Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks

Ships on the Dnieper, by Nicholas Roerich.

The trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (Russian: Путь «из варяг в греки», Put iz varyag v greki, Swedish: Vägen från varjagerna till grekerna, Greek: Εμπορική Οδός Βαράγγων - Ελλήνων) was a trade route that connected Scandinavia, Kievan Rus' and the Byzantine Empire. The route allowed traders along the route to establish a direct prosperous trade with Byzantium, and prompted some of them to settle in the territories of present-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. That was a long-distance waterway including the Baltic Sea, several rivers, flowing into the Baltic Sea, rivers of the Dnieper river system with portages on the drainage divides.

The route began in Scandinavian trading centres such as Birka, Hedeby, and Gotland, crossed the Baltic Sea, entered the Gulf of Finland, followed the Neva River into the Lake Ladoga. Then it followed the Volkhov River, upstream past the towns of Staraya Ladoga and Velikiy Novgorod, crossed Lake Ilmen, and up the Lovat River. From there, ships had to be portaged to the Dnieper River near Gnezdovo. A second route from the Baltic to the Dnieper was along the Western Dvina (Daugava) between the Lovat and the Dnieper in the Smolensk region, and along the Kasplya River to Gnezdovo. Along the Dnieper, the route crossed several major rapids and passed through Kiev, and after entering the Black Sea followed its west coast to Constantinople.

History

Map showing the major Varangian trade routes: the Volga trade route (in red) and the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks (in purple). Other trade routes of the 8th-11th centuries shown in orange.

The route from the Varangians to the Greeks was first mentioned in the Primary Chronicle, but its effects were reported much earlier, in the early ninth century when the Byzantines noted newcomers in their regions, the Varangians. Though this has come to mean "Vikings" to many, the term for the Byzantines meant all Scandinavians and their kindred living in what is now Russia.

The route was probably established in the late eighth and early ninth centuries, when Varangian explorers searched for plunder but also for slaves and lucrative goods. The route gained significant importance from the tenth until the first third of the eleventh century, concurrently with the Volga trade route and the trade route from the Khazars to the Germans.

According to Constantine VII, the Kriviches and other tribes dependent on Kiev transported hollowed-out sailboats, or monoxyla, which could accommodate thirty to forty people, to places along the rivers. These sailboats were then transported along the Dnieper to Kiev. There they were sold to the Varangians who re-equipped them and loaded them with merchandise.^[1]

Places named include Smolensk (Μιλινισκα), Liubech (Τελιουτζα), Chernihiv (Τζερνιγωγα), Vyshhorod (Βουσεγραδε), Vitechev (Βιτετζεβη), and Kiev (Κια(ο)βα). Some of these cities had alternate names in Old Norse, and Constantine quotes some of them: Novgorod = Νεμογαρδα = Hólmgarðr = ‘Island Enclosure’, and Nýgarðr = ‘New Enclosure’; Kiev = Kœnugarðr = ‘Boatyard’ and Σαμβατας = Sandbakki-áss = ‘Sandbank Ridge’. Constantine Zuckerman suggests a more obvious etymology, from the Turkic (Khazar) roots "sam"+"bat" (literally, "upper fortress").^[2] (The runestone N 62 preserves the name Vitaholmr ("demarcation islet") for Vitichev.)

On the Dnieper the Varangians had to portage their ships round seven rapids (they don't exist anymore as a chain of basins was established in 1950-70s), where they had to be on guard for Pecheneg nomads. The rapids began below Dnipropetrovsk where the river turns south and fell 50 meters in 66 kilometers.

Names of the Dnieper rapids, with translations,^[3] and Constantine’s Greek spelling:

Modern	Slavonic	Norse
	Ne sǔpi, ‘Don't Sleep’, Εσσουπη	Sof eigi, ‘Don't Sleep’
Surskij, ‘Severe One’; Lochanskij	Ostrovǐnyj pragǔ, ‘Island-waterfall’, Οστροβουνιπραχ	Holmfors, ‘Island-Waterfall’, Ουλβορσι
Zvonets(kij), ‘Clanger’		Gellandi, ‘Roaring’, Γελανδρι
Nenasytets(kij), ‘Insatiable’	Nejasytǐ, ‘pelican’ (which nested there), Νεασητ	Eyforr, ‘ever violent’, Αειφορ
Volnyj, Volninskij, ‘[place] of waves’	Vlǔnǐnyj pragǔ, ‘wave-waterfall’, Βουλνηπραχ	Bárufors, ‘wave-waterfall’, Βαρουφορος
Tavolzhanskij	Vǐruchi, ‘laughing’, Βερουτζη	Hlæjandi, ‘laughing (ref. noise of water)’, Λεαντι
Lishnij, ‘superfluous’	Naprjazi?, ‘bend, strain?’, Ναπρεζη; Na bǔrzǔ?, ‘quick?’	Strukum, ‘[at the] rapids’, Στρουκουν

A coloured copy of runestone G 280 which talks of death in the Dnieper rapids.

Below the rapids, they had to pass a narrow rocky spot called the Ford of Vrar (Russian: Krariyskaya crossing), where the Varangians were often attacked by the Pechenegs. The Varangians stopped at St. George Island. Then they equipped their ships with sails in the Dnieper estuary and continued to navigate along the western shore of the Black Sea all the way to Constantinople (Slavic: Tsargrad, Old Norse: Mikligarðr).

The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was connected to other waterways of Eastern Europe, such as the Pripyat-Bug waterway leading to Western Europe, and the Volga trade route, which went down the Volga waterway to the Caspian Sea. Another offshoot was along the Dnieper and the Usyazh-Buk River towards Lukoml and Polotsk.

The Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks was used to transport different kinds of merchandise. Wine, spices, jewelry, glass, expensive fabrics, icons, and books came from the Byzantine Empire. Kiev used to trade bread, handmade goods, silver coins, etc. Volhyn traded spinning wheels and other items. Certain kinds of weapon and handicrafts came from Scandinavia. Northern Rus' offered timber, fur, honey and wax, while the Baltic tribes traded amber.

In the second half of the eleventh century, the Crusades opened more lucrative routes from Europe to the Orient through the Crusader states of the Middle East. By that time, Rus' had strengthened its commercial ties with Western Europe, and the route from the Varangians to the Greeks gradually lost its significance. For a related military route, see Muravsky Trail.

In fiction

Part of a series on Trade routes
Amber Road · Hærvejen . Incense Route
Kamboja-Dvaravati Route . King's Highway	. Northern Arc
Roman-India routes . Royal Road
Silk Road · Spice Route . Tea route
Varangians to the Greeks · Via Maris
Triangular trade .Volga trade route
Trans-Saharan trade . Salt Route
Hanseatic League . Grand Trunk Road

• A large part of the best-selling Swedish historical novel The Long Ships (original Swedish Röde Orm) by Frans Gunnar Bengtsson describes the adventures of a Danish ship crew (with a pilot from Gotland) taking this route in the late 10th Century.
• Rosemary Sutcliff's 1976 novel Blood Feud takes place during the 10th-century, and depicts a half-Saxon orphan who joins a Viking crew and takes this route, joining the Varangian Guards and ultimately settling in Constantinople.
• In Stephen R. Lawhead's novel Byzantium, the main character, a 9th-century Irish monk, is taken by Viking raiders from Scandia to Constantinople via this route.
• In the comic strip Prince Valiant, pages 932 (19 Dec 1954) to 988 (15 Jan 1956), the eponymous main character and company travel on two Viking longships from Constantinople to Scandia via this route, during which they encounter Patzinaks and Polotjans.
• Two music albums coincidentally released in 2007 deal with fictional journeys down the trade route, heavy metal band Rebellion's Miklagard — The History of the Vikings Volume 2 and folk metal band Turisas' The Varangian Way.

See also

• Caspian expeditions of the Rus
• Rus' Khaganate
• Greece Runestones

References

1. ^ An English translation of De Administrando Imperio.
2. ^ Sorlin I. Voies commerciales, villes et peuplement de la Rusia au Xe siècle d'après le De administrando imperio de Constantin Porphyrogénète. Les centres proto-urbains russes entre Scandinavie, Byzance et Orient ed. M. Kazanski, D. Nercessian, C. Zuckerman (Réalités byzantines 7). - Paris, 2000. -P. 337-355
3. ^ pp 172-174, "Russian and the Slavonic Languages", by W.J.Entwistle and A.Morison, publ. Faber & Faber, 1949 & 1969.

External links

• P.M.Zolin