (Microsoft Windows)
Publisher(s)	Midway Acclaim (home consoles) Activision (Microsoft Windows)
Designer(s)	Ed Boon John Tobias
Composer(s)	Dan Forden
Platform(s)	Arcade Super NES Mega Drive/Genesis Sega Mega CD Amiga Game Gear Game Boy Sega Master System MS-DOS Mobile Phone TV game MAME Microsoft Windows 3.1x Virtual Console Playstation Network Xbox Live Arcade
Release date(s)	August 1992 (Y-Unit release) 1993 (T-Unit release) November 1994 (Windows release)
Genre(s)	Versus fighting
Mode(s)	Up to 2 players
Rating(s)	ACB: G8+ (GB) M, MA15+ (Uncut) ESRB: M (Mature) PEGI: 18+
Cabinet	Upright
Arcade system	Midway Y Unit (Version 1-4) Midway T Unit (Version 4-5) Windows 3.1 Unit (Version 3.1x)
Display	Raster, horizontal orientation

Mortal Kombat is a 1992 fighting-game developed and published by Midway for arcades. In 1993, home versions were released by Acclaim Entertainment. Released in the Fall of 1994, the Microsoft Windows 3.1x version was released by Activision Interactive. It is the first title in the Mortal Kombat series. Upon release, Mortal Kombat became one of the most popular arcade games of all time. It was subsequently ported to home video game consoles and became a best-selling game. Mortal Kombat also became one of the most controversial video games, for its depiction of gore and violence using realistic digitized graphics.^[1][2][3][4]

Mortal Kombat focuses on the journey of the monk Liu Kang to save Earth from the evil sorcerer Shang Tsung, ending with their confrontation on the tournament known as Mortal Kombat. The game spawned numerous sequels, as well as a successful 1995 motion picture adaptation, and is one of the most popular fighting games to date.

Plot and setting

In Mortal Kombat, the player receives information concerning the backstories of the characters and their relationships with one another mainly in biographies that are displayed when the start button is not pressed, during attract mode in the title screen. These bios featured short videos of the characters taking their fighting stances and text informing the motives for each character to enter the tournament. The game takes place in a fantasy setting, with most of the game's events occurring on the fictional realms of the Mortal Kombat series. The original game is notably the only title in the series that features only one realm, that being Earthrealm. The tournament featured in the story actually takes place fully at Shang Tsung's Island, located somewhere on Earth, with seven of its locations serving as Kombat Zones.

To fully understand the plot of Mortal Kombat, the player must beat Arcade mode to unlock endings for each character, but only a few endings or a part of them are considered canonical to the Mortal Kombat storyline. Some endings even contradict one another. What really happened to the characters was only revealed in the sequel Mortal Kombat II.

Story

The original Mortal Kombat is the only game in the series to not have an introduction video explaining its plot. Eventually, the story of the Mortal Kombat universe was revealed, as well as the story behind the tournament itself. It is said that the Elder Gods created various realms, and that they decreed that the denizens of one realm could only conquer another realm by defeating the defending realm's greatest warriors in ten consecutive Mortal Kombat tournaments. With one of such realms, Outworld, already having won nine tournaments in a row, Earth's warriors would have to avoid handing Earthrealm the tenth loss, or all of humanity would crumble into the darkness of the Outworld. The first game takes place during this decisive battle. With the help of the Thunder God Raiden, the Earthrealm warriors are victorious and the monk Liu Kang becomes the new champion of Mortal Kombat after defeating the evil sorcerer Shang Tsung.^[5]

The storyline of the first Mortal Kombat was later adapted into Paul W. S. Anderson's Mortal Kombat motion picture, and also in an animated prequel to the first movie titled Mortal Kombat: The Journey Begins, released straight to home video. In 2010, director Kevin Tancharoen released an eight-minute unofficial film called Mortal Kombat: Rebirth, featuring a more realistic and darker tone.^[6] An alternate climax for the first game would be featured on the adventure game Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks, which tells an alternate version of the events between the first and second Mortal Kombat tournaments.

