Mark Satin

Mark Satin
Mark Satin

Satin talking about "life and political ideologies" in 2011
Born Mark Ivor Satin
16 November 1946 (1946-11-16) (age 65)
Nationality American
Alma mater New York University School of Law
University of British Columbia
Occupation Political theorist
Author
Newsletter publisher
Years active 1967–present
Notable works Radical Middle
New Age Politics
Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada
Influenced by J. D. Salinger, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, Jane Jacobs, Carl Rogers, Benjamin Franklin
Website
http://www.radicalmiddle.com

Mark Ivor Satin (born 16 November 1946) is an American political theorist, author, and newsletter publisher. Although often referred to as a "draft dodger"[1][2] or "draft resister",[3] he is better known for contributing to the development and dissemination of three political perspectives – neopacifism in the 1960s, New Age politics in the 1970s and 1980s, and radical centrism in the 1990s and 2000s. Satin's work is sometimes seen as building toward a new political ideology, and then it is often labeled "transformational",[4] "post-liberal",[5] or "post-Marxist".[6] One historian calls Satin's writing "post-hip".[7]

After emigrating to Canada at the age of 20, Satin co-founded the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme, which helped bring American Vietnam War resisters to Canada. He also wrote the Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada, published by House of Anansi Press in 1968. The Manual sold nearly 100,000 copies[8] and introduced one of Satin's key themes: self-preservation and self-development are prerequisites for positive social change. After a period that author Marilyn Ferguson describes as Satin's "anti-ambition experiment",[9] Satin wrote the book New Age Politics, published by Dell in 1979. Despite what some see as its off-putting title, New Age Politics is widely recognized as the first, most ambitious, or most adequate attempt to construct an original political ideology out of the social movements of the post-Vietnam era. It identifies an emergent "third force" in North America pursuing such goals as simple living, decentralism, and global responsibility. Satin spread his ideas by co-founding an American political organization, the New World Alliance, and by publishing an award-winning[10] international political newsletter, New Options. He also helped express early Green political thought by co-drafting the foundational statement of the U.S. Green Party, "Ten Key Values".

After a period of political disillusion, spent mainly in law school and practicing business law,[11] Satin started another political newsletter and wrote the book Radical Middle, published by Westview Press and Basic Books in 2004. Radical Middle became one of the few non-academic books to win a "Best Book Award" from a section of the American Political Science Association.[12] In it Satin abandons political partisanship as traditionally understood, in favor of a commitment to mutual learning and innovative policy syntheses across political and cultural divides. Elsewhere he contrasts the old Maoist slogan "Dare to struggle, dare to win" with his own version, "Dare to synthesize, dare to take it all in".[13]

Satin has been described as "colorful"[14] and "intense",[15] and all his initiatives have been controversial. Bringing war resisters to Canada was opposed by many in the anti-Vietnam War movement. New Age Politics was not welcomed by many on the traditional left or right, and Radical Middle dismayed an even broader segment of the American political community. Even Satin's personal life has generated controversy.

Contents

Early years

Many mid-1960s American radicals came from small cities in the Midwest and Southwest,[16] as did Satin: he grew up in Moorhead, Minnesota,[17] and Wichita Falls, Texas.[18] His father, who saw combat in World War II,[19] was a college professor and author of a Cold War-era textbook on Western civilization.[20] His mother was a homemaker.[21]

Lapel pin showing black and white hands clasping
The SNCC pin. Satin dropped out of college at age 18 to work with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Mississippi.

In high school, Satin appeared to be a model citizen – for example, he wrote a regular column on teenage affairs for the Moorhead newspaper.[9] But another side surfaced within months of his leaving for university.[22] In early 1965, at age 18, he dropped out of the University of Illinois [23] to work with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in Holly Springs, Mississippi.[11] Later that year, he was told to leave Midwestern State University, in Texas, for refusing to sign a loyalty oath to the United States Constitution.[11] In 1966 he became president of a Students for a Democratic Society chapter at the State University of New York at Binghamton, and helped induce nearly 20% of the student body to join.[11] One trimester later he dropped out,[24] then emigrated to Canada to avoid serving in the Vietnam War.[25]

Just before leaving for Canada, Satin's father told him he was trying to destroy himself.[19] Satin's mother told the Ladies' Home Journal she could not condone her son's actions, and added, "Oh Mark, my sweet little Mark, why don't you grow up and become a big boy."[26] The night Satin arrived in Canada, he struggled to hold back tears.[27]

Neopacifism, 1960s

See also: Draft dodger, Nonviolent resistance, and War resister

Toronto Anti-Draft Programme

Door painted with peace dove carrying maple leaf
The "sunny yellow"[25] street door to Satin's office on busy Spadina Avenue in Toronto, August 1967. (Photo by John F. Phillips.)

