2002 Commonwealth Games

17th Commonwealth Games
Host city	Manchester, England,
Motto	The Spirit of Friendship[1]
Nations participating	72[2]
Athletes participating	3,863
Events	14 individual and 3 team sports
Opening ceremony	25 July 2002
Closing ceremony	4 August 2002
Officially opened by	Queen Elizabeth II
Athlete's Oath	James Hickman
Queen's Baton Final Runner	David Beckham and Kirsty Howard
Main Stadium	City of Manchester Stadium

The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester, England from 25 July to 4 August 2002. The XVII Commonwealth Games was the largest multi-sport event ever to be held in the UK, eclipsing London's 1948 Summer Olympics in numbers of teams and athletes participating.

After the 1996 Manchester bombing, the Games formed the catalyst for the widespread regeneration and heavy development of Manchester, and bolstered its reputation as a European and Global City internationally. Rapid economic development and continued urban regeneration of the now thriving city continued after the Games and has helped cement its place as one of the main cities in the United Kingdom.

Events were held across Greater Manchester. The opening and closing ceremonies, the athletic and the rugby sevens events were held at the City of Manchester Stadium, which was purpose built for the Games. Unusually for a large multi-sport event – the second largest competition by number of countries and athletes participating – the shooting events were held in the National Shooting Centre in Bisley, Surrey, some 200 miles (322 km) from the main focus of the Games in Manchester. Seventy-two nations competed in 14 individual sports and 3 team sports events.

Sporting legacy includes the British Cycling team who inherited the Manchester Velodrome and went on to win eight gold medals at the 2008 Olympics, partly attributed to the availability of the velodrome. Manchester City Football Club inherited the City of Manchester Stadium, and as a result, have since found themselves in a desirable investment opportunity in age of foreign football investment. The club was taken over by the Abu Dhabi United Group led by Sheikh Mansour in 2008, without the stadium, a takeover would have been far less certain.^[3][4] The club are now one of the leading football clubs in England which has heightened the profile of Manchester further.

Queen's Jubilee Baton Relay

The 2002 Queen's Jubilee Baton Relay, the continuation of a tradition that started with the 1958 Games, consisted of the relay of an electronic baton, containing a personal message from Queen Elizabeth II across 23 Commonwealth nations. The relay culminated in the arrival of the baton at the City of Manchester Stadium, opening the Games. The speech was then removed electronically from the baton, and read by Her Majesty to open the Games.^[5]

The 2002 Baton itself was designed by a company called IDEO, and was constructed of machined aluminium with the handle plated for conductivity. It weighed 1.69 kg, reached over 710 mm, and was 42.5 mm to 85 mm in diameter. The Queen’s message itself was held in an aluminium capsule inserted into the top of the Baton. On either side of the Baton were two sterling silver coins, designed by Mappin and Webb, which celebrated the City of Manchester as host of the XVII Commonwealth Games.

The Baton was also equipped with sensors that detected and monitored the Runner’s pulse rate. This information was then conveyed to a series of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), via a light behaviour module. The lens then transformed the LEDs into a shaft of bright blue pulsating light which synchronised with each new Runner. The hearts of the Runner and the Baton then beat as one until it was passed on, symbolising the journey of humanity and the essence of life.

The Queen's Jubilee Baton Relay passed through over 500 cities, towns and villages across the UK and the Baton was carried by 5,000 individuals, with each Runner carrying the Baton up to 500 yards, however on Saturday 15 June, the baton was snatched from a runners hand in the town of Connah's Quay, Deeside.

The UK Baton Runners were made up of people from all walks of life including athletes, celebrities and local heroes from all over the country. Around 2500 Jubilee Runners were nominated by the community to carry the Baton, because they made a special contribution to their community or achieved a personal goal against the odds.

The judging of the Jubilee Runners was conducted by a panel of judges under the supervision of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award in January 2002. The relay was sponsored by Cadbury Schweppes, a major UK confectionery and soft drinks manufacturer.

