Indian massacre

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In the history of the European colonization of North America, the term "Indian massacre" was often used to describe either mass killings of Europeans by indigenous people of the North American continent (Indians) or mass killings of indigenous people by the Europeans and by Americans of European origin.

Overview

Determining how many people died in these massacres overall is difficult. In the book The Wild Frontier: Atrocities during the American-Indian War from Jamestown Colony to Wounded Knee, amateur historian William M. Osborn sought to tally every recorded atrocity in the area that would eventually become the continental United States, from first contact (1511) to the closing of the frontier (1890), and determined that 7,193 people died from atrocities perpetrated by whites, and 9,156 people died from atrocities perpetrated by Native Americans. Osborn defines an atrocity as the murder, torture, or mutilation of civilians, the wounded, and prisoners. Different definitions would obviously produce different totals.^[1]

List of massacres

This is a listing of some of the events reported then or referred to now as "Indian massacres":

1500–1830

Year	Date	Name	Description	Claimants
1539		Napituca Massacre	After defeating resisting Timucuan warriors, Hernando de Soto had two hundred of them executed, in the first large-scale massacre by Europeans on what became American soil.	Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 286–291.
1540	October 18	Mabila Massacre	Hernando de Soto’s expedition ambushed by Choctaws,[2] killing horses and pigs, as well as 200 Spaniards, who burned down Mabila compound & killed c. 2,500 warriors who had hidden in houses of a fake village.[3]	Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 376–384; Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 15.
1541–42		Tiguex Massacres	After the invading Spaniards seized the houses, food and clothing of the Tiguex, and raped their women, the Tiguex resisted, which led to a Spanish attack that burned fifty people at the stake who had surrendered. Francisco Vázquez de Coronado’s men then laid siege to the Moho Pueblo, and after a months-long siege, they slaughtered two hundred fleeing warriors.	Sauer, C. Sixteenth Century North America, p. 141. Flint, R., No Settlement, No Conquest, pp. 144–153.
1599	January 22–24	Acoma Massacre	In retaliation for the killing of 11 Spanish soldiers, Juan de Oñate led a punitive expedition to slaughter the natives in a three-day battle at the Acoma Pueblo, killing approximately 800. King Philip II later punished Oñate for his excesses.[4]	Weber, D., The Spanish Frontier in North America, pp. 85–86.
1622	March 22	Indian massacre of 1622 (Jamestown Massacre)	Powhatans (Pamunkey) killed 347 English men, women and children throughout the Virginia colony, almost one-third of the English population of the Jamestown colony.	[5]
1623		Pamunkey Peace Talks	The English poisoned the wine at a "peace conference" with Powhatan leaders, killing about 200; they killed another 50 manually.	Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 47.
1637	May 26	Mystic Massacre	English colonists commanded by John Mason (c.1600–1672), with Mohegan and Narragansett allies, launched a night attack on a large Pequot village on the Mystic River in present-day Connecticut, burning the inhabitants alive and killing the survivors, with about 600–700 killed.	Cave, A., The Pequot War, pp. 144–154.
1643		Pavonia Massacre	In 1643 an Iroquois tribe, the Mohawks, attacked a band of Wappingers and Tappan, who fled to New Amsterdam seeking protection of New Netherland governor, William Kieft. Kieft dispersed them to Pavonia[6] and Corlears Hook. They were later attacked, 129 being killed. This prompted the beginning of Kieft's War, driven by mercenary John Underhill.[7][8]	[9]
1643	August	Massacre of Anne Hutchinson and her family	In New Netherland, now northeastern Bronx in New York City, near the Split Rock, Anne Hutchinson, six of her children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others (servants) were massacred by the local natives. One of Hutchinson's daughter's, Susanna, survived, and was taken captive for several years.	LaPlante, E., American Jezebel, p. 231.
1644	March	English Massacre of sleeping village	In New Netherland, at present day Pound Ridge, New York, John Underhill, hired by the Dutch, reproduced the successful Fort Mystic strategy of burning a sleeping village, killing about 500 Indians.	Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 116. Trelease, A., Indian Affairs in Colonial New York; The Seventeenth Century, pp. 79–80.
1676	March 26	Nine Men's Misery	9 captives tortured & killed during King Philip's War	[10]
1680	August 10	Pueblo Revolt	Pueblo warriors killed 380 Spanish settlers, and drove the other Spaniards from New Mexico.	[11]
1689	August 5	Lachine massacre	1,500 Mohawk warriors attacked the small settlement of Lachine, New France and killed more than 90 of the village's 375 French residents.	[12]