As 1967 began, many American pacifists and radicals did not look favorably on emigration to Canada as a means of resisting the Vietnam War.[28] For some this reflected a core conviction that effective war resistance requires self-sacrifice.[29][30] For others it was a matter of strategy – emigration was said to be less impactful than going to jail[31] or deserting the military,[32] or was said to abet the war by siphoning off the opposition.[28] At first, Students for a Democratic Society and many Quaker draft counselors opposed promoting the Canadian alternative,[33] and Canada's largest counseling group, the Anti-Draft Programme of the Student Union for Peace Action (SUPA)[34] – whose board consisted largely of Quakers and radicals[35] – was sympathetic to such calls for prudence.[36][37] In January 1967 its spokesman warned an American audience that emigration "isn't easy" and that the Programme was not willing to act as "baby sitters" for Americans after they arrived. He added that he was "tired of" talking to the press.[38]

When Mark Satin was hired as director of the Programme in April 1967, he attempted to change not just the Programme's culture but the attitude of the war resistance movement toward emigration. His efforts continued after SUPA collapsed and he co-founded the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme, with largely the same board of directors, in October 1967.[37][39] Instead of valorizing self-sacrifice, he emphasized the importance of self-preservation and self-development to social change.[40] Instead of sympathizing with pacifists' and radicals' strategic concerns, he rebutted them, telling the New York Times that massive emigration of draft-age Americans could help end the war,[41] and telling another reporter that going to jail was bad public relations.[26]

Instead of emphasizing the difficulties of emigration, Satin emphasized the competence of his draft counseling operation,[25][18] and even boasted of giving cash grants to emigrants who were without funds.[41] Instead of refusing to "baby sit" Americans after they arrived, Satin made post-emigration assistance a top priority – the office soon sported comfortable furniture, a hot plate, and free food,[25] and within a few months, 200 Torontonians had opened their homes to war resisters and a job-finding service had been established.[41] Finally, instead of exuding indifference to reporters, Satin courted them, and many responded,[42] beginning with a May 1967 article in the New York Times Magazine that included a large picture of Satin counseling Vietnam War resisters in the refurbished office.[17] Some of the publicity focused on Satin as much as on his cause.[25][18] According to historian Pierre Berton, Satin's profile was so high he became the virtual spokesman for war resisters in Canada.[43]

Satin defined himself as a neopacifist or quasi-pacifist[44] – flexible, media-savvy, and entrepreneurial.[45] He told the New York Times Magazine he might have fought against Hitler.[17] He was not even against the draft, telling reporters he would support it for a defensive army[46][47] or to help eliminate poverty, illiteracy, and racial discrimination.[46] He avoided the intellectual framework of traditional pacifism and socialism. Sometimes he spoke with emotion, as when he described the United States to the New York Times Magazine as "[t]hat godawful sick, foul country; could anything be worse?"[17] Sometimes he spoke poetically, as when he told author Jules Witcover, "It's colder here, but you feel warm because you know you're not trying to kill people."[48] Instead of identifying with older pacifists, he identified with a 17-year-old character from the pen of J. D. Salinger: "I was Holden Caulfield", he said in 2008, "just standing and catching in the rye."[19]

The results of Satin's approach were noticeable: the Programme went from averaging fewer than three visitors, letters, and phone calls per day just before he arrived,[38] to averaging 50 per day nine months later.[19] In addition, the American anti-war movement became more accepting of emigration to Canada – for example, the biggest distributors of Satin's Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada turned out to be draft counseling, "resistance", and peace groups, and the Quaker-affiliated American Friends Service Committee.[49] However, Satin's approach was distressing to the traditional pacifists and socialists on the Programme's board. The board clashed with Satin over at least 10 political, strategic, and performance issues.[39] The most intractable may have been over the extent of the publicity.[19] There were also concerns about Satin's personal issues; for example, one war resister claims to have heard him say, "Anonymity would kill me".[50] In May 1968, the board finally fired him.[39] He was 21 years old.

Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada

Five young people sitting and talking intently
Satin counseling draft-age Americans in Toronto, August 1967. Until the Manual was published, counseling sessions could take hours.[18] (Photo by Laura Jones.)