Characters

Mortal Kombat character selection screen, showing Kano and Sub-Zero

The original Mortal Kombat included seven playable characters, all of which would eventually become the series trademark characters and be included in later sequels at some point. The game was developed with digitized sprites based on actors, as opposed to animated cartoon graphics.^[7][8] The protagonist of the game is the Shaolin monk Liu Kang, played by Ho Sung Pak, who enters the tournament to defeat Shang Tsung, the main antagonist and final boss who curiously is also played by Sung Pak. Despite his old age, Shang Tsung moves with incredible speed and summons skull fireballs at will, and can also steal the souls of fallen adversaries and morph into any character of the game, assuming their appearance and their special moves. Upon defeat, all the warriors' souls leave his body.

Elizabeth Malecki played the Special Forces agent Sonya Blade, who is pursuing the Black Dragon mercenary Kano, played by Richard Divizio. Carlos Pesina played Raiden, the god of Thunder and protector of Earthrealm, while his brother Daniel Pesina played Hollywood movie star Johnny Cage and the ninja specter Scorpion. The yellow color of Scorpion's Ninja outfit was changed to blue in order to create the Lin Kuei warrior Sub-Zero and to green for Shang Tsung's servant Reptile,^[9] both also played by Daniel Pesina. Mortal Kombat would become famous for these palette swaps, and later games would continue with this tradition.

The four-armed Shokan warrior Goro serves as the sub boss of the game, being a half-human, half-dragon beast that is a great deal stronger than the other characters, and impossible to grab. Also, he takes less damage when attacked, and is not affected by sweep kicks. Although many of the characters displayed superhuman special powers, Goro was the only character from the game to actually look inhuman. The character's stop motion model was created by Curt Chiarelli. When fighting on The Pit stage, the player could qualify to fight the secret character Reptile.^[10] The requirements to face Reptile would be met on home ports if the fighter achieved a double Flawless Victory (winning without taking any damage) without blocking, and performed the standard finishing move, rather than the finishing uppercut to the pit.^[10] In some versions, a silhouette must float across the moon in the background during the fight, as described above. Goro, Shang Tsung and Reptile were not playable in the original game, but would later return fully playable in sequels. Additionally, the Masked Guard in the Courtyard stage was portrayed by Mortal Kombat developer John Vogel.^[11]

Gameplay

Fighting system

Sub-Zero performing his infamous "Spine Rip" on Scorpion, Ed Boon's favorite Fatality.^[12]

Whereas other fighting games had characters with considerable differences in speed, height, attacks, strength, jumping heights and distances, the characters in Mortal Kombat played virtually identically to one another (with the exception of unplayable characters), with only minimal differences in their moves' range and speed. The controls consisted of five buttons arranged in an "X" pattern: a high punch, a high kick, a low punch, a low kick, and a block button, as well as an eight-way joystick. If the two fighters were standing next to each other, hitting any of the attack buttons would result in a modified strike: a low punch turned into a throw, a high punch turned into a heavy elbow, head butt, or backhand, and either kick turned into a knee strike. Crouching and hitting a punch button resulted in an uppercut, which was one of the most damaging attacks in the game. Jump kicking and crouch-kicking were executed in a similar fashion to Street Fighter, although leg sweeps and roundhouse kicks were performed by holding away while pressing the appropriate kick button.

The characters in Mortal Kombat differed mostly in their special moves and finishing moves. The game also changed the way special moves were performed. Mortal Kombat was the first to introduce moves that did not require a button press (such as tap back, tap back, then forward), and only a few of the special moves required circular joystick movement. In an interview with Computer and Video Games, Ed Boon stated, "[...] since the beginning, one of the things that's separated us from other fighting games is the crazy moves we've put in it, like fireballs and all the magic moves, so to speak."^[13] Another of the game's innovations was the Fatality, a special finishing move executed against a beaten opponent to kill them in a gruesome fashion.^[14] For example, Sub-Zero would grasp a defeated opponent by the head, then rip out the head and spine while the body fell to the ground in a pool of blood.^[15]

The blocking in Mortal Kombat by itself greatly changed the flow of fighting in comparison to contemporary games which used Street Fighter conventions. Characters do not block while retreating or crouching, but only block when the block button is pushed. Even then, characters still take damage from any hit while blocking, although it's very reduced. However, successfully blocking moves is simple–-a crouching block can successfully defend against all moves, even aerial attacks such as jump kicks–-and blocking characters give very little ground when struck rather than sliding backwards. This style of blocking rewarded dodging to avoid damage but also made counter attacks much easier after a successful block, and the ultimate result was an environment which rewards a more furtive playing style than contemporary games.

