Nene (bird)

Nene
At Kilauea Point National Wildlife Refuge, Hawaii, USA
Conservation status
Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Anseriformes
Family:	Anatidae
Subfamily:	Anserinae
Tribe:	Anserini
Genus:	Branta
Species:	B. sandvicensis
Binomial name
Branta sandvicensis (Vigors, 1833)

The Nene, also known as Nēnē and Hawaiian Goose, (Branta sandvicensis) is a species of goose endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. The official bird of the state of Hawaiʻi, the Nene is exclusively found in the wild on the islands of Maui, Kauaʻi and Hawaiʻi. The Hawaiian name Nēnē comes from its soft call.^[2]

Adapted

The Nene evolved from the Canada Goose (Branta canadensis), which most likely migrated to the Hawaiian islands 500,000 years ago, shortly after the island of Hawaiʻi was formed. This ancestor is the progenitor of the Nene as well as the prehistoric Nēnē-nui (Branta hylobadistes). The Nēnē-nui was larger than the Nene, varied from flightless to flighted depending on the individual, and inhabited the island of Maui. Similar fossil geese found on Oʻahu and Kauaʻi may be of the same species. The Giant Hawaiʻi Goose was restricted to the island of Hawaiʻi and measured 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) in length with a mass of 8.6 kilograms (19 lb), making it more than four times larger than the Nene. It is believed that the herbivorous Giant Hawaiʻi Goose occupied the same ecological niche as the goose-like ducks known as moa-nalo, which were not present on the Big Island.^[4] Based on mitochondrial DNA found in fossils, all Hawaiian geese, living and dead, are closely related to the Giant Canada Goose (B. c. maxima) and Dusky Canada Goose (B. c. occidentalis).^[3]

Description

The Nene is a medium-sized goose at 41 centimetres (16 in) tall. They are said to be able to fly because their wingspan is long and strong. Females have a mass of 1.525–2.56 kilograms (3.36–5.6 lb), while males average 1.695–3.05 kilograms (3.74–6.7 lb), 11% larger than females.^[5] Adult males have a black head and hindneck, buff cheeks and heavily furrowed neck.^[6] The neck has black and white diagonal stripes.^[6] Aside from being smaller, the female Nene is similar to the male in colouration. The adult's bill, legs and feet are black. It has soft feathers under its chin. Goslings resemble the male, but are a duller brown and with less demarcation between the colours of the head and neck, and striping and barring effects are much reduced. The bill, legs and feet are the same as for the adult.^[6] Its strong toes are padded and have reduced webbing, an adaptation that allows it to swiftly traverse rough terrain such as lava plains.^[7]

Habitat and range

The Nene could at one time be found on the islands of Hawaiʻi, Maui, Kahoʻolawe, Lānaʻi, Molokaʻi, and Kauaʻi. Today, its range is restricted to Hawaiʻi, Maui, Molokaʻi, and Kauaʻi. The Nene is an inhabitant of shrubland, grassland, coastal dunes, and lava plains, and related anthropogenic habitats such as pasture and golf courses from sea level to as much as 2,400 metres (7,900 ft).^[8] Some populations migrated between lowland breeding grounds and montane foraging areas.^[7]

Breeding

The breeding season of the Nene, from August to April, is longer than that of any other goose;^[9] most eggs are laid between November and January.^[5] Unlike most other waterfowl, the Nene mates on land.^[6] Nests are built by females on a site of their choosing, in which one to five eggs are laid (average is three on Maui and Hawaiʻi, four on Kauaʻi). Females incubate the eggs for 29 to 32 days, while the male acts as a sentry. Goslings are precocial, able to feed on their own; they remain with their parents until the following breeding season.^[5]

Diet

The Nene is an herbivore that will either graze or browse, depending on the availability of vegetation. Food items include the leaves, seeds, fruit, and flowers of grasses and shrubs.^[10]