Before Satin was fired, he conceived and wrote, and edited guest chapters for, the Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada, published in January 1968[26] by the House of Anansi Press in partnership with the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme.[39] The Programme had issued brochures on emigration before[51] – including a 12-page "tract" under Satin's watch[26] – but the Manual was different, a comprehensive, 45,000-word book, and it quickly turned into an "underground bestseller".[52] Many years later, Toronto newspapers reported that nearly 100,000 copies of the Manual had been sold.[8][53] One journalist calls it the first entirely Canadian-published bestseller in the United States.[54]

The Programme was initially hesitant about producing the Manual,[55] which promised to draw even more war resisters and publicity to it. "The [board] didn't even want me to write it", Satin says. "I wrote it at night, in the SUPA office, three or four nights a week after counseling guys and gals 8 to 10 hours a day – pounded it out in several drafts over several months on SUPA's ancient Underwood typewriter."[39] When it finally appeared, some leading periodicals helped put it on the map.[54] For example, the New York Review of Books called it "useful",[56] and the New York Times said it contains "detailed advice" about everything from how to qualify as an immigrant to jobs, housing, schools, politics, culture, and even the snow.[41] After the war, sociologist John Hagan found that more than a third of young American emigrants to Canada had read the Manual while still in the United States, and nearly another quarter obtained it after they arrived.[57]

"Draft resisters have had and should continue to have only normal difficulties immigrating [to Canada]. Probably any young American can get in if he is really determined, though all will need adequate information. ... The toughest problem a draft resister faces is not how to immigrate but whether he really wants to. And only you can answer that. For yourself. That's what Nuremberg was all about."

– Mark Satin in 1968, on military service and the individual conscience.[58]

The Manual reflected Satin's neopacifist politics. "The language is clear, succinct, and plain", says Matthew Roth in an academic study. "Missing is the New Left rhetoric common in much activist literature of the time".[59] The first part of the Manual, on emigration, argues that self-preservation is more important than sacrifice to a dubious cause.[40] The second half, on Canada, spotlights opportunities for self-development and social innovation.[60] According to Canadian social historian David Churchill, the Manual helped Canadians re-envision Toronto as culturally inclusive and politically progressive.[61]

Inevitably, the Manual became a lightning rod for controversy. Some observers took issue with its perspective on Canada[62]; most notably, the Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature criticizes its "condescending tone" in describing Canada's resources.[63] Elements in the U.S. and Canadian governments may have been upset by the Manual. According to journalist Lynn Coady, the FBI and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) attempted to wiretap Anansi's offices.[64] In addition, Anansi co-founder Dave Godfrey is convinced a 10-day federal audit of the press was generated by FBI-RCMP concerns.[39] Many people did not want the Programme to "encourage" draft-eligible Americans to emigrate to Canada,[65][54] and Satin routinely denied that the Manual encouraged emigration.[47][66] But few observers believed him, then or later. The first sentence of a New York Times article from 1968 describes the Manual as "a major bid to encourage Americans to evade military conscription".[41] Canadian essayist Robert Fulford remembers the Manual as offering a "warm welcome" to draft dodgers.[67] Even a House of Anansi anthology from 2007 concedes that the Manual is "coyly titled".[64]

Soon after the appearance of the second edition of the Manual, which had a print run of 20,000,[39] Satin was fired and his name removed from the title page of most subsequent editions. According to a study of the Manual in Canadian Notes & Queries, a literary journal, some later editions experienced a falloff in quality.[39] Nevertheless, the Manual arguably stands as an icon of its era.[39] It has appeared in at least five novels as a "significant 'character'", including John Irving's A Prayer for Owen Meany,[39] and it continues to be pored over by historians,[68] social scientists,[69] and graduate students.[70]

Confessions of a Young Exile

Twentysomething with big smile and long hair
Satin working on his books Confessions of a Young Exile and New Age Politics in 1975

Until the 1990s, literary critic William Zinsser says, memoir writers tended to conceal their most personal and embarrassing memories.[71] In the 1970s Satin wrote a memoir revealing many such memories as a neopacifist activist during the years 1964–66, Confessions of a Young Exile, published by Gage, a Toronto publishing house soon to merge with Macmillan of Canada. Confessions is "a remarkable exercise in self-exposure", playwright John Lazarus says in a review. "The insights into the hero's motives and fears are so honest, and so mortifyingly true, that it soon becomes evident that the [naive] tone is deliberate."[72]