1690	February 8	Schenectady Massacre	French and Algonquins destroyed Schenectady, New York, killing 60 settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children.	[13]
1704	February 29	Deerfield Massacre	A force composed of Abenaki, Kanienkehaka, Wyandot and Pocumtuck, led by a small contingent of French-Canadian militia, sacked the town of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 56 civilians and taking dozens more as captives.	[14]
1757	August 9	Battle of Fort William Henry	Following the fall of Fort William Henry, between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners were killed by Indians allied to the French.	[15]
1759	October 4	Rogers Raid on Odanak Village	In retaliation for the rumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detainment of Rogers' Rangers Captain Quinten Kennedy, Major Robert Rogers led a party of approximately 150 English regulars, volunteers and Mahicans into the village of Odanak, Quebec. They killed up to 30 people, among them women and children, as confirmed via conflicting reports.	[16]
1763	September 14	Devil's Hole Massacre	Seneca double ambush of a British supply train and soldiers, just south of Fort Niagara. They killed 21 teamsters from the supply train and 81 soldiers who attempted to rescue the train.	[17]
1763	December	Killings by the Paxton Boys	Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock in response to Pontiac's Rebellion.	[18][19][20]
1764	July 26	Enoch Brown School Massacre	Four Delaware killed a schoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Two pupils were scalped but survived.	[20]
1774	April 30	Yellow Creek Massacre	Members of Chief Logan's family were killed by Daniel Greathouse.	[21]
1778	July 3	Battle of Wyoming	Following a battle with rebel defenders of Forty Fort, Iroquois allies of Loyalist forces, hunted and killed those who fled and were later accused of then torturing to death those who surrendered. These claims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time.	[22][23][24]
	August 31	Stockbridge Massacre	A battle of the American Revolutionary War that rebel propaganda portrayed as a massacre.	[25]
	November 11	Cherry Valley Massacre	British and Seneca forces attacked the fort and village at Cherry Valley, New York, killing 16 rebel troops and more than 30 settlers.	[26]
1781	September 1	Dietz Massacre	The home of Johannes Dietz, Berne, New York, was attacked by Indians during the Revolution. Dietz, his wife, their daughter-in-law, four children of their son's family, and a servant girl were killed and scalped.	[27][28]
1782	March 8	Gnadenhütten massacre	Nearly 100 non-combatant Christian Lenape, mostly women and children, were attacked by Pennsylvania militiamen. All were killed and scalped except two young boys.	[29][30]
1782	May 10	Corbly Family Massacre	Indians attacked the family of John Corbly, a Christian minister in Greene County, Pennsylvania. Mrs. Corbly and three of their children were killed and two daughters were scalped, but survived. The Reverend Corbly escaped.	Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, R.R. Bowker Co., 1925, Item notes: v.59 1925 January–June p. 234
1812	August 15	Fort Dearborn Massacre (Battle of Fort Dearborn)	During the War of 1812, American soldiers and settlers evacuating Fort Dearborn (site of present-day Chicago, Illinois) were killed in an ambush. In all, 26 soldiers, two officers, two women and 12 children, and 12 trappers and settlers hired as scouts, were killed.	[31]
	September 10	Zimmer Massacre	Four settlers were killed in an attack believed to be by aggrieved Lenape, in Ashland County, Ohio.	Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 257–258, 1907
	September 15	Copus Massacre	Three militiamen and one settler were killed; two militiamen and a settler's daughter were wounded and two Indians were killed during an attack on the Ashland County, Ohio homestead of Rev. James Copus.	Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 258–259, 1907
1813	January 22	River Raisin Massacre	Between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia were killed after surrendering.	[32]
	August 18	Dilbone Massacre	Three settlers (David Garrard and Henry Dilbone and wife) were killed in Miami County, Ohio. The Indian believed to have killed the settlers was later shot and killed.	Sutton, R., The History of Shelby County Ohio, p. 122 published 1883
	August 30	Fort Mims Massacre	Following defeat at the Battle of Burnt Corn, a band of Red Sticks sacked Fort Mims, Alabama, killing 400 civilians and taking 250 scalps. This action precipitated the Creek War.	[33]
1818	April 22	Chehaw Affair	U.S. troops attacked a non-hostile Muscogee village during the First Seminole War, killing an estimated 10 to 50 men, women and children.	[34]
1824	March 22	Fall Creek Massacre	Six settlers in Madison County, Indiana killed and robbed eight Seneca. One escaped trial and one was a witness at subsequent trial. One was hanged January 12, 1825 and two were hanged June 2, 1825. The last defendant was pardoned at the last minute	Wikipedia Article

1830–1911

Year	Date	Name	Description	Citations
1832	May 20	Indian Creek Massacre	A party of Potawatomi, with a few Sauk allies, killed fifteen men, women and children and kidnapped two young women, who were later ransomed.	[35]
	August 1	Battle of Bad Axe	Around 150 Indian men, women and children were killed in Wisconsin by soldiers under General Henry Atkinson and armed volunteers.	[36]
1835	December 28	Dade Massacre	A command of 110 American soldiers was attacked and defeated by a force of Seminole in Central Florida. All but two of the soldiers were killed, one dying a few months later from wounds received in the battle.	Axelrod, Alan, Chronicle of the Indian Wars, p. 146
1836	May 19	Fort Parker Massacre	Seven men were killed by Comanches in Limestone County, Texas.	[37]
1838	October 5	Killough Massacre	Indians massacred eighteen members and relatives of the Killough family in Texas.	[38]
1840	August 7	Indian Key Massacre	Florida Indians attacked and destroyed Indian Key settlement, killing 13 inhabitants including noted horticulturist Dr. Henry Perrine.	Knetsch, Joe. Florida's Seminole Wars 1817–1858, p. 128
1847	November 29	Whitman massacre	The murder of missionaries Dr. Marcus Whitman, Mrs. Narcissa Whitman and twelve others at Walla Walla, Washington by Cayuse and Umatilla, triggered the Cayuse War.	[39]
1850	May 15	Bloody Island Massacre	The murder of 60–100 Pomo people on Bo-no-po-ti island near Clear Lake, (Lake Co., California), by Nathaniel Lyon and his U. S. Army detachment, in retribution for the killing of two Clear Lake settlers who had been abusing and murdering Pomo people. (The Island Pomos had no connections to the enslaved Pomos). This incident led to a general mass killing of native people all over Northern California.	Letter, Brevet Capt. N. Lyon to Major E.R.S. Canby, May 22, 1850.[40]
1852	April 23	Bridge Gulch Massacre	The murder of more than 150 Wintu people in the Hayfork Valley of California, by 70 men led by Trinity County sheriff William H. Dixon, in retribution for the killing of Col. John Anderson.	Norton, Jack. Genocide in Northern California[41]
1853	Before December 31	"Ox" incident	Unreported number of Indians were killed in the Four Creeks area (Tulare Co., California) in "our little difficulty" and "the chastisement they have received"	Letter, Bvt. 2nd Lieut. John Nugens to Lieut T. Wright, December 31, 1853.[42]
1854
	August 19	Grattan Massacre	After opening fire in an encampment of 4,000 BruléSioux, killing Chief Conquering Bear, all members of a detachment of 30 U.S. soldiers were killed in the Nebraska Territory. {29 killed/1 mortally wounded & 1 Civilian Interpreter killed}	[43]
	August 20	Ward Massacre	Eighteen of the 20 members of the Alexander Ward party were killed by Shoshone while traveling on the Oregon Trail in western Idaho. This event led to the eventual abandonment of Fort Boise and Fort Hall, in favor of the use of military escorts.	[44][45][46]
1855	January 22	Klamath River massacres	In retaliation for the murder of six settlers and the theft of some cattle, whites commenced a "war of extermination against the Indians" in Humboldt Co., California	Crescent City Herald, quoted in Sacramento newspaper.[47]
1860	February 26	1860 Wiyot Massacre (Indian Island Massacre)	About 188 Wiyot, mostly women and children, were killed by white settlers in Humboldt County, California, during one of three simultaneous assaults on the Wiyot	[48][49][50]
1861		Cooke's Canyon Massacres	Apaches massacre hundreds of Americans and Mexicans in and around Cooke's Canyon, New Mexico over the course of several months.
1862	August–September	Dakota War of 1862	As many as 800 white settlers and soldiers were killed throughout Minnesota and some 40,000 white settlers fled their homes as part of the U.S.-Dakota War[51]	[52]
	October 24	Tonkawa Massacre	Accompanied by Caddo allies, a detachment of irregular Union Indians, mainly Kickapoo, Delaware and Shawnee, attempted to destroy the Tonkawa tribe in Indian Territory. One hundred and fifty of 390 Tonkawa survived.	[53]
1863	January 29	Bear River Massacre	Col. Patrick Connor led a regiment killing at least 200 Indian men, women and children near Preston, Idaho.	[citation needed]
	April 19	Keyesville Massacre	White settlers and members of the California cavalry killed 35 Tehachapi men in Kern County, California.	[54]
1864	November 29	Sand Creek Massacre	Members of the Colorado Militia attacked a peaceful village of Cheyenne, killing at least 160 men, women and children at Sand Creek, Colorado.	[55]
1867	July 2	Kidder Massacre	Cheyenne and Sioux ambushed and killed a 2nd US Cavalry detachment of eleven men and Indian guide near Beaver Creek in Sherman County, Kansas [2].	[56]
1868	November 27	Washita Massacre (Battle of Washita River)	Lt.Col. G.A.Custer's 7th cavalry attacked a village of sleeping Cheyenne led by Black Kettle. Custer reported 103 – later revised to 140 – warriors, "some" women and "few" children killed, and 53 women and children taken hostage. Other casualty estimates by cavalry members, scouts and Indians vary widely, with the number of men killed ranging as low as 11 and the numbers of women and children ranging as high as 75. Before returning to their base, the cavalry killed several hundred Indian ponies and burned the village.	[57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67]
1870	January 23	Marias Massacre	White Americans killed 173 Piegans, mainly women, children and the elderly.	[68]
1871	April 30	Camp Grant Massacre	Led by ex-Mayor of Tucson, William Oury, who armed them, eight whites, forty-eight Mexicans and over 100 Pimas attack Apache men, women and children at Camp Grant. Over 100 dead.	Terrell, J., Land Grab, pp. 4–10.
1871	November 5	Wickenburg massacre	Arizona Stage coach attacked-driver and five passengers killed.	[69]
1873	June 1	Cypress Hills Massacre	Approximately 20 Nakoda killed by American wolfers in Canadian territory following a dispute over stolen horses.	[70]
1879	January 8	Fort Robinson Massacre	Northern Cheyenne under Dull Knife attempted to escape from confinement in Fort Robinson, Nebraska; about fifty survived. The remains of those killed were repatriated in 1994.	[71]
1879	September 30	Meeker Massacre	Indian Agent Nathan Meeker and 10 others killed by Utes; likewise a military unit is ambushed and 13 killed and 43 wounded. The Beginning of the Ute War
1880	April 28	Alma Massacre	Settlers were killed by Apaches led by Victorio at Alma, New Mexico. Likewise on December 19, 1885, an officer and four enlisted men of the 8th Cavalry Regiment were killed by Apaches near Alma, New Mexico.
1889	November 2	Kelvin Grade Massacre	Two sheriffs were killed and one settler was wounded when the Apache Kid and his gang escaped police custody near present day Globe, Arizona
1890	December 29	Wounded Knee Massacre	Members of the U.S. 7th Cavalry killed 128 Sioux men, women and children at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.	[72]
1911	January 19	Last Massacre	A group of Shoshones killed four ranchers in Washoe County, Nevada. On February 26, 1911, eight of those involved were killed by a posse; four children were captured.	[73][74][75]

Notes

1. ^ The Wild Frontier: Atrocities During The American-Indian War
2. ^ Biography - Hernando de Soto - by Dr. Lawrence A. Clayton
3. ^ De Soto's Trail: Courage and Cruelty Come Alive
4. ^ Conquistador Statue Stirs Hispanic Pride and Indian Rage
5. ^ Jamestown: Legacy of the Massacre of 1622 | Americans at War: 1500–1815 Summary
6. ^ Wm Kieft and Pavonia
7. ^ Winkler, David F. (1998). Revisiting the Attack on Pavonia. New Jersey Historical Society. 
8. ^ Beck, Sanderson (2006). "New Netherland and Stuyvesant 1642–64". http://www.san.beck.org/11-5-Colonies1643-64.html#4. 
9. ^ Churchill 1997, p. 198
10. ^ [Nine Men's Misery]
11. ^ Resistance and Accommodation in New Mexico
12. ^ George, Charles; Douglas Roberts (1897). A History of Canada. Boston: The Page Company (no copyright in the United States). pp. 93–94. http://books.google.com/books?id=YU2uIK42giYC&pg=PR1&dq#PPA93,M1. 
13. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 33
14. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 48
15. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 224
16. ^ Bruchac, Marge, [1] Reading Abenaki Traditions and European Records of Rogers’ Raid], August 2006, pp. 3–4
17. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 260
18. ^ Taylor, Alan, American Colonies, New York: Viking Press, 2001
19. ^ "A Narrative of the Late Massacres...", Benjamin Franklin's account of the massacre and criticism of the Paxton Boys
20. ^ ^{a b} "A Disquisition Portraying the History Relative to the Enoch Brown Incident", Greencastle Museum
21. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 106
22. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 181
23. ^ Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission | The Battle of Wyoming and Hartley's Expedition
24. ^ Wallace, Paul A. W., Indians in Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, 2007, 200 pages, pp. 162–164, ISBN 978-0-89271-017-1
25. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 246
26. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 321
27. ^ Priest, Josiah, Stories of the Revolution, first published 1836
28. ^ Dietz Massacre
29. ^ Tuscarawas
30. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 57
31. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 231
32. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 20
33. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 245
34. ^ Andrew Jackson Learns of the Chehaw Affair The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
35. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 128
36. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 213
37. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 127
38. ^ http://www.tylerpaper.com/article/20100621/NEWS01/6210301
39. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 336
40. ^ Heizer 1993, pp. 244–246
41. ^ Norton, Jack (1979). Genocide in northwestern California : when our worlds cried. San Francisco: Indian Historian Press. pp. 51–54. ISBN 0913436262. 
42. ^ Heizer 1993, pp. 12–13
43. ^ Michno 2003, p. 27
44. ^ Oregon Trail in Idaho—Ward Massacre Site idahohistory.net
45. ^ Ward Massacre washingtonwars.net
46. ^ Michno 2003, pp. 28–29
47. ^ Heizer 1993, pp. 35–36
48. ^ In 1860 six murderers nearly wiped out the Wiyot Indian tribe—in 2004 its members have found ways to heal SFGate.com
49. ^ Michno 2003, pp. 72–73
50. ^ Heizer 1993
51. ^ Kunnen-Jones, Marianne (2002-08-21). "Anniversary Volume Gives New Voice To Pioneer Accounts of Sioux Uprising". University of Cincinnati. http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm. Retrieved 2007-06-06. 
52. ^ http://www.uc.edu/news/sioux.htm
53. ^ Michno 2003, pp. 105–106
54. ^ Keyesville Indian Massacre of April 19, 1863
55. ^ Michno 2003, pp. 157–159
56. ^ Michno 2003, pp. 201–202
57. ^ ABC-CLIO Schools | Washita Massacre
58. ^ Andrist, Ralph K., The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indians, University of Oklahoma Press, 2001, 371 pages, pp 157–162, ISBN 978-0806133089
59. ^ Brown, Dee, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, Henry Holt and Co., 2007, 487 pages, pp 167–169, ISBN 978-0-8050-8684-3
60. ^ Churchill 1997, p. 236
61. ^ Colorado Humanities | Sand Creek Memorial and Washita Sites
62. ^ ExploreSouthernHistory.com - Washita Battlefield, Oklahoma
63. ^ Giago, Tim - Honoring Those Who Died at Washita
64. ^ Native American Netroots | The 140th Anniversary of the Washita Massacre of Nov. 27, 1868
65. ^ PBS - THE WEST - Washita
66. ^ The Saint Francis Herald, "Cherry Creek Massacre recognized in magazine", St. Francis, KS, November 17, 2005
67. ^ Zeman, Scott C., Chronology of the American West from 23,000 B.C.E. through the Twentieth Century, ABC-CLIO, 2002, 381 pages, p 155, ISBN 978-1-57607-207-3
68. ^ Michno 2003, p. 241
69. ^ "The Indiaa Attack Upon an Arizona Stage The Driver and Five Passengers Killed". The New York Times. November 20, 1871. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B02EFDC1639EF34BC4851DFB767838A669FDE. 
70. ^ Hildebrandt, Walter. "Cypress Hills Massacre". The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan. University of Regina. http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/cypress_hills_massacre.html. Retrieved 2008-03-28. 
71. ^ Michno 2003, pp. 322–323
72. ^ Michno 2003, p. 351
73. ^ Early Native Americans nevada-history.org
74. ^ The Last Massacre, The New York Times, Book Review, January 17, 1988
75. ^ Policeman Edward Hogle, Nevada State Police The Officer Down Memorial Page

References

• Churchill, Ward, A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present, City Lights, 1997, 381 pages, ISBN 978-0-87286-323-1

• Heizer, Robert F., The Destruction of California Indians, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 1993, 321 pages, ISBN 978-0-8032-7262-0

• Konstantin, Phil, This Day in North American Indian History: Events in the History of North America's Native Peoples, Da Capo Press, 2002, 480 pages, ISBN 978-0-306-81170-8

• LaPlante, Eve (2004). American Jezebel, the Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Woman who Defied the Puritans. San Francisco: Harper Collins. p. 231. ISBN 0-06-056233-1. http://books.google.com/books?id=TTj1N-egHsMC&pg=PA209&lpg=PA209&dq=portsmouth+rhode+hutchinson&source=web&ots=g1AowdfuH3&sig=DFNa5rZQMxp_Fvur7Q0MQs4Q0Zo&hl=en#v=onepage&q=portsmouth%20rhode%20hutchinson&f=false. 

• Michno, Gregory F., Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes 1850-1890, Mountain Press Publishing Co., 2003, 448 pages, ISBN 978-0-87842-468-9

See also

• Indian Wars
• Population history of American indigenous peoples
• List of events named massacres
• List of massacres in the United States
• List of conflicts in the United States