Conservation

The Nene is the world's rarest goose.^{[citation needed]} It is believed that it once was common, with approximately 25,000 Hawaiian Geese living in Hawaiʻi when Captain James Cook arrived in 1778.^[6] However, hunting and introduced predators, such as Small Asian Mongooses, pigs, and cats, reduced the population to 30 birds by 1952.^[6] However, this species breeds well in captivity, and has been successfully re-introduced; in 2004, it was estimated that there were 800 birds in the wild, as well as 1000 in wildfowl collections and zoos.^[6] However, there is some concern of inbreeding due to the small initial population of birds. The nature reserve, WWT Slimbridge, in England, was instrumental in the successful breeding of Hawaiian Geese in captivity. Under the direction of the leading conservationist Peter Scott, it was bred back from the brink of extinction during the 1950s for later re-introduction into the wild in Hawaiʻi. There are still Hawaiian Geese at Slimbridge today. They can now be found in captivity in every WWT centre. Successful introductions include Haleakala and Piʻiholo ranches on Maui.^[11][12]

Gallery

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  The distinctive neck pattern

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  A group of Hawaiian Geese; the bird on the right shows the characteristic foot

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  A sign in Hawaiʻi warning of crossing Hawaiian Geese

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  Two Hawaiian Geese at the Kīlauea Point National Wildlife Refuge.

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  Group of Hawaiian Geese on the golf course of Waikoloa in April of 2010.

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  Two Hawaiian Geese on Pali Trail between Māʻalaea and Lāhainā

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  Three Hawaiian Geese in Liliuokalani Park and Gardens, Hilo, Hawaiʻi.

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  At WWT Slimbridge in England

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  An illustration by Frederick William Frohawk

References

1. ^ "Branta sandvicensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2008. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/141452. Retrieved 31 January 2010. 
2. ^ Pukui and Elbert (2003). "lookup of nēnē". on Hawaiian dictionary. Ulukau, the Hawaiian Electronic Library, University of Hawaii. http://wehewehe.org/cgi-bin/hdict?e=q&a=q&l=en&q=nene&d=D14327. Retrieved 2010-01-13. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Harder, Ben (2002-02-06). "State Bird of Hawaii Unmasked as Canadian". National Geographic News (National Geographic Society). http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/02/0206_020206_canadiangeese_2.html. Retrieved 2009-03-17. 
4. ^ Ziegler, Alan C. (2002). Hawaiian Natural History, Ecology, and Evolution. University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 260. ISBN 9780824821906. http://books.google.com/books?id=l56J_8teG58C. 
5. ^ ^{a b c} Reading, Richard P.; Brian Miller (2000). Endangered animals: A Reference Guide to Conflicting Issues. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 142–146. ISBN 9780313308161. http://books.google.com/books?id=f_AWCtX29-kC. 
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Ellis, Richard (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York City: Harper Perennial. pp. 280–281. ISBN 0-06-055804-0. 
7. ^ ^{a b} Banko, Paul C.; Jeffrey M. Black; Winston E. Banko (1999). "Hawaiian Goose (Branta sandvicensis)". In A. Poole. Birds of North America Online. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/434/articles/introduction. Retrieved 2009-03-18. 
8. ^ "Nene or Hawaiian Goose" (PDF). State of Hawaiʻi. 2005-03-25. http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/files/3.29.05%20Fact%20Sheets/Nene.pdf. 
9. ^ "Hawaiian Goose (Branta sandvicensis)". Audubon Watchlist. National Audubon Society. http://audubon2.org/watchlist/viewSpecies.jsp?id=100. Retrieved 2009-03-18. 
10. ^ http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/cwcs/files/3.29.05%20Fact%20Sheets/Nene.pdf
11. ^ "Safe Harbor Agreement for the introduction of the nene to Piiholo Ranch, Maui". State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources. August 2004. http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/dofaw/pubs/Piiholo_sha_final.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-13. 
12. ^ Bill Standley (August 2004). "Ranchers Advance Recovery of Rare Hawaiian Bird". web site. Environmental Defense Fund. http://www.edf.org/article.cfm?contentID=4503. Retrieved 2010-01-13. 

External links

• BirdLife Species Factsheet.
• Nene or Hawaiian Goose, State of Hawaiʻi
• Nene videos, photos, and sounds on the Internet Bird Collection