To some reviewers, Satin appears to have had a political goal – encouraging activists to establish common ground with ordinary North Americans on the basis of their shared confusion and humanity. For example, Jackie Hooper, the Vancouver Province reviewer, argues that the purity of motives projected by many pacifist activists is unconvincing, and recommends Satin's more complex view: "Satin's emigration wasn't dictated totally by his idealism. More often than not, he talked himself into radical positions ... as a result of trying to impress his peers or his girlfriend, or rebelling against middle-class parental authority".[73]

Some reviewers were unenthusiastic. For example, Dennis Duffy, the Toronto Globe and Mail reviewer, describes Satin's memoir as a "story about a young man who doesn't grow up".[74] Satin's memoir encountered a more fundamental obstacle than unenthusiastic reviews, however. Many years later, the Toronto Star reported that the publisher decided to not let Satin do any publicity for the book, because of his potentially offensive views.[19]

New Age politics, 1970s – 1980s

See also: New Age and Future studies

New Age Politics, the book

Line drawing of Carl Rogers's head
Carl Rogers's (1902–1987) ideas about human potential helped shape New Age Politics.[75] He later joined Satin's New Options advisory board.

As the 1970s began, the New Left faded away,[76] and a plethora of movements arose in its wake – among them the feminist, men's liberation, spiritual, human potential, ecology, appropriate technology, alternative education, and holistic health movements.[77][78] After graduating from the University of British Columbia in 1972,[15] Satin immersed himself in all these movements, either directly[79] or as a reporter for Canada's underground press.[9] He also took up residence in a free-love commune.[19] "One fierce winter's day", he says, "... it dawned on me that the ideas and energies from the various 'fringe' movements [were] beginning to generate a coherent new politics. But I looked in vain for the people and groups that were expressing that new politics (instead of merely bits and pieces of it)".[3] So Satin set out to write a book that would express the new politics in all its dimensions.[3] He wrote, designed, typeset, and printed the first edition of New Age Politics himself, in 1976.[80] A 240-page edition was published by Vancouver's Whitecap Books in 1978,[81] and a 349-page edition was published by Dell Publishing Company in New York in 1979. It is now widely regarded as the "first",[82] "most ambitious",[83] or "most adequate"[84] attempt to offer a systemic overview of the new post-socialist politics arising in the wake of the New Left. Some academics say it offers a new "ideology".[85]

At the heart of New Age Politics is a critique of the consciousness we all supposedly share, a "six-sided prison" that has kept us all trapped for hundreds or even thousands of years. The six sides of the "prison" are said to be: patriarchal attitudes, egocentricity, scientific single vision, the bureaucratic mentality, nationalism (xenophobia), and the "big city outlook" (fear of nature). Since consciousness, according to Satin, "ultimately" determines our institutions, prison consciousness is said to be ultimately responsible for "monolithic" institutions that offer us little in the way of freedom of choice or connection with others. Some representative monolithic institutions are: bureaucratic government, automobile-centered transportation systems, attorney-centered law, doctor-centered health care, and church-centered spirituality.[86]

"Gradually reorganize the armed forces into a multipurpose civilian-defense-and-social-service organization that would train us in the arts of nonviolent and 'territorial' – nonviolent plus guerrilla – defense. [And] re-establish the civilian draft. Without a civilian army the powerful life-rejecting people in this country may never peacefully relinquish their power; and without a citizenry professionally trained in the arts of nonviolent and territorial defense, we may never dare to put an end to the arms race."

– Mark Satin in 1979, on military service and New Age ideals.[87]

To explain how to break free of the prison and its institutions, Satin develops a "psychocultural" class analysis that reveals the existence of "life-", "thing-", and "death-oriented" classes. According to Satin, life-oriented individuals constitute an emerging "third force" in post-industrial nations. The third force is generating a "prison-free" consciousness consisting of androgynous attitudes, spirituality, multiple perspectives, a cooperative mentality, local-and-global identities, and an ecological outlook. To transform prison society, Satin argues, the third force is going to have to launch an "evolutionary movement" to replace – or at least supplement – monolithic institutions with life-affirming, "biolithic" ones. Some representative biolithic institutions are: deliberative democracy as an alternative to bureaucratic government, bicycles and mass transit as an alternative to the private automobile, and mediation as an alternative to attorney-centered law. According to Satin, the third force will not have to overthrow capitalism, since Western civilization – not capitalism – is said to be responsible for the prison. But the third force will want to foster a prison-free New Age capitalism through intelligent regulation and elimination of all subsidies.[86]

The reaction to New Age Politics was, and continues to be, highly polarized. Many of the movements Satin drew upon to construct his synthesis received it favorably,[88] though some took exception to the title.[89] Some maverick liberals and libertarians are drawn to the book.[1][90] It was eventually published in Sweden[91] and Germany,[92] and European New Age political thinkers came to see it as a precursor of their own work.[93] Others see it as proto-Green.[94][95] Ever since its first appearance, though, and continuing into the 21st century, New Age Politics has been a target of criticism for two politically disparate groups: Biblical Christians and left-wing intellectuals.

