Branta

Taxobox
name = Black geese

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image_width = 240px
image_caption = Barnacle Goose ("Branta leucopsis")
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Aves
ordo = Anseriformes
familia = Anatidae
subfamilia = Anserinae
genus = "Branta"
genus_authority = Scopoli, 1769
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = "Branta bernicla"
"Branta canadensis"
"Branta hutchinsii"
"Branta leucopsis"
"Branta ruficollis"
"Branta sandvicensis"
and see text
synonyms ="Nesochen" Salvadori, 1895

The black geese of the genus "Branta" are waterfowl belonging to the true geese and swans subfamily Anserinae. They occur in the northern coastal regions of the Palearctic and all over North America, migrating to more southernly coasts in winter, and as resident birds in the Hawaiian Islands. A self-sustaining population derived from introduced birds of one species is also found in New Zealand; these are the only true geese ever to occur in the Southern Hemisphere in a wild (or rather feral in this case) state.

The black geese derive their vernacular name for the prominent areas of black coloration found in all species. They can be distinguished from all other true geese by their legs and feet, which are black or very dark grey. Furthermore, they have black bills and large areas of black on the head and neck, with white (ochre in one species) markings that can be used to tell apart most species [The Nēnē, which is aberrant in many respects, has no white on the head or neck and fairly little black, being quite similar to the Swan Goose in the color pattern of these areas. The latter species, a grey goose, also has a black bill, but its reddish-orange legs indicate its actual relationships.] . As with most geese, their undertail and uppertail coverts are white.They are also on average smaller than other geese, though some very large taxa are known, which rival the Swan Goose and the Black-necked Swan in size.

The Eurasian species of black geese have a more coastal distribution compared to the grey geese which share the same general area of occurrence, not being found far inland even in winter (except for occasional stray birds or individuals escaped from captivity). This does not hold true for the American and Pacific species, in whose ranges grey geese are for the most part absent.

ystematics

6-8 living species of black geese are known. In addition, one species has been described from subfossil remains found in the Hawaiian Islands, where it became extinct in prehistoric times. Another undescribed prehistoric species from the Big Island of Hawai‘i was extremely large and flightless; it is tentatively assigned to this genus due to being very peculiar. It is fairly certain that at least another species of this genus awaits discovery on the Big Island, judging from the facts that at least one species of "Branta" was found on every major Hawaiian island, and that remains of such birds have not been intentionally searched for on the Big Island (but see below).

The species are:
* Brent Goose, "Branta bernicla"
** Pale-bellied Brent Goose, "Branta (bernicla) hrota"
** Black Brant, "Branta (bernicla) nigricans"
* Barnacle Goose, "Branta leucopsis"
* Canada Goose, "Branta canadensis"
* Cackling Goose, "Branta hutchinsii" - formerly included in "B. canadensis"
** Bering Cackling Goose, "Branta hutchinsii asiatica" - a doubtfully distinct subspecies; extinct (c.1929)
* Red-breasted Goose, "Branta ruficollis"
* Hawaiian Goose or Nēnē, "Branta sandvicensis"
* Nēnē-nui or Woods-walking Goose, "Branta hylobadistes" (prehistoric):Similar but hitherto undescribed remains are known from on Kauaʻi and Oʻahu.

Tentatively assigned to "Branta":
* Giant Hawaiʻi Goose, ?"Branta" sp. (prehistoric)

The relationships of the enigmatic Wetmore's Goose ("Geochen rhuax") to this genus are unresolved. It was another prehistoric Big Island form and remains known only from some parts of a single bird's skeleton, which were much damaged because the bird apparently died in a volcanic eruption, with the bones being found in an ash-filled depression under a lava flow. A presumed relation to the shelducks (Short 1970) was generally considered highly unlikely due to that group's biogeography, but more recentlyFact|date=February 2007, bones of a shelduck-like bird have been found on Kaua‘i. Whether this latter anatid was indeed a shelduck is presently undetermined.

Similarly, two bones found on Oʻahu indicate the erstwhile present of a gigantic waterfowl on this island. Its relationships relative to this genus and the moa-nalos, enormous goose-like dabbling ducks, are completely undeterminable at present.

Early fossil record

Several fossil species of "Branta" have been described. Since the true geese are hardly distinguishable by anatomical features, the allocation of these to this genus is somewhat uncertain. A number of supposed prehistoric grey geese have been described from North America, partially from the same sites as species assigned to "Branta". Whether these are correctly assigned - meaning that the genus "Anser" was once much more widespread than today and that it coexisted with "Branta" in freshwater habitat which it today does only most rarely - is not clear. Especially in the case of "B. dickeyi" and "B. howardae", doubts have been expressed about its correct generic assignmentFact|date=February 2007.
*"Branta woolfendeni" (Big Sandy Late Miocene of Wickieup, USA)
*"Branta thessaliensis" (Late Miocene of Perivolaki, Greece)
*"Branta dickeyi" (Late Pliocene - Late Pleistocene of W USA)
*"Branta esmeralda" (Esmeralda Early Pliocene);
*"Branta howardae" (Ricardo Early Pliocene)
*"Branta propinqua" (Middle Pleistocene of Fossil Lake, USA)
*"Branta hypsibata" (Pleistocene of Fossil Lake, USA)

The former "Branta" minuscula" is now placed with the prehistoric American shelducks, "Anabernicula" . On the other hand, a goose fossil from the Early-Middle Pleistocene of El Salvador is highly similar to "Anser" and given its age and biogeography it is likely to belong to that genus or "Branta" [Cisneros (2005)] .

Footnotes

References

* (1992): Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans). "In:" aut|del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew & Sargatal, Jordi (eds.): "Handbook of Birds of the World" (Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks): 536-629, plates 40-50. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-10-5
* (2005): New Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from El Salvador. [English with Portuguese abstract] "Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia" 8(3): 239-255. [http://www.sbpbrasil.org/revista/edicoes/8_3/cisneros.pdf PDF fulltext]
* (1970): A new anseriform genus and species from the Nebraska Pliocene. "Auk" 87(3): 537-543. [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v087n03/DJVU/P0537-P0543.djvu DjVu fulltext] [http://elibrary.unm.edu/sora/Auk/v087n03/p0537-p0543.pdf PDF fulltext]