Opening ceremony

The Opening Ceremony was produced by Jack Morton Worldwide. David Zolkwer was the Project & Artistic Director, Julie Brooks was Executive Producer.

Five-time Olympic champion Sir Steve Redgrave opened the two-and-a-quarter-hour opening ceremony by banging a large drum, which initiated a co-ordinated dance and fireworks act. The champion rower was joined on the stage by sporting stars including yachtswoman Ellen MacArthur, heptathlete Denise Lewis, long-distance runner Moses Kiptanui, swimmer Susie O'Neill and sprinter Donovan Bailey. The Grenadier Guards shared the arena with pop band S Club and Salford-born opera singer Russell Watson sang the Games' theme, "Faith of the Heart", while the arrival of Her Majesty the Queen was greeted with a flypast by the Red Arrows. England football captain David Beckham helped chaperone Queen's Baton final runner Kirsty Howard, assisting the terminally ill six-year-old to hand the baton to the Queen. A 4,000-strong cast took part in the £12m spectacular, which in theme and tone consisted of a mix of "pomp and pop", combining the ceremonial aspects of the Games with a party-style atmosphere, based on Manchester's reputation as the party city of "Madchester". The ceremony was voiced by broadcaster Anthony Davis.

The traditional athletes' parade was led by previous hosts Malaysia, and England brought up the rear before the Queen as the Head of the Commonwealth, declared the Games open:

"All of us participating in this ceremony tonight, whether athletes or spectators, or those watching on television around the world, can share in the ideals of this unique association of nations,"

"We can all draw inspiration from what the Commonwealth stands for, our diversity as a source of strength, our tradition of tolerance...our focus on young people, for they are our future."

Venues

• 

  The City of Manchester Stadium during the Games

• 

  Manchester Aquatics Centre

• 

  Manchester Velodrome

• 

  The MEN Arena

• 

  The G-Mex

The Games' main venue was the City of Manchester Stadium, which hosted all athletics events, the rugby sevens and the opening and closing ceremonies. The stadium was a downscaled version of that proposed during Manchester's bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics. Construction started in January 2000,^[6] and was completed shortly before the Games. The cost was approximately £110 million, £77 million of which was provided by Sport England, with the remainder funded by Manchester City Council.^[7] For the Commonwealth Games the stadium featured a single lower tier running around three sides of the athletics track, and second tiers to the two sides, with an open-air temporary stand at one end, giving an overall capacity of 38,000.^[8] The stadium formed the centrepiece of an area known as Sportcity. Other venues in Sportcity include the Manchester Velodrome, which hosted cycling, and the £3.5m National Squash Centre, which was built specifically for the Games.^[9]

Swimming and diving events took place at Manchester Aquatics Centre, another purpose-built venue, and the only one in the United Kingdom with two 50m pools.^[10]

The shooting events were held at the National Shooting Centre, Bisley (located in Surrey). The NSC saw major redevelopment of all its ranges in order to host the fullbore rifle, smallbore rifle, pistol and clay target events.

New records or other notable events

• Australian Ian Thorpe set a world record in the 400 metre freestyle swimming.^[11]

• English Zoë Baker set a world record in the 50 metre breaststroke.^[12]

• English track athlete Paula Radcliffe won her first major gold medal in the 5,000 metres,^[13] to record a time of 14:31.42, over 20 seconds ahead of silver medallist Edith Masai of Kenya and 1 minute 21 seconds faster than the inaugural running of the event four years earlier.

• In the final of the 100 m for men (athletics), the two English favourites (Dwain Chambers & Mark Lewis-Francis) both pulled up with injuries. The race was won by Kim Collins of Saint Kitts and Nevis, winning the country's first Commonwealth title.

• Simon Whitfield of Canada, the 2000 Olympic champion and the 2008 Olympic silver medallist, won gold in the triathlon.

• On the last day of track competition, England won gold in both the men's 4x100 and 4x400 relays by tiny margins, recording the same time (38.62) as the Jamaican quartet in sprint relay and holding off a fast finishing Welsh team by 1/100th of a second in the longer race, with a winning time of 3:00.40.