Among Biblical Christians, for example, attorney Constance E. Cumbey warns that the book can be "seductive" to those who lack an adequate Biblical education.[96] Theologian Ron Rhodes is convinced Satin wants a centralized and coercive world government.[97] And philosopher Douglas Groothuis says Satin's vision is morally unsound because it lacks an absolute standard of good and evil.[98] Among left-leaning academics, political scientist Michael Cummings takes issue with the idea that consciousness is ultimately determining.[99] Science-and-society professor David Hess rejects the idea that economic class analysis should give way to psychocultural class analysis.[100] And political scientist Dana Cloud criticizes New Age Politics for employing a "therapeutic rhetoric[] generated to console activists after the failure of post-1968 revolutionary movements and to legitimate participation in liberal politics".[101]

New World Alliance

Twenty people sitting in a circle
Governing council of the New World Alliance meets at a lodge in the Catskill Mountains of New York, September 1980.

After U.S. President Jimmy Carter gave amnesty to Vietnam War resisters in 1977, Satin began giving talks on New Age Politics in the United States.[9] His first talk received a standing ovation, and he wept.[3] Every talk seemed to lead to two or three more, and "the response at New Age gatherings, community events, fairs, bookstores, living rooms, and college campuses" kept Satin going for two years.[11] By the second year he began laying the groundwork for the New World Alliance, a national political organization based in Washington, D.C.[9] "I went systematically to 24 cities and regions from coast to coast", he told the authors of the book Networking.[102] "I stopped when I found 500 [accomplished] people who said they'd answer a questionnaire ... on what a New Age-oriented political organization should be like – what its politics should be, what its projects should be, and how its first directors should be chosen."[102]

The New World Alliance held its first "governing council" meeting in New York City in 1979.[102] The 39-member council was chosen by the questionnaire-answerers themselves, out of 89 who volunteered to be on the ballot.[102] Political scientist Arthur Stein describes the council as an eclectic collection of educators, feminists, businesspeople, futurists, think-tank fellows, and activists.[103] One of the council's announced goals was to break down the old divisions between left and right.[103] Another was to become one of the organizations facilitating the transformation of society.[104] Satin was named staff member of the Alliance.[9]

Expectations ran high among supporters of a post-liberal, post-Marxist politics,[105] and the governing council did initiate several projects. For example, a series of "Political Awareness Seminars" attempted to help participants understand and learn to work with their political opponents.[106] And a "Transformation Platform" attempted to synthesize left- and right-wing approaches to dozens of contentious public policy issues.[103] But within three years the Alliance fell apart, unable to establish stable chapters in any major cities.[107] Author Jerome Clark suggests the cause was the Alliance's overriding commitment to consensus-building in all its groups and projects; within months, he notes, one member was complaining that the Alliance had turned into a "diddler's cult".[107] Another proffered explanation focuses on the failure – or inability – of the hyper-democratic questionnaire process to select an appropriate governing council.[107]

Satin was devastated by the decline of the Alliance, and engaged in unhappy bouts of public criticism and self-criticism.[108] "We would rather be good than do good", he told editor Kevin Kelly. "We would rather be pure than mature. We are the Beautiful Losers."[109] As time went on, though, the Alliance came to be regarded positively by many observers. For example, author Corinne McLaughlin sees it as one of the first groups to offer an agenda for the new transformational politics.[110] And political scientist Stephen Woolpert acknowledges it as a precursor of North American Green parties.[111]

New Options Newsletter

Face of a smiling elderly woman
Seminal thinker Jane Jacobs (1916–2006), Satin's hero in the early 1960s,[112][113] became an advisor to New Options.

