Jean-Claude Van Damme

Jean-Claude Van Damme
"Van Damme" redirects here. For other uses, see Van Damme (disambiguation).
Jean-Claude Van Damme

Van Damme at Cannes Film Festival (2010)
Born Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg
18 October 1960 (1960-10-18) (age 51)
Other names Muscles from Brussels, JCVD, Van Damage
Occupation Actor, martial artist, director
Years active 1984–present (acting)
Spouse Maria Rodriguez (m. 1980–1984) «start: (1980)–end+1: (1985)»"Marriage: Maria Rodriguez to Jean-Claude Van Damme" Location: (linkback://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme)
Cynthia Derderian (m. 1985–1986) «start: (1985)–end+1: (1987)»"Marriage: Cynthia Derderian to Jean-Claude Van Damme" Location: (linkback://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme)
Darcy LaPier (m. 1994–1997) «start: (1994)–end+1: (1998)»"Marriage: Darcy LaPier to Jean-Claude Van Damme" Location: (linkback://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme)
Gladys Portugues (m. 1987–1992) «start: (1987)–end+1: (1993)»"Marriage: Gladys Portugues to Jean-Claude Van Damme" Location: (linkback://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme)and (1999–present); 2 children)

Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg (born 18 October 1960), professionally known as Jean-Claude Van Damme,[1] is a Belgian martial artist and actor,[2] best known for his martial arts action films,[3] the most successful of which include Bloodsport (1988), Kickboxer (1989), Double Impact (1991), Universal Soldier (1992), Hard Target (1993), Timecop (1994), and JCVD (2008).[4] He is known as "The Muscles from Brussels".

After studying martial arts intensively from the age of ten, Van Damme achieved national success in Belgium as a martial artist and bodybuilder, earning the "Mr. Belgium" bodybuilding title.[5] He immigrated to the United States in 1982 to pursue a career in film, and achieved success with Bloodsport (1988), based on a story written by Frank Dux. He attained subsequent box office success with Timecop (1994), which grossed over $100 million worldwide and became his most financially successful film.

Contents

Early life

Van Damme was born in Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Brussels, Belgium, the son of Eliana and Eugène Van Varenberg, who was an accountant.[6][7] He began martial arts at the age of ten, enrolled by his father in a Shotokan karate school.[8] His styles consist of kickboxing, Shotokan karate, Muay Thai and Taekwondo.[9] He eventually earned his black belt in karate.[10] He started lifting weights to improve his physique, which eventually led to a Mr. Belgium bodybuilding title.[5]

Career

Jean-Claude Van Damme
Born Jean-Claude Camille François Van Varenberg
18 October 1960 (1960-10-18) (age 51)
Berchem-Sainte-Agathe, Brussels, Belgium
Other names The Muscles from Brussels
JCVD
Van Damage
Nationality Belgium Belgian
Height 1.77 metres (5 ft 10 in)[11]
Weight 80 kg (180 lb) (currently)[12]
73 kg (160 lb) (fighting weight)
Style Kickboxing, Muay Thai, Shotokan Karate, Taekwondo
Trainer Claude Goetz
Dominique Valera
Rank      black belt in Shotokan
Years active 1976–1982 (martial arts)
Kickboxing record
Total 3
Wins 3
By knockout 3
Losses 0
Amateur career
Total 30
Wins 28
Losses 2

Kickboxing and Full-Contact Matches

At the age of 11,[13] Van Damme joined the Centre National De Karaté (National Center of Karate) under the guidance of Claude Goetz in France. Van Damme trained for four years and he earned a spot on the Belgian Karate Team.[14]

In 1976, Jean-Claude is reported to have started his competive career in Ingelmunster, Belgium in a semi-contact match which was sanctioned by the European Karate Union. He defeated fellow Belgium Roland Vedani.[15]

The following year, Van Damme remained undefeated with victories over Maurice Devos, Andre LeMaire and fellow team-mate Patrick Teugels in non-tournament matches sanctioned by the World All-Styles Karate Organization. In his first tournament competition, Van Damme placed second at the Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials). Jean-Claude defeated 25 opponents in the three day tournament (including Eric "Bruno" Strauss, Michel Juvillier, and Orlando Lang) before losing in the finals to fellow team-mate Angelo Spataro.[16] In 1978, Van Damme fought Patrick Teugels in a bid for the Belguim Sem-Contact Leightweight Title. However, the more experienced Teugels won the decision in 2-rounds. Next, Van Damme failed to place at the WAKO World Championships, losing in the opening match.