• The women's 4x400 relay was won by Australia after the favoured Jamaican team dropped the baton.

• In winning the triple jump England's Jonathan Edwards simultaneously held the World, Olympic, European and Commonwealth championships and the World record. He would lose the European title a week later in Munich.

• Another world record was set in the 4000 metre team pursuit at the track cycling by the Australian team. Scot Chris Hoy took the individual time trial and 19-year old Nicole Cooke of Wales won the women's cycling road race.

• South African swimmer Natalie du Toit created history. As well as winning her events in the newly-included disabled swimming event, the 18-year-old, missing the lower section of her left leg, made the final of the 800 metre able-bodied freestyle event in one of a small number of disabled sporting events integrated into the games.

• In gymnastics England's Beth Tweddle and Kanukai Jackson took gold in the asymmetric bars and all around events respectively. Herodotos Giorgallas also won the first gymnastics gold ever for Cyprus when tying with Scotland's Steve Frew.

Cultureshock and Festival Live

Further information: Cultureshock at the 2002 Commonwealth Games

Cultureshock was the Commonwealth Games Cultural Programme which ran alongside the Games themselves. The events ranged from images of the athlete as hero in sculpture and photography (Go! Freeze, which ran at Turton Tower in Bolton) to a Zulu performance at The Lowry. There was an exhibition at the Whitworth Art Gallery called Tales of Power: West African Textiles, and a performance of the film Monsoon Wedding at Clwyd Theatr Cymru. The geographical range was from Cheshire in the south to Blackburn and Cumbria in the north, and included that year the various Melas that take place around the region.

Cultureshock also ensured that a wide range of cultural events and acts reached the "man on the street", with the city centre of Manchester filled with bands, performers, and artists of various forms entertaining the thousands of visitors to the Games. It also coincided with the BBC's 2002 Festival Live series of open air concerts and celebrations around the country, held to celebrate the Queen's Golden Jubilee. Many of the cultural events were covered by the BBC 2002 radio station covering the games.

Closing ceremony

The Closing Ceremony was produced by Jack Morton Worldwide. David Zolkwer was the Project & Creative Director, Julie Brooks was the Executive Producer and Nigel Jameson was Artistic Director.

The Queen ended 11 days of competition at a rain-drenched closing ceremony in the City of Manchester Stadium. She declared the Games closed in front of a 38,000 sell-out crowd gathered in the stadium. She also called on the athletes to assemble again in four years in Melbourne and to continue displaying the "friendship" they had shown in Manchester. The ceremony, attended by Prime Minister Tony Blair and several other dignitaries, took place in pouring rain and like the opening ceremony, mixed "pomp with pop". Australian Ian Thorpe, the star of the Games with his six swimming golds, carried his national flag into the arena, along with athletes from each of the other competing countries. Around 40,000 balloons were released into the rainy Manchester sky as the ceremony concluded with a spectacular fireworks display.

Closing ceremony highlights included:^[14]

• Children covering themselves with red, blue and white paint to portray a giant British flag before unveiling a giant portrait of the Queen as a Golden Jubilee gift.

• The athletes bringing their national flags into the stadium

• South African swimmer Natalie du Toit being honoured as the outstanding athlete of the Games.^[15]

• The symbolic handover of the Commonwealth Games Ceremonial Flag to Melbourne, host city for the 2006 Games.

• A spectacular presentation with over 1,700 lanterns, which ended with the message 'Seek Peace' lit up in vast letters on the floor of the arena.

• Coronation Street stars Steve Arnold and Tracy Shaw (who played characters Ashley and Maxine Peacock) arriving in one of 40 Morris Minors which became the centre of a song-and-dance showpiece.

• Hip-hop DJ Grandmaster Flash encouraging the massed ranks to "make some noise" as athletes and volunteers poured into the arena to music from the likes of Will Young, Dave Stewart, Heather Small, Jimmy Cliff and Toploader.

• Australian singer Vanessa Amorosi sang her signature tune, Shine and a song about the city of Melbourne, "I’ll always be a Melbourne girl" just as it began to pour with rain.