After four or five New World Alliance governing council meetings, Satin became tired of what he saw as feel-good rhetoric, and decided to do something practical – start a political newsletter.[9] He raised $91,000 to launch the venture, from 517 people he had met on his travels,[9] and within a few years had built it into what think-tank scholar George Weigel described as "one of the hottest political newsletters in Washington[, D.C.]. ... [It] has gotten a fair amount of [national] attention, and perhaps even some influence, because it self-consciously styles itself 'post-liberal'."[114] Satin published 75 issues of New Options from 1984 to 1992, virtually half a million words.[115] He wrote nearly all the articles.[5] In 1989 New Options received Utne Reader's first "Alternative Press Award for General Excellence: Best Publication from 10,000 to 30,000 Circulation",[10] and in 1990 the Washington Post identified New Options as one of 10 periodicals spearheading "The Ideology Shuffle".[116] Twenty-five of its articles were published as a book by a university press.[117]

Satin wanted New Options to make the visionary perspective of New Age Politics seem pragmatic and realizable.[118] He also wanted New Options to spread the New Age political ideology more effectively than the New World Alliance had done.[119] To those ends, he challenged traditional thinking across the political spectrum,[120] and he expanded the purview of politics to include subjects like love and relationships.[120] In her book Do You Believe in Magic?, culture critic Annie Gottlieb says New Options offered:

an explosive short course in political possibility. ... What are the best books and groups in the consumer empowerment (not "protection") and neighborhood self-reliance movements? Who is working on practical, compassionate, populist alternatives to the welfare state and the big-business state? What is the best way to cut the budget deficit? What can we learn from the Sri Lankan Sarvodaya (local self-help) and Polish Solidarity movements? Each issue presents ideas, names and addresses, and a crossfire of reader debate.[118]

"I think the reason New Options works is it has a particular tone", Satin told one reporter. "It's as idealistic as many of us were in the 1960s, but ... without the childishness".[5]

New Options owed its rise to more than just content and tone, however. Positioning was also a factor. The New Age political movement was cresting in the 1980s,[121] and it needed a credible political periodical. Satin's book New Age Politics had helped define the movement,[107] and the New Options advisory board – a collection of prominent post-liberal thinkers – gave the newsletter further credibility. At the outset it included Lester R. Brown, Ernest Callenbach, Fritjof Capra, Willis Harman, Hazel Henderson, Petra Kelly, Amory Lovins, Joanna Macy, Robin Morgan, John Naisbitt, Jeremy Rifkin, Carl Rogers, Theodore Roszak, Kirkpatrick Sale, and Charlene Spretnak,[122] and over the years it added such figures as Herman Daly, Marilyn Ferguson, Jane Jacobs, Winona LaDuke, and Robert Rodale.[123]

New Options did not succeed in all quarters. Jules Feiffer, for example, often seen as being on the liberal-left, called it "irritating" and "neo-yuppie".[124] Jason McQuinn, often seen as a radical, objected to what he perceived as its relentless American optimism.[125] And George Weigel, often seen as a conservative, said it consisted largely of a cleverly repackaged leftism.[114] Satin himself turned out to be one of the newsletter's critics. "I could have edited New Options forever", he wrote in 2004. "But, increasingly, I was becoming dissatisfied with my hyper-idealistic politics".[11] His experiences in the U.S. Green politics movement contributed to that dissatisfaction.[126][127]

"Ten Key Values" of the U.S. Green Party

See also: Green Party (United States) and History of the Green Party (United States)
Dozens of people standing and cheering
U.S. Green Party national political convention, Chicago, July 2008. A "modified" Ten Key Values statement remained part of their platform.

By the mid-1980s, Green parties were making inroads all over the world.[128][129] A slogan of the West German Greens was, "We are neither left nor right; we are in front".[130] Some observers, notably British Green Party liaison Sara Parkin, saw the New World Alliance and New Options Newsletter as Green entities;[104] others saw the early Greens as one expression of New Age politics.[107][131] In 1984, Satin was invited to the founding meeting of the U.S. Green politics movement.[132] The meeting chose him, along with political theorist Charlene Spretnak, to draft its foundational political statement, "Ten Key Values".[130][133] Some accounts recognize futurist and New Options advisor Eleanor LeCain as a co-equal drafter.[130][134] The drafters drew on suggestions recorded on a flip chart during a marathon plenary brainstorming session, as well as on a plethora of suggestions received by Satin and Spretnak during the meeting and for many weeks afterward.[130][134]