Mortal Kombat also introduced the concept of juggling, an idea so popular it has spread to many games and even other genres. Juggling takes advantage of the fact that when a character is knocked into the air, that player is unable to control his or her character and is still vulnerable to other hits, until he or she lands and gets up again. The idea behind juggling is to knock the enemy into the air and then follow up with other combat moves to keep them there. Theoretically, one could juggle one's opponent to death without ever taking damage, though this was difficult to accomplish in practice. In early versions of the game, juggling was extremely easy because the physics caused characters to fly upwards when hit; by version 5.0, however, characters reacted with somewhat more realism, and also fell more rapidly with successive hits, effectively limiting juggles to three hits under normal circumstances.

Test Your Might

Test Your Might is a breaking minigame (similar to the breaking mini game featured as a bonus in Capcom's 1987 fighting game, Street Fighter) featured as a bonus level between battles. In it, the player's character is stood in front of a large block, and he must break the material in front of him with his bare fist by filling a strength gauge past its breaking point, which is noted by a red line placed on the bar. If the player fails to fill the strength gauge past that point by the time he strikes, the material won't break and the player fails the round. The first material the player must break is wood, once broken he progresses onto stone, then to steel, ruby and finally, diamond. Each material has a higher breaking point than the last, with diamond being the hardest, requiring the player to fill the strength gauge almost entirely. As materials become harder, each of them awards more points than the previous one.

In single-player mode, the minigame appears after every three consecutive battles. However, since the single-player mode ends after the twelfth battle victory, this mode gives players only three chances to play Test Your Might before their game is over. This means that the two hardest blocks of the five (ruby and diamond) are reachable only by playing two-player mode. In this mode, the minigame appears after every five consecutive battles, with each player's progress maintained individually.

Test Your Might would eventually become the franchise's trademark minigame, but it was not used in the subsequent Mortal Kombat games until 2002's console-only Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance, where it returned with improved graphics, a similar but longer block sequence (bamboo, coal, oak, brick, redwood, marble, iron, then diamond), and another minigame, Test Your Sight. Whereas in Mortal Kombat Test Your Might was there to earn points, it is in Deadly Alliance to earn "Koins" used to unlock special features. In Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks, the minigame appears whenever the player needs to perform some feat of strength, and at times, even during specific parts of boss battles. Test Your Might was also worked into Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe gameplay. While fighting in certain areas, the player can smash the opponent through a series of walls and engage in a tug-of war with the damage meter at the top of the screen. The player on the offense mashes buttons to increase damage, while the player on the defense mashes buttons to decrease damage taken.^[16]

Development and promotion

According to various articles, the first Mortal Kombat game was, "... put together in 10 months in 1991-1992..." ^[17] and also in an interview with Official Nintendo Magazine, Mortal Kombat co-creator, Ed Boon, stated, "Mortal Kombat started out with four people in 1991; I was the only programmer, John Tobias and John Vogel were the only two artists, and Dan Forden was the only sound designer. That was it. We developed the first Mortal Kombat in ten months from beginning to end..." .^[18] however, other sources tend to differ. For example, on Shacknews it is stated, "Mortal Kombat was created by Midway Games in only five and a half months as a competitor for the hugely popular Street Fighter II..." ^[19]

Originally, creators Ed Boon and John Tobias wanted to create a video game starring Jean-Claude Van Damme, with a digitized version of the action star fighting villains.^[20] However, Van Damme was already in negotiations with another company for a video game that ultimately was never released. Van Damme's likeness is still clearly seen in the character of Johnny Cage (with whom he shares his name's initials, JC), a Hollywood martial arts movie star who performs a split punch to the groin (performed by Van Damme in a scene from Bloodsport^[21]). In a 1994 interview with the creators, Ed Boon and John Tobias, it was stated that the task that the developers were given by Midway was to create a "combat game for release within a year." The article later states that although both creators say the intention was to create a game for release in a certain time frame, they believe that the Midway officials may have been motivated to create a fighting game because of introduction of the Japanese fighting game series, Street Fighter.^[17]