Legacy and impact on host nation

In terms of infrastructure, the Games were the catalyst for the widespread redevelopment of the east of the city, an area which had remained derelict since the departure of heavy industry some decades before. To many these Commonwealth Games are the benchmark for the new era in CWG hosting and for cities wishing to bid for them.

Sporting legacy included the City of Manchester Stadium which was handed to Manchester City Football Club, which in turn replaced the ageing Maine Road. The club has since found themselves in a desirable position for investment with a 50,000, modern stadium with striking architecture - only Arsenal with the Emirates Stadium can propose a similar alternative. In 2008, the club was taken over by the Abu Dhabi United Group led by Sheikh Mansour. Consequently they have become one of the most talked about clubs in the world with a series of transfers which has increased the profile of Manchester further as Manchester City became challengers for titles. Journalists have stated Mansour would not had bought the City had the club not had the 50,000 stadium.

British Cycling inheriting the Manchester Velodrome after the games. At the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, the Great British cycling claimed 8 of the 18 gold medals on offer, including 14 of the 54 medals available altogether. This unprecedented achievement was partly attributed the availability of a velodrome.

Local communities benefited from facilities built for the game such as the Manchester Aquatics Centre, the Northern Regional Tennis Centre and the National Squash Centre. There were comprehensive upgrades of Belle Vue and Moss Side leisure centres serve their local communities.

Olympic president Jacques Rogge said the Games had gone a long way to restoring Britain's credibility in terms of hosting big sporting events.^[16] It has since been said that the success of the games was a major factor in reassuring the UK's sporting authorities and the government that the country could successfully stage major successful international sporting events and that, without them, London's successful bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics would not have come about.^[17][18] Public houses and restaurants in Manchester reported a threefold increase in takings during the Games, and local tourism board Marketing Manchester estimate some 300,000 more visitors will come to the city each year as a result of its increased profile.^[14] It is estimated that by 2008 £600m has been invested in the region as a result of the Games and that about 20,000 jobs had been created.^[19]

Medal table by country

  Host nation (England)

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Australia	82	62	63	207
2	England	54	52	60	166
3	Canada	31	41	46	118
4	India	30	22	17	69
5	New Zealand	11	13	21	45
6	South Africa	9	20	17	46
7	Cameroon	9	1	2	12
8	Malaysia	7	9	18	34
9	Wales	6	13	12	31
10	Scotland	6	8	16	30
11	Nigeria	5	3	12	20
12	Kenya	4	8	4	16
13	Jamaica	4	6	7	17
14	Singapore	4	2	7	13
15	Bahamas	4	0	4	8
16	Nauru	2	5	8	15
17	Northern Ireland	2	2	1	5
18	Cyprus	2	1	1	4
19	Pakistan	1	3	4	8
20	Fiji	1	1	1	3
20	Zambia	1	1	1	3
22	Zimbabwe	1	1	0	2
23	Namibia	1	0	4	5
24	Tanzania	1	0	1	2
25	Bangladesh	1	0	0	1
25	Guyana	1	0	0	1
25	Mozambique	1	0	0	1
25	Saint Kitts and Nevis	1	0	0	1
29	Botswana	0	2	1	3
30	Uganda	0	2	0	2
31	Samoa	0	1	2	3
32	Trinidad and Tobago	0	1	0	1
33	Barbados	0	0	1	1
33	Cayman Islands	0	0	1	1
33	Ghana	0	0	1	1
33	Lesotho	0	0	1	1
33	Malta	0	0	1	1
33	Mauritius	0	0	1	1
33	Saint Lucia	0	0	1	1
Total		282	280	336	898