Van Damme travelled with the Belgium Team to Tampa, Florida in the United States in November 1979. Van Damme earned the berth on the team by defeating Andre Robaeys, Jacques Piniarski and Rolf Risberg. In Tampa, Van Damme lost his first semi-contact match and is eliminated from placing in the WAKO World Championships for the second consecutive year. Promoter Mike Anderson recalled Van Damme as a "flashy fighter" at the championships.[16]

Upon his return to Europe, Jean-Claude was a member of the Belgium Team when it won the European Championship on the 26th of December, 1979 at La Coupe Francois Persoons Karate Tournament in Brussels, Belgium. Van Damme defeated British and European Middleweight Champion Michael J. Heming in the finals; enabling his team to take the championship.[16][17]

Jean-Claude Van Damme ended his semi-contact career on the 8th of March, 1980 at the Forest National in Brussels. Van Damme knocked Patrick Teugels down and scored a first round technical knockout victory. Teugels suffered a nose injury and was unable to continue. [16]

During the time that Van Damme competed, all WAKO tournaments and promotions were amateur. It thus appears that all of Van Damme's matches (both semi-contact and full-contact) were amateur bouts.

Van Damme's record consists mostly of semi-contact matches, but he did compete in at least three full-contact matches in which boxing gloves were worn and knockouts were permitted.

In 1979 at the WAKO World Championships in Tampa,Florida Jean-Claude faced Sherman Bergman, a kickboxer from Miami Beach,Florida, USA. The match was fought under full-contact rules, but was not a tournament match. Van Damme was knocked to the canvas[18] after absorbing a powerful left hook.[19] However, Jean-Claude climbed off the canvas[20] and with an ax-kick, knocked Bergman out in 56 seconds of the first round.

According to FightingArts.com, Jean-Claude knocked out Georges Verlugels in two rounds at a PKA promotion in 1980. His victory caught the attention of the European martial arts community. Professional Karate Magazine publisher and editor Mike Anderson, and multiple European champion Geet Lemmens, tabbed Jean-Claude Van Damme as an upcoming prospect.[21]

In 1982 at the 1st Journée Des Arts Martiaux Van Damme knocked out Lenny Leikman in 3 rounds. A photo of the match shows both men wearing boxing gloves.

Fight Record Controversy

When Jean-Claude Van Damme became an action film star, there were many fight records. Van Damme's office supplied a list of four European karate trophies that he earned under his real name, Van Varenberg, between 1978 and 1981: the Hope Cup; the Cup of Antwerp; World Championship, WAKO; and the Gala International. Van Damme's lawyer, Martin Singer, made a public statement defending his client: "There are records to document his martial-arts acclaim. He's the one who does those splits on chairs. He doesn't have a stunt man do that.[22] "

Van Damme's record is posted on the net as 20-2 (20 knockouts). Paul Maslak of the STAR System World Kickboxing Ratings researched this record and came up with facts that showed that most of these fights were really semi-contact matches.[16] However, photos and newspaper reports have also supported that Van Damme indeed had full-contact/kick-boxing matches.