The original "Ten Key Values" statement was approved by the Greens' national steering committee[134] and released in late 1984. The values in the original statement are: "Ecological Wisdom", "Grassroots Democracy", "Personal and Social Responsibility", "Nonviolence", "Decentralization", "Community-based Economics", "Postpatriarchal Values", "Respect for Diversity", "Global Responsibility", and "Future Focus".[135][136] One unusual aspect, say many observers, is the way the values are described; instead of declaratory statements full of "shoulds" and "musts", each value is followed by a series of open-ended questions.[137][138] "That idea ... came from Mark Satin", Spretnak told scholar Greta Gaard in 1997.[130] Its effect, says sociologist Paul Lichterman, was to promote dialogue and creative thinking in local Green groups across the U.S.[138]

"How can we, as a society, develop effective alternatives to our current patterns of violence, at all levels, from the family and the street to nations and the world? How can we eliminate nuclear weapons from the face of the Earth without being naive about the intentions of other governments? How can we most constructively use nonviolent methods to oppose practices and policies with which we disagree ... ?"

– Original "Ten Key Values" statement, on nonviolence and Green politics.[139]

The original values statement was, and remains, controversial. U.S. Green Party co-founder John Rensenbrink credits it with helping to unify the often contentious Greens.[140] However, party co-founder Howie Hawkins sees it as just a watered-down, "spiritual", and "New Age" version of the German Greens' Four Pillars statement.[130] Greta Gaard says it fails to call for the elimination of capitalism or racism.[141] And Green activist Brian Tokar says that "the voice of the original [values] questions is distinctly personal ... and aims to avoid fundamental conflicts with elite social and cultural norms."[142] A "modified"[137] list of the Ten Key Values became part of the U.S. Greens' political platform.[143] However, all the open-ended questions were replaced by declaratory sentences,[143] and the U.S. Greens have come to be regarded as a party of the left, rather than one seeking to be neither left nor right.[144]

Satin himself quit the Greens in 1990. He gave a featured speech at the U.S. Green gathering in 1987 urging them to avoid hyper-detailed platform writing and other projects and specialize in one thing – running people for office who endorse the Ten Key Values. But the speech fell flat.[133] After the Green gathering in 1989, he urged them to abandon hippie-era fears of money, authority, and leadership.[145] After the 1990 gathering he complained "I've been Pure before,"[146] an allusion to his time in the New World Alliance. According to Greta Gaard, he then bid farewell to the Greens, but acknowledged it as a loss: "Whatever I may think of their internal battles and political prospects, the Greens are My People. Their life choices are my life choices; their failings mirror my own."[147] Within a year of voicing those words, he stopped New Options Newsletter and applied to law school.[120] He was 45 years old.

Radical centrist politics, 1990s – 2000s

See also: Radical center (politics) and Postpartisan

Radical Middle Newsletter

Big-city street with corner restaurant
KFC in Vietnam. Satin's Radical Middle Newsletter saw American investment abroad as a "chance for mutual learning".

The 1990s are remembered, by many in the West, as a time of relative prosperity and satisfaction.[148] According to some historians, visionary politics appeared to be on the decline.[149][150] However, even after Satin entered New York University School of Law in 1992, he expressed no desire to abandon his project of helping to construct a post-liberal, post-Marxist ideology.[15] He did admit to being disillusioned with his approach. "I knew my views (and I personally) would benefit from engagement with the real world of commerce and professional ambition", he wrote.[11] Seven years later, he returned to Washington, D.C., to launch a new political newsletter, Radical Middle.[11]

As the title indicates, it sought to distance itself from New Age politics. If the term "New Age" suggests utopianism,[1] the term "radical middle" suggests, for Satin and others, keeping at least one foot firmly on the ground.[151][152] Satin attempted to embrace the promise but also the balance implied by the term.[153][154] One feature story is entitled "Tough on Terrorism, and Tough on the Causes of Terrorism".[155] Another feature story attempts to go beyond polarized positions on biotechnology.[153] Another argues that corporate activity abroad can best be seen as neither inherently moral nor inherently imperialistic, but as a "chance for mutual learning".[156] Even the board of advisors of Radical Middle Newsletter signaled Satin's new direction. It was politically disparate, and many of its members sought to promote dialogue or collaboration across ideological divides. By the end of 2004 it included John Avlon, Don Beck, Jerry H. Bentley, Esther Dyson, James Fallows, Jane Mansbridge of the Harvard Kennedy School, John Marks and Susan Collin Marks of Search for Common Ground, Susan Partnow of the National Coalition for Dialogue & Deliberation, and William L. Ury of Getting to YES.[157]