References

1. ^ "Spirit of Friendship Festival". Manchester 2002 Ltd. Summer 2002. http://m2002.thecgf.com/Home/Festival/default.asp. Retrieved 2 May 2008. 
2. ^ The four Home Nations of the United Kingdom — England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland — send separate teams to the Commonwealth Games, as do the three Crown Dependencies — Jersey, the Isle of Man and Guernsey — and 9 of the 14 British Overseas Territories. The Cook Islands and Niue, non-sovereign territories in free association with New Zealand, and Norfolk Island, an external territory of Australia, also compete separately. There are thus 53 members of the Commonwealth of Nations, but 72 competing teams at the Commonwealth Games.
3. ^ "Sheikh Mansour needs his money to be spent on flair not caution". The Guardian. 11 November 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/blog/2010/nov/11/manchester-city-sheikh-mansour. Retrieved 2011-09-04. 
4. ^ "Abu Dhabi empire building reaches east Manchester". The Guardian. 8 October 2008. http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/oct/08/premierleague.manchestercity. Retrieved 2011-09-04. 
5. ^ Southport & Mersey Reporter Speeches from the Closing of the Commonwealth Games 2002.
6. ^ "City of Manchester Stadium". Centre for Accessible Environments. Archived from the original on 19 July 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060719215927/http://www.cae.org.uk/casemanchester.html. Retrieved 22 July 2006. 
7. ^ "City of Manchester Stadium". Commonwealth Games Legacy. Archived from the original on 3 January 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070103144802/http://www.gameslegacy.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi/30. Retrieved 27 August 2006. 
8. ^ James, Gary (2006). Manchester City - The Complete Record. Derby: Breedon. ISBN 1-85983-512-0.  p105
9. ^ "National Squash Centre". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/content/articles/2005/09/21/national_squash_centre_venue_feature.shtml. Retrieved 2 May 2008. 
10. ^ "Venue Guide: Manchester Aquatics Centre". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/spl/venue_guide/html/aquatics_ctr.stm. Retrieved 2 May 2008. 
11. ^ Anon (2 August 2002). "Thorpe's six of the best". BBC. pp. BBC sport. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/swimming/newsid_2166000/2166261.stm. Retrieved 6 October 2010. 
12. ^ Anon (31 July 2002). "Baker charges to gold". BBC sport. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/swimming/newsid_2164000/2164763.stm. Retrieved 6 October 2010. 
13. ^ Anon (28 July 2002). "Radcliffe roars to elusive gold". BBC Sport. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/athletics/newsid_2157000/2157700.stm. Retrieved 6 October 2010. 
14. ^ ^{a b} "Manchester games hailed a success" (http). Commonwealth Games 2002. BBC Sport. 3 August 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/front_page/newsid_2170000/2170044.stm. Retrieved 2 May 2008. 
15. ^ Anon (4 August 2002). "Du Toit voted top athlete". BBC sport. BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/swimming/newsid_2172000/2172596.stm. Retrieved 6 October 2010. 
16. ^ "Rogge rules out joint Olympic bid" (http). Commonwealth Games 2002. BBC Sport. 3 August 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport3/commonwealthgames2002/hi/features/newsid_2170000/2170208.stm. Retrieved 1 May 2008. 
17. ^ "London 2012 Olympics" (http). politics.co.uk. 24 April 2008. Archived from the original on 23 April 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080423180155/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/issue-briefs/domestic-policy/sport/london-2012-olympics/london-2012-olympics-$366671.htm. Retrieved 2 May 2008. 
18. ^ "England's Northwest set to reap rewards of 2012" (http). Liverpool is European capital of culture. North west Development Agency. 13 January 2006. http://www.nwda.co.uk/news--events/press-releases/200601/england%E2%80%99s-northwest-set-to-rea.aspx. Retrieved 2 May 2008. 
19. ^ "London 2012- what's in it for us?" (http). Inside Out North West. BBC. 4 February 2008. http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/content/articles/2008/04/02/north_west_olympics_s13_w6_feature.shtml. Retrieved 2 May 2008. 

External links

• Website by The Commonwealth Games Federation 2002
• Website by Manchester LTD. 2002
• General BBC site
• BBC Sports
• The Empire Strikes Back – 2002 Australian radio programme (with transcript) on the history and future of the "friendly games".

Preceded by Kuala Lumpur

Commonwealth Games Manchester XVII Commonwealth Games

Succeeded by Melbourne