Hollywood

In 1982, Van Damme and childhood friend, Michel Qissi, moved to America in the hope of becoming action stars. They both were cast as extras in the film, Breakin'. After a small part in Missing In Action, Van Damme was next cast in the film No Retreat, No Surrender, as the role of the villain, Ivan the Russian. Van Damme worked for director John McTiernan for the 1987 film Predator as the titular alien, before being removed and replaced by Kevin Peter Hall.[23] His breakout film was Bloodsport, based on the alleged true story of Frank Dux. Shot on a 1.5 million dollar budget, it became a U.S. box-office hit in the spring of 1988. He then starred in the smaller budgeted film Cyborg. His last role for 1989 was Kurt Sloane in the successful Kickboxer. In this film, his character fought to avenge his brother who had been paralyzed by a Thai kickboxing champion (Qissi).[24]

Double Impact featured Van Damme in the dual role of Alex and Chad Wagner, two brothers fighting to avenge the deaths of their parents. This film reunited him with his former Bloodsport co-star, Bolo Yeung. He then starred opposite Dolph Lundgren in the action film Universal Soldier. While it grossed $36,299,898 in the U.S., it was an even bigger success overseas, making over $65 million, well over its modest $23 million budget, making it Van Damme's highest grossing film at the time.

Van Damme followed Nowhere To Run and Hard Target with Timecop in 1994. The film was a huge success, grossing over $100 million worldwide. In the film, Van Damme played a time traveling cop, who tries to prevent the death of his wife. It remains his highest grossing film to date.

After his role in the poorly received Street Fighter, his projects started to fail at the box office. The Quest (1996), which he directed; Maximum Risk (1996) and Double Team (1997) were box-office flops.

The 1999 film Universal Soldier: The Return which was also a box-office flop, and Van Damme's last theatrically released film until 2008. In 2003, Van Damme employed his dancing training in the music video for Bob Sinclar's Kiss My Eyes.

He returned to mainstream with limited theatrical release of the critically acclaimed film JCVD in 2008. Time magazine named Van Damme's performance in the film the second best of the year (after Heath Ledger's The Joker in The Dark Knight),[25] having previously stated that Van Damme "deserves not a black belt, but an Oscar".[26] Van Damme indicated while promoting the film, he experienced a period of homelessness "sleeping on the street and starving in L.A."[27]

Van Damme reprised his role as Luc Deveraux in the 2009 film Universal Soldier: Regeneration.

Van Damme Voiced "Master Croc" in Kung Fu Panda 2 released worldwide on May 26, 2011 and would become Van Damme's most successful film to date with the movie grossing well over $600 million worldwide.

Also In 2011, Van Damme participated in various commercials for Coors Light beer, in which he is located on a snow-covered mountain, wearing a sleeveless denim jacket, and appeared in commercials for washing powder "Dash". He also took part in special birthday celebrations of Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov, which raised objections from human rights groups because of Kadyrov's human rights record.[28]

He was offered a lead role in Sylvester Stallone's latest film The Expendables. Stallone called Van Damme personally to offer him the role, but Van Damme turned it down. He has a series of film projects scheduled for 2011, including another Universal Soldier movie which will appear between 2011 and 2012, and the role of a villain in the sequel to The Expendables.[29] On June 30, 2011, Van Damme confirmed his participation in The Expendables 2.[30]

Van Damme will make a return to fighting and is scheduled to fight former boxing Olympic gold-medalist Somluck Kamsing in November 2011.[31] Early reports have named Las Vegas, USA, Moscow, Russia and Macau, China, Thailand as locations for the bout but it now fight will take place in Dubai, Moscow.[32] or Grozny[33] At the prospect of being the first man over the age of 50 to kickbox professionally, Van Damme stated that "it's kind of dangerous, but life is short."[34] The fight is postponed to May or June 2012.[32]

Personal life

At the age of 16 he took up ballet, which he studied for five years. According to Van Damme, ballet "is an art, but it's also one of the most difficult sports. If you can survive a ballet workout, you can survive a workout in any other sport."[35] In the French-speaking world, Van Damme is well known for the picturesque aphorisms that he delivers on a wide range of topics (personal well-being, the environment, etc.) in a sort of Zen franglais.[36] Most famous and often quoted was his repeated use of the English word aware during an interview for a French channel, to convey the notion of self-awareness as a key to success.

He is training for his upcoming fight with cage fighters Chris 'Ball-Breaker' Banister, Jules 'Crown Jewels' Fox and the champion Paul 'Pistol-Fists' Shah in his home country Belgium.