In a podcast interview with the Official Xbox Magazine, Ed Boon stated for six out of the eight months while they were in production of Mortal Kombat, "...nobody could come up with a name nobody didn't hate." Some of the names suggested were Kumite, Dragon Attack, Death Blow, and even at one point, Fatality. Someone had written down "combat" on the drawing board for the names in Ed Boon's office and someone wrote a K over the C, according to Ed Boon, "...just to be kind of weird..." Steve Ritchie, a pinball designer at that time, was sitting in Ed Boon's office and saw the word "Kombat" and said to Ed Boon, 'Why don't you name it Mortal Kombat?' and according to Ed Boon, that name "just stuck."^[22] The series itself commonly uses the letter "K" in place of "C" for words containing the hard C sound, thus misspelling them.

The September 13, 1993 launch of Mortal Kombat for home consoles by Acclaim Entertainment was one of the largest video game launch of the time. A "Mortal Monday" ad campaign featured a flood of TV commercials, and all four home versions of the game were made available for sale on the same date. On the same year, an official Mortal Kombat Collector's Edition, written and illustrated by the game's designer artist John Tobias, was available through mail order, describing the backstory of the game in a greater detail. The mail order deal was displayed during the attract mode of the game. The comic book would later be sold normally around the country, although it was close to impossible to get a copy outside of the United States. In 2002, the entire comic book was included as an unlockable bonus in "The Krypt" mode of Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance.

Mortal Kombat: The Album, an album by The Immortals featuring techno songs, was released in May, 1994 to accompany the release of home versions of Mortal Kombat. It featured two themes for the game, Techno Syndrome and Hypnotic House. Techno Syndrome was adapted for the 1995 movie soundtrack, and incorporated the familiar "Mortal Kombat!" yell first shown in the first game's commercial for home systems.^[23] Jeff Rovin also penned a novelization of the first Mortal Kombat game, which was published in June 1995 in order to coincide with the release of the first movie. There were also lines of action figures made in the original characters.

Ports

Versions of the original Mortal Kombat game appeared on several different formats, notably the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive and Nintendo's SNES. At the time of the game's SNES release in North America, Nintendo of America had a strict "Family Friendly" policy. This required the removal of graphic violence, religious imagery, and mentions of death from all game content.^[24] The SNES version, therefore, had characters that sweated upon injury instead of bleeding, and most of the Fatality moves were toned down--^[24] even so, most of the fatality moves in this version caused injuries that are clearly incompatible with life (such as the loser being immolated by a fireball, leaving only his skeleton behind). Even though critics generally agree that Nintendo had the superior port graphically because of their censorship the game was not received as well and suffered in sales compared to the Genesis's port.^[24] As of Mortal Kombat II, however, Nintendo decided to leave the gore from the original arcade version intact.

Official ports

• Mega Drive / Genesis (1993) – The Mega Drive/Genesis version was modified, but entering a secret cheat code restored the full gore and Fatalities from the arcade version. The code notably spelled out "ABACABB",^[25] a nod to the Abacab album by the band Genesis who obviously share their name with the console. A unique Easter egg in this version included a head shot of the President of Probe Software, Fergus McGovern, which sometimes flew in front of the moon in The Pit stage. This version was given an MA-13 rating by the Videogame Rating Council. The music in this version, while based on that of the arcade game, was rearranged, and rhythmically and melodically different. There were also few voice samples in this version.^[26] The Japanese port was named Mortal Kombat: Shinken Kourin Densetsu.^[27]
• SNES (1993) – This version contained modified grey sweat in place of blood. Additionally, several Fatalities (now called "Finishing Bonus") were altered or changed completely, and the stage Fatality in The Pit arena awards no special bonus. Some critics overlooked the fact that the game played differently to the original arcade version. The venerable uppercut counter to air attacks was missing, and the combo system also differed from the arcade version. The graphics are superior to those of other console versions. The sound more closely resembles the arcade version (especially in terms of musical accuracy), though not as accurate as that of the Sega CD version. The use of gray sweat in place of blood led to the urban legend that players could activate blood in the SNES version of Mortal Kombat; however, no cheat code was ever in the game.^[28] There was, however, a Game Genie code that turned the gray sweat red, but it didn't change its more mist-like appearance, and had no effect on the Fatalities.
• IBM PC/Microsoft Disk Operating System (1993) – Both the IBM PC version and MS-DOS are the most faithful ports of the arcade version in terms of graphics and gameplay. The PC and DOS ports differ in terms of music score however; the DOS version was more accurate in that factor. The DOS version came in CD and floppy-disk formats.^{[clarification needed]}
• Amiga (1993) – This version is famous for being able to perform all moves in the game using just one button on a joystick, although a second button could be used as a kick button. This was required because most Amiga joysticks of that time only had one button. The Amiga port of the second game in the series included a Two Button option. Graphics-wise, the game was similar to the Genesis, but featured loading times.^{[citation needed]} The music was arranged by Allister Brimble^{[citation needed]}, and due to limitations, there were only 3 tracks^{[citation needed]}. However, some audio samples were squeezed in.
• Game Boy (1993) – Due to technical issues the Game Boy version was severely cut down from its arcade counterpart. It suffered from laggy controls, (making most moves extremely difficult to perform), and a limited button layout. It also omitted Reptile and the bloodier Fatality moves. However, players could play as Goro via a code.^[29]Johnny Cage was apparently intended to be a playable character, but was cut out ; bits of his character data remain in the data files.^[30]
• Sega Game Gear (1993) – Similar to the Game Boy version, but with major improvements, (color, faster gameplay, and tighter control). Like its 16-bit counterpart, the game was censored unless a cheat code had been entered. It lacked Kano and Reptile and had only two arenas.
• Sega Master System (1993) – Similar to the Game Gear Port, but with more screen space. This port also lacked Kano and Reptile.
• Sega Mega CD (1994) – The Mega CD/Sega CD version of the game was released with a grainy version of the famous Mortal Monday commercial and loading times (the shouting of "Mortal Kombat!" would later become infamous after being sampled in the Mortal Kombat theme song from the 1995 film). This version did not require a code to be entered and thus was given an MA-17 rating. While this port was technologically inferior to the better-looking SNES port, it resembled the arcade version more faithfully in actual gameplay. It also featured the authentic soundtrack, taken right from the arcade version, but some of the tracks play on the incorrect arenas, (such as Courtyard playing The Pit's theme). Like many other Sega CD games, the game's music could be accessed by putting the disc in a CD player, as it is standard CD Audio. Several remixes of the Mortal Kombat theme music were included as bonus, including the remix used later for the film adaptation. The gore could be disabled by entering the "DULLARD" code at the main menu. One notable issue with this version is the load times, which causes a lot of delays when fighting Shang Tsung, sometimes leaving him open to attack.
• Xbox/PS2 (2004) – In 2004 a new port was included with the Mortal Kombat: Deception "Premium Pack". This port is an "arcade perfect" emulation. Unfortunately, it wasn't as arcade perfect as it claimed, as there were some sound issues such as the music for the Palace Gates stage being relatively low, as well as the ending music being abruptly interrupted at the start of the second segment of the credits, and gameplay being slightly faster than the actual arcade version.^[31]
• Plug It in & Play TV Games (2004) – In 2004, Jakks Pacific released their version of Mortal Kombat as part of their TV Games lineup. The game was released as a joypad shaped like a Mortal Kombat cabinet. Two-player mode is also possible with a second joypad and a link cable. This version of Mortal Kombat is graphically similar to the Sega Genesis version but with slight resemblance to the original arcade version. The game sounds similar to the Genesis version, but with different MIDI-like music, and retains the original arcade voices. This port, however, lacks flashing text and a scrolling background layer, so moving objects—such as the clouds on The Pit and Palace Gates stages and the monks in the Courtyard—instead remain static. The programmer of this port was Chris Burke, for developer Digital Eclipse.^[32]
  

  The intro screen has been changed, and Reptile can be easily fought in Turbo Ninja.
• PSP – The game was a part of Midway Arcade Treasures: Extended Play. This port features the same controls, graphics and gore that the original game contained, but like Mortal Kombat: Deception "Premium Pack", it suffers from sound issues, and no bios of the characters.

• 2011 Arcade Collection – It has been officially confirmed by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment that an Arcade Collection consisting of Mortal Kombat, Mortal Kombat II, and Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 will be released as a downloadable title for PlayStation Network, Xbox LIVE Arcade, and PC on August 31, 2011 for $10 (or 800 Microsoft Points).

Unofficial ports

• NES - This version was illegally ported by Hummer Team as "Mortal Kombat II" and "Mortal Kombat III" (some with and without the "Turbo" in the name) and by Yoko (aka Cony) as "Mortal Kombat V1996 Turbo 30 Peoples".
• Sinclair ZX Spectrum - Two unfinished but playable unofficial versions exist, one created in Ukraine in 1997 and the other in Russia, both uses converted graphics. One unofficial full version exists too (1996); this one uses only the characters and setting of original game, and has its own graphics. It is mainly based on the first game and the first movie, but it has some features from Mortal Kombat II and Mortal Kombat 3 (for example, Liu Kang's "Fire Teleport" Fatality from MK3).

Hacks and other revisions

In the arcade version of Mortal Kombat, there were hacked versions of the arcade:

• 3.1 Turbo/Kombo edition - This was an extremely rare hack for the arcade version, which tweaked the gameplay for more juggling and made the speed of Mortal Kombat up to Mortal Kombat II faster standards. Other features include Sub-Zero's freeze tweaked to levitate opponents to the top of the screen, which meant more combo possibilities, and fight Reptile faster (without double Flawless Victories but still with a Fatality, even without going to The Pit stage).^[33]
• Turbo Ninja - Another rare hack, but it is similar to 3.1 Turbo. This was the first Mortal Kombat hack dumped on MAME.^[34]
• Nifty Kombo - It is an earlier edition of 3.1 Turbo, similar features to its successor. Some differences includes Sub-Zero's freeze levitating opponents about an inch, and a harder Goro.^[35]

Reception

Reception
Aggregate scores
Aggregator	Score
GameRankings	96.17% (3 reviews)[36] (Sega Genesis) 83.3% (3 reviews)[37] (SNES)
Review scores
Publication	Score
Electronic Gaming Monthly	8.25 out of 10(Sega Genesis and SNES)[36][37]
GamePro	5 out of 5 (Sega Genesis and SNES)[36][37]
Nintendo Power	3.875 out of 5 (SNES) [37]

Mortal Kombat was awarded Most Controversial Game of 1993 by Electronic Gaming Monthly. The same publication also awarded the character of Goro the 1993 Hottest Gaming Hunk title.^[38] Mortal Kombat for the SNES was rated by IGN the 8th worst Arcade to console conversion stating, "So out went the decapitations and spine-rips, everyone sweated buckets instead of bled, and Kano's heart-rip move was turned into a fatal chest-hair pluck." ^[39] "Mortal Kombat for the SNES, while having limited gore, had better graphics but the art direction of Nintendo straying from the blood led to a different perspective on a "better game."^[40] The Arcade version of Mortal Kombat was rated the 85th "Top Coin-Operated Videogame of all Times".^[41] Forbes called Mortal Kombat one of the "Most Loved Arcade Games" stating that it was the "king of the arcade" in its day. As of this article, the arcade machines of the original title go from a few hundred dollars to $2,500.^[42]

Controversy

Mortal Kombat was one of many violent video games that came into prominence between 1992 and 1993, generating controversy among parents and public officials.^[43] Hearings on video game violence and the corruption of society, headed by Senator Joseph Lieberman and Herb Kohl were held in late 1992 to 1993. The result of the hearings was that the entertainment software industry was given one year to form a working rating system or the federal government would intervene and create its own system. Eventually, the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) was conceived, requiring all video games to be rated and for these ratings to be placed on the games' packaging.^[44]

Rumored content

While many games have been subject to urban legends about secret features and unlockable content, these kinds of myths were particularly rampant among the dedicated fan community of the Mortal Kombat series. The game's creators did little to dispel the rumors, some of which were even eventually implemented in subsequent games. The most notable of these myths was due to a glitch where the hidden character Reptile was displayed red instead of green. As a result of this error, an internal error counter indicated as "ERMAC" (ERror MACro) was incremented. This would later lead the developers to include the red-garbed ninja Ermac on Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 and subsequent games. According to UGO.com, there was also an urban legend circulating around the time that had to do with inputting a secret code in the SNES version of Mortal Kombat that would allow uncensored Fatalities and blood in the SNES. However, this was later proven untrue, being only available on the Genesis version of Mortal Kombat.^[45]

References

1. ^ Gruson, Lindsey (1993-09-16). "Video Violence: It's Hot! It's Mortal! It's Kombat!; Teen-Agers Eagerly Await Electronic Carnage While Adults Debate Message Being Sent". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/16/nyregion/video-violence-it-s-hot-it-s-mortal-it-s-kombat-teen-agers-eagerly-await.html?scp=9&sq=mortal%20kombat&st=cse. Retrieved 2010-08-14. 
2. ^ Redburn, Tom (1993-12-17). "Toys 'R' Us Stops Selling a Violent Video Game". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/17/nyregion/toys-r-us-stops-selling-a-violent-video-game.html?scp=17&sq=mortal%20kombat&st=cse. Retrieved 2010-08-14. 
3. ^ Andrews, Edmund L. (1993-12-09). "Industry Set to Issue Video Game Ratings As Complaints Rise". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/09/business/industry-set-to-issue-video-game-ratings-as-complaints-rise.html?scp=18&sq=mortal%20kombat&st=cse. Retrieved 2010-08-14. 
4. ^ Nichols, Peter M. (1993-12-17). "Home Video". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/17/arts/home-video-823293.html?scp=22&sq=mortal%20kombat&st=cse. Retrieved 2010-08-14. 
5. ^ Midway. Mortal Kombat 2. (Midway). Level/area: Opening sequence. (1994)
6. ^ If This Is The Next Mortal Kombat, Sign Us Up (Update)
7. ^ Staff (June 1994). "The Minds Behind Mortal Kombat II". GamePro (59): 117. 
8. ^ YouTube - MK1 Scorpion Ending
9. ^ Midway. Mortal Kombat: Armageddon. (Midway). Level/area: Reptile Kombat Card video. (October 11, 2006)
10. ^ ^{a b} Carter, Chip; Carter, Jonathan (1994-02-07). "They are just dying to talk about Mortal Kombat". St. Petersburg Times. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JvwNAAAAIBAJ&sjid=t3sDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6678,2240242&dq=mortal+kombat&hl=en. Retrieved 2009-12-01. ^{[dead link]}
11. ^ "Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks PlayStation 2 Gameplay - Legends of Kombat: Goro, Baraka, and Masked Guard". IGN. http://ps2.ign.com/dor/objects/709115/mortal-kombat-shaolin-monks/videos/mkshaolin_090805_doc_01.html. Retrieved 2010-05-27. 
12. ^ Midway. Mortal Kombat: Armageddon Premium Edition. (Midway). Level/area: "The History of Fatalities" commentary. (October 11, 2006)
13. ^ Bishop, Stuart (April 23, 2007). "Ed Boon talks Mortal Kombat". Computer and Video Games. http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=162494. Retrieved October 18, 2009. 
14. ^ Gertsmann, Jeff (October 24, 2008). "Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 Review". GameSpot. http://uk.gamespot.com/xbox360/action/ultimatemortalkombat3/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary;read-review. Retrieved January 11, 2009. 
15. ^ YouTube - MK1 - Sub - Zero's Fatality
16. ^ Reynolds, Pat (March/April 2009). "Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe Strategy Guide by Pat Reynolds". Tips & Tricks (Larry Flynt Publications): 5. 
17. ^ ^{a b} Lynch, Stephen (April 19, 1994). "They program the best incarnations of games they played as kids". Deseret News: p. 2. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=336&dat=19940419&id=z64RAAAAIBAJ&sjid=z-wDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6741,2381083. 
18. ^ "Mortal Kombat: Ed Boon Interview". Official Nintendo Magazine. Archived from the original on 2007-10-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20071023152817/http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/news_060707_mortal.html. Retrieved 2009-08-02. 
19. ^ Craddock, David (2005-09-29). "The Rogues Gallery: Controversial Video Games". Shacknews. http://www.shacknews.com/featuredarticle.x?id=23. Retrieved 2009-09-08. 
20. ^ Video Games, Game Reviews & News - G4tv.com
21. ^ "Bloodsport Fight #2 at 6:50". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BtcrFCfoyxo. Retrieved 20 July 2009. ^{[dead link]}
22. ^ "Episode 123 of KOXM". Official Xbox Magazine. 2008-07. http://dl.oxmonline.com/oxmp_123_20080710.mp3. Retrieved October 21, 2009. 
23. ^ The Immortals - Biography
24. ^ ^{a b c} Gamespy's The 25 Dumbest Moments in Gaming
25. ^ Fahs, Travis (2008-10-13). "IGN Presents the History of Mortal Kombat". IGN. http://retro.ign.com/articles/919/919357p2.html. Retrieved 2009-12-06. 
26. ^ Mortal Kombat Review for Genesis: The best home version of Mortal Kombat 1. – GameFAQs
27. ^ "Mortal Kombat: Shinken Kourin Densetsu (JP, 05/27/94)". http://www.gamefaqs.com/genesis/563332-mortal-kombat/images/box-2952. Retrieved 2009-09-02. 
28. ^ "7 Video Gaming Urban Legendss". Archived from the original on 2008-04-23. http://web.archive.org/web/20080423095521/http://kezins.com/2008/04/09/kezinscom-presents-video-game-urban-legends/. Retrieved 2010-03-02. 
29. ^ "Mortal Kombat Review". 2010-08-05. http://retro.nintendolife.com/reviews/2010/08/mortal_kombat_retro. Retrieved 2010-08-07. 
30. ^ [1]
31. ^ MK Deception Limited Edition – PlayStation 2 News at IGN
32. ^ "Mortal Kombat for Jakks TV Games". Retrieved 2010-08-26.
33. ^ http://www.vm68.com/mkromhacks/mk_kombo.html Mortal Kombat 3.1 Turbo/Kombo edition information and screenshots.
34. ^ http://www.mameworld.info/ August 25, 2009, dumping information of Mortal Kombat Turbo Ninja edition with screenshots of the PCB board.
35. ^ Mortal Kombat Nifty Kombo edition information and screenshot.
36. ^ ^{a b c} "Mortal Kombat for Genesis". Game Rankings. http://www.gamerankings.com/genesis/563332-mortal-kombat/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-17. 
37. ^ ^{a b c d} "Mortal Kombat for SNES". Game Rankings. http://www.gamerankings.com/snes/588499-mortal-kombat/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-17. 
38. ^ Electronic Gaming Monthly's Buyer's Guide. 1994. 
39. ^ Harris, Craig (2006-06-27). "Top 10 Tuesday: Worst Coin-op Conversions". http://pc.ign.com/articles/715/715301p1.html. Retrieved 2009-09-01. 
40. ^ "Graphics: In the Eye of The Beholder". BitBag.com. 2010-03-16. http://www.thebitbag.com/2010/03/16/graphics-in-the-eye-of-the-beholder/. Retrieved 2010-03-27. 
41. ^ McLemore, Greg. "The Top Coin-Operated Videogames of all Times". Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080423174529/http://www.klov.com/TOP100.html. Retrieved 2010-01-18. 
42. ^ "Mortal Kombat 1992". Forbes.com. 2008-02-13. http://www.forbes.com/2008/02/12/vintage-arcade-games-tech-personal-cx_ps_0213vintage_slide_9.html. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 
43. ^ "Too Violent for Kids?". Time. 1993-09-27. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,979298,00.html. Retrieved 2010-03-04. 
44. ^ Kohler, Chris (2009-07-24). "This Day In Tech Events That Shaped the Wired World July 29, 1994: Videogame Makers Propose Ratings Board to Congress". Wired News. http://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/07/dayintech_0729/. Retrieved 2009-10-18. 
45. ^ Plante, Chris (2009-06-26). "Video Game Urban Legends". UGO. http://www.ugo.com/games/video-game-urban-legends-mortal-kombat. Retrieved 2010-04-21. 

External links

• MortalKombat.com
• Mortal Kombat at MobyGames
• Mortal Kombat at the Internet Movie Database
• Mortal Kombat at the Killer List of Videogames