Radical Middle Newsletter proved controversial. Many applauded Satin's new direction; for example, a professor of management wrote that unlike Satin's former newsletter, Radical Middle spoke about "reality".[158] Scholarly books began citing the newsletter.[159][160] And in a book on globalization, Walter Truett Anderson said Radical Middle "carries the encouraging news of an emerging group with a different voice, one that is 'nuanced, hopeful, adult'. ... It is essentially a willingness to listen to both sides of the argument."[153] But three objections were often heard. Some critics accused Satin of mendacious policy proposals, as when peace studies scholar Michael N. Nagler wrote that the article "praising humanitarian military intervention as the 'peace movement' of our time, is nothing short of an insult ... to the real peace movement" [emphasis in original].[161] Other critics accused Satin of abandoning his old constituency, as when author and former New Options advisor David Korten chided him for consciously choosing pragmatism over idealism.[162] And others accused Satin of indifference to ordinary Americans, as when the executive editor of Yes! Magazine said Satin favored globalization because it appealed to his interests and those of his law school "buddies".[163]

To some extent, these objections were inevitable. New Options Newsletter was based on the ideals set forth in New Age Politics.[107] But Satin's radical middle project was experimental and inductive.[164] Satin's theoretical statement, the book Radical Middle, did not appear until 2004, the newsletter's sixth year. Until then, the only glimpse Satin gave of his larger vision appeared in an article he wrote for an academic journal.[165]

Radical Middle, the book

Painting of Benjamin Franklin in green coat
Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790). Satin calls him the radical middle's Founding Father because of his penchant for "creatively borrowing" from everyone.

Satin's book Radical Middle: The Politics We Need Now, published by Westview Press and Basic Books in 2004, attempts to present radical centrism as a political ideology.[166] It is considered one of the two or three "most persuasive"[167] or most representative[168][169] books on the subject, and it received the "Best Book Award" for 2003 and 2004 from the Section on Ecological and Transformational Politics of the American Political Science Association.[12] It also generated – like all Satin's works – criticism and controversy.

Satin presents Radical Middle as a revised and evolved version of his New Age Politics book, rather than as a rejection of it.[11] The radical middle idea does go back in time with him. As early as 1980, author Marilyn Ferguson identified him as part of what she called the "Radical Center",[170] and in 1987 culture critic Annie Gottlieb said Satin was trying to prompt the New Age and New Left to evolve into a "New Center".[171] But the revisions Satin introduces are substantial. Instead of defining politics as a means for creating the ideal society, as he did in New Age Politics,[1] he defines radical middle politics as "idealism without illusions" – more creative and future-oriented than politics-as-usual, but willing to face "the hard facts on the ground".[166] Instead of arguing that change will be brought about by a "third force", he says most Americans are already radical middle – "we're very practical folks, and we're very idealistic and visionary as well."[154]

Instead of arguing that Americans need to change their consciousness and decentralize their institutions, as he did in New Age Politics,[107] Satin says they can build a good society if they adopt and live by Four Key Values: maximize choices for all Americans, give every American a fair start, maximize every American's human potential, and help the peoples of the developing world. Instead of finding those values in the writings of contemporary theorists, Satin says they are just updates of the values that animated the American Revolution: liberty (maximize choices), equality (a fair start), pursuit-of-happiness (human potential), and fraternity (help the developing world). He calls Benjamin Franklin the radical middle's favorite Founding Father, and says Franklin "wanted us to invent a uniquely American politics that served ordinary people by creatively borrowing from all points of view."[172]

Instead of refusing to focus on the messy details of governance, a signature refusal of New Age Politics,[173] Satin devotes the bulk of Radical Middle to fleshing out policy proposals rooted in the Four Key Values. (Among them: universal access to private, preventive health insurance, class-based rather than race-based affirmative action, mandatory national service, and opening U.S. markets to more products from poor nations.) Finally, instead of calling on "life-oriented" people to become radical activists for a New Age society, Satin calls on people of every political stripe to work from within for social change congruent with the Four Key Values.[172]

"I think most of us secretly know – and those of us at the radical middle are inclined to say – that without such concepts as duty and honor and service, no civilization can endure. ... I suspect most Americans would respond positively to a [draft] if it gives us some choice in how to exercise that duty and service. ... Exactly the kind of choice my generation did not have during the Vietnam War."

– Mark Satin in 2004, on mandatory national service and the individual conscience.[174]

Satin's mandatory national service proposal drew significant media coