Milstar

Milstar

Artist's impression of a Milstar-DFS spacecraft
General Information
Manufacturer	Lockheed Martin (prime) TRW Boeing (formerly Hughes)
Country of Origin	United States
Bus	Milstar Block I Milstar Block II
Applications	Military communications
Orbit regimes	Geosynchronous
Operator	US Air Force
Lifetime	10 years
Production
Status	Out of production Active
Built	6
Launched	6
Operational	5
Lost	1
First launch	USA-99, 1994-02-07
Last launch	USA-169, 2003-04-08
Typical spacecraft
Average mass	4,500 kg (9,900 lb)
v · d · e

Milstar, originally meaning Military Strategic and Tactical Relay, is a constellation of communications satellites in geostationary orbit, which are operated by the United States Air Force, and provide secure and jam resistant worldwide communications to meet the requirements of the Armed Forces of the United States. Six spacecraft were launched between 1994 and 2003, of which five are operational, and the sixth was lost in a launch failure.

History

The first Milstar satellite was launched on 7 February 1994 aboard the first Titan IV(401)A rocket. It was followed by a second spacecraft on 7 November 1995. The first two satellites were Block I spacecraft, also known as Milstar Development Flight Satellites, or Milstar-DFS. The four later satellites were Block II spacecraft, which featured an additional medium data-rate payload. The first Block II satellite was launched on 30 April 1999, using a Titan IV(401)B rocket. Due to a programming error affecting the Centaur upper stage of its carrier rocket, it was placed into an lower orbit than had been planned, and it could not be raised into its operational orbit. It was the third consecutive, and last, failure of a Titan IV rocket. The remaining three satellites were launched on 27 February 2001, 15 January 2002, and 8 April 2003.

The Milstar system consists of three segments; the space segment which consists of the five satellites, ground terminals and users, and stations to command and control the satellites. The Military Satellite Communications Systems Wing (MILSATCOM) division of the United States Air Force Space Command Space and Missile Systems Center, located at Los Angeles AFB was responsible for development and acquisition of the Milstar space and mission control segments. The Electronic Systems Center at Hanscom AFB is responsible for the US Air Force portion of the terminal segment development and acquisition. The 4th Space Operations Squadron at Schriever AFB and the 148th Space Operations Squadron at Vandenberg AFB are responsible for providing real-time satellite control and communications payload management.

In August 2010 control of the Milstar system was transferred to the Advanced Extremely High Frequency program, in preparation for the launch of the first AEHF satellite, USA-214. Advanced Extremely High Frequency satellites are intended to replace Milstar.

Characteristics

Milstar satellites provide secure, jam resistant, worldwide communications to meet the requirements of the United States military. They were built by Lockheed Martin Missiles and Space Corporation, at a cost of US$800 million each. Each satellite has a design life of 10 years. Six were built, of which five successfully reached their operational geostationary orbits, and remain in service. Launches were made using Titan IV rockets with Centaur upper stages, and all six occurred from Space Launch Complex 40 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The satellites are designed to provide communications which are hard to detect and intercept, and to be survivable in the event of nuclear warfare.

The spacecraft have a mass of 4,500 kilograms (9,900 lb), and are equipped with solar panels which generate eight kilowatts of electric power to power its transponders. Both Block I and Block II satellites provide low data-rate communications at bandwidths between 75 bit/s and 2,400 bit/s, whilst the Block II spacecraft can also provide medium data-rate communications between 4.8 kbit/s and 1.544 Mbit/s. The satellites' uplinks operate in the Q band, whilst their downlinks operate within the Ka band. Both of these frequencies correspond to the super high frequency radio band.

Each Milstar satellite serves as a switchboard to direct traffic between terminals on the Earth. The satellites process the signals transmitted to them, and can link with other Milstar satellites through crosslinks, to reduce the requirement for ground-controlled switching. The spacecraft are used for encrypted voice, data, teletype, and facsimile communications, which are interoperable between the United States Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.

Spacecraft

Name	Block	Launch date/time (UTC)	COSPAR ID	Rocket	Remarks
USA-99	Block I	1994-02-07, 21:47:01	1994-009A	Titan IV(401)A
USA-115	Block I	1995-11-06, 05:15:01	1995-060A	Titan IV(401)A
USA-143	Block II	1999-04-30, 16:30:00	1999-023A	Titan IV(401)B	Launch failure
USA-157	Block II	2001-02-27, 21:20	2001-009A	Titan IV(401)B
USA-164	Block II	2002-01-16, 00:30:00	2002-001A	Titan IV(401)B
USA-169	Block II	2003-04-08, 13:43:00	2003-012A	Titan IV(401)B

See also

• Advanced Extremely High Frequency
• Defense Satellite Communications System
• Transformational Satellite Communications System
• Wideband Global SATCOM system

External links

• Boeing has a detailed article on the project
• U.S. Air Force fact sheet on MILSTAR
• MILSTAR 3 / Advanced Extremely High Frequency (AEHF)