Van Damme has been married five times, including two marriages with bodybuilder and fitness competitor Gladys Portugues. Van Damme is the father of three children: Kristopher Van Varenberg (born 1987), Bianca (born 1990), and Nicholas (born 1995).

Health and addiction

Van Damme had troubles with cocaine that started during 1995.[37] He entered a month-long rehabilitation program in 1996 but left it after only one week.[37][38] In 1996, he spent up to $10,000 a week on cocaine.[39] He is also reported to have experienced bipolar disorder.[37] A turning point in his health issues came in late 1997, after having signed divorce papers charging him with spousal abuse, and drug addiction.[37]

After the filming of the 1998 film Knock Off, Van Damme was diagnosed with rapid cycling bipolar disorder after becoming suicidal and started treatment on the mood stabilizer, sodium valproate.[37]

Filmography

Year Title Role Notes
1984 Breakin' Guy dancing in the background Uncredited
Monaco Forever Karate Man
Missing in Action Car Driver Stunt man
1985 No Retreat, No Surrender Ivan Krushensky
1988 Bloodsport Frank Dux Fight choreographer/Writer
Black Eagle Andrei
1989 Cyborg Gibson Rickenbacker
Kickboxer Kurt Sloane Writer
1990 Death Warrant Louis Burke
Lionheart Lyon Gaultier Fight choreographer
1991 Double Impact Alex Wagner/Chad Wagner Double role

MTV Movie Awards nomination for Most Desirable Male
1992 Universal Soldier Luc Deveraux/GR44
1993 Hard Target Chance Boudreaux MTV Movie Awards nomination for Most Desirable Male
Nowhere to Run Sam Gillen MTV Movie Awards nomination for Most Desirable Male
Last Action Hero Himself Cameo
Cyborg 2 Gibson Rickenbacker Archive footage
1994 Street Fighter Colonel William F. Guile Based on same-titled video game
Timecop Max Walker Double role
Kickboxer 4 Kurt Sloane Archive footage, uncredited
1995 Sudden Death Darren McCord
1996 Maximum Risk Alain Moreau/Mikhail Suverov Double role
The Quest Christopher Dubois Directional debut

Writer
1997 Double Team Jack Quinn Razzie Award for Worst Screen Couple (with Dennis Rodman)
1998 Legionnaire Alain Lefevre Producer
Knock Off Marcus Ray
1999 Universal Soldier: The Return Luc Devereaux Producer, last theatrical release until JCVD
Inferno Eddie Lomax Film is also known as "Desert Heat"
2001 The Order Rudy Cafmeyer/Charles Le Vaillant Double role
Replicant Edward "The Torch" Garrotte/Replicant Double role
2002 Derailed Jacques Kristoff
2003 In Hell Kyle LeBlanc
2004 Wake of Death Ben Archer
Narco Jean's ghost by Lenny
2006 The Hard Corps Phillip Sauvage
Second in Command Sam Keenan
The Exam Charles
2007 Until Death Anthony Stowe
2008 The Shepherd: Border Patrol Jack Robideaux First work with Scott Adkins
JCVD JCVD Return to mainstream with limited theatrical release

2008: Toronto Film Critics Association Awards nomination for Best Actor

2009: Chlotrudis Awards nomination for Best Actor
2009 Universal Soldier: Regeneration Luc Deveraux Limited theatrical release in Israel, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, India, Jordan, Lebanon, Italy, Japan, Pakistan
2011 Kung Fu Panda 2 Master Croc First voice over in a theatrical release
Assassination Games Vincent Brazil Limited theatrical release in US, Wide theatrical release in Russia[40], Second work with Scott Adkins
Beur sur la ville Colonel Merot Wide theatrical release in France
2012 Dragon Eyes Jean-Luis Tiano Post-production
Rzhevskiy vs. Napoleon Himself[41] Wide theatrical release in Russia and Ukraine
Universal Soldier: A New Dimension Luc Deveraux Post-production, Third work with Scott Adkins
The Eagle Path Frenchy Producer, Director, Writer and Editor
The Butcher Samson Gaul Post-production, Theatrical release
The Expendables 2 Jean Vilain (leader of an opposing team of mercenaries)[42] Filming, Wide theatrical release, Fourth work with Scott Adkins
Dragon Eyes 2: Fist of the Dragon Jean-Luis Tiano Announced
Welcome to the Jungle[43][44] Storm Rotchild (ex-marine team building coach) Pre-production
2013 U.F.O. George (retired military advisor) Post-production
  • Van Damme has been cast in "dual roles" in a single film many times during his career. Most cases involve two distinct characters, but others (such as Timecop) involve the same character from different periods of time-travel. These scenes often necessitate special editing or blue-screen cinematography to have two versions of the actor interacting in the same scene.

TV

Year Title Episode Role
1996 Friends "The One After the Superbowl" Himself
2004 Las Vegas "Die Fast, Die Furious" Himself
2009 Robot Chicken "Maurice Was Caught" Himself, Rhett Butler, Dracula
2011 Jean-Claude Van Damme: Behind Closed Doors 1 season (8 episodes) Himself
Les Anges Gardiens 1 season (20 episodes) Himself

Semi Contact/Light-Contact Record

Result Record Opponent Method Date Round Time Event Location Notes
Win 28-2-0 NetherlandsHenk Besselman l'abandon 1981 1 Brussels, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 27-2-0 Belgium Patrick Teugels[16] l'abandon March 8, 1980 1 Forest Nationals Brussels, Belgium Light-Contact (Match was billed for the EPKA Amateur Middleweight Title.Teugels suffers a broken nose and is unable to continue. Van Damme wins title)
Win 26-2-0 Hungary Andres Kovac 1980 2 Brussels, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 25-2-0 United Kingdom Michael J. Heming[9] l'abandon 1980 2 Brussels, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 24-2-0 Algeria Bekim-Moussa Muhammad 1980 1 Brussels, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 23-2-0 Algeria Mustapha-Ahmad Benamou 1980 1 Brussels, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 22-2-0 Germany unknown German opponent December 26, 1979 2 Karate Tournament: Belgium Team vs. German Team Woluwe, Brussels, Belgium Semi Contact[16]
Win 21-2-0 Portugal Gilberto Dias l'abandon November 1979 1 World-All Styles Karate Organization Brussels, Belgium Semi-Contact (Dias suffers ankle injury and is unable to continue.)[45]
Win 20-2-0 Rolf Risberg 1979 1 World-All Styles Karate Organization Ingelmunster, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 19-2-0 Belgium Jacques Piniarski 1979 1 World-All Styles Karate Organization Opprebais, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 18-2-0 Belgium Andre Robaeys 1979 1 World-All Styles Karate Organization,Europe Interland Cup Mulhouse, Belgium Semi-Contact[46]
Win 17-2-0 Belgium Cyrille Nollet 1978 1 World-All Styles Karate Organization Izegem, Belgium Semi-Contact[47]
Win 16-2-0 Belgium Emile Leibman 1978 1 World-All Styles Karate Organization Izegem, Belgium Semi-Contact
Loss 15-2-0 Belgium Angelo Spataro[16] 1978 2 Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials) Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 15-1-0 BelgiumFarid Muhammad Mousseau 1978 2 Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials) Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 14-1-0 Belgium Jacques van Laere 1978 2 Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials) Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 13-1-0 Belgium Christian Hedin 1978 2 Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials) Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 12-1-0 Belgium Gerard Charon 1978 2 Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials) Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 11-1-0 Belgium Orlando Lang 1978 2 Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials) Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 10-1-0 Belgium Michel Juvillier 1978 2 Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials) Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 9-1-0 Belgium Eric Bruno Strauss 1978 1 Challenge Coupe des Espoirs Karate Tournament (1st Trials) Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 8-1-0 Belgium Patrick Teugels 1977 2 Antwerp Open International Competition WAKO Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 7-1-0 Belgium Andre Lemaire 1977 1 World Association of Kickboxing Organizations Open International Izegem, Belgium Semi-Contact
Loss 6-1-0 Belgium Patrick Teugels 1977 2 World Association of Kickboxing Organizations Open International Izegem, Belgium Semi-Contact[48]
Win 6-0-0 Maurice Devos 1977 2 World Allstyles Kickboxing Organization Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 5-0-0 France Jacques Berri 1976 1 Antwerp Open WAKO Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 4-0-0 Belgium Johannes Binding 1976 1 Antwerp Open WAKO Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 3-0-0 France Jean-Morin Devigne 1976 1 Antwerp Open WAKO Antwerp, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 2-0-0 Belgium Roland Vedani 1976 1 European Karate Union Ingelmunster, Belgium Semi-Contact
Win 1-0-0 Belgium Toon Van Oostrum Oostrum injured; unable to continue. 1976 1 0:46 European Karate Union Brussels, Belgium Semi-Contact

Professional Kickboxing Record

Result Record Opponent Method Date Round Time Event Location Notes
Thailand Somluck Kamsing[49] May or June 2012[32] Dubai, Moscow[32] or Grozny[33] Kickboxing

Amateur Kickboxing Record

Result Record Opponent Method Date Round Time Event Location Notes
Win 3-0-0 Belgium Lenny Leikman[16][50] KO 1982 3 1st Journée Des Arts Martiaux Brussels, Belgium Kickboxing
Win 2-0-0 FranceGeorges Verlugels KO 1980 2 Brussels, Belgium Kickboxing[21]
Win 1-0-0 United States Sherman Bergman[51][52] KO (axe kick) November 1979 1 0:56 W.A.K.O. World Championships 1979 Tampa, Florida, USA Kickboxing (Match takes places at the WAKO World Championships, but is a non-tournament match.Van Damme climbs off floor to win.)[18][20]

References

  1. ^ French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ klod vɑ̃ dam].
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  45. ^ Lefrancois, Jacques. (2011-07-03) Jean-Claude Van Damme-Gilberto Dias 1979 | Flickr – Photo Sharing!. Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-09-22.
  46. ^ Jean-Claude Van Damme 1978 | Flickr – Photo Sharing!. Flickr (2010-06-07). Retrieved on 2011-09-22.
  47. ^ Lefrancois, Jacques. (2011-07-03) Match: Jean-Claude Van Damme-Cyrille Nollet (1978) | Flickr – Photo Sharing!. Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-09-22.
  48. ^ Jean-Claude Van Damme-Patrick Teugels Match | Flickr – Photo Sharing!. Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-09-22.
  49. ^ Van Damme vs. Khamsing – Fight Documentary. Youtube.com. Retrieved on 2011-09-22.
  50. ^ Jean-Claude Van Damme 1982 | Flickr – Photo Sharing!. Flickr. Retrieved on 2011-09-22.
  51. ^ "Jean-Claude Van Damme at AllCelebs". http://www.123allcelebs.com/biography_of_jean-claude_van_damme-683_eng.html. 
  52. ^ Biography for Jean-Claude Van Damme at the Internet Movie Database

Further reading

  • Corcoran, John; Farkas, Emil (1988). Martial arts : traditions, history, people. New York City: Gallery Books. pp. 60, 265. ISBN 9780831758059.  (Wako)
  • Corcoran, John; Farkas, Emil (1988). Martial arts : traditions, history, people. New York City: Gallery Books. pp. 285–286. ISBN 9780831758059.  (PKA World Heavyweight Title)
  • Corcoran, John; Farkas, Emil (1988). Martial arts : traditions, history, people. New York City: Gallery Books. pp. 210, 393. ISBN 9780831758059.  (Eku)
  • Soet, John Steven (March 1990). "Jean-Claude Van Damme". Inside Kung-Fu Presents: Martial Artists One on One: pp. 16–25. 
  • Vandehey, Tim (April 1991). "Gunning for Van Damme". Karate Kung-Fu Illustrated. 
  • "Jean-Claude Van Damme". Tre Today News. 31 December 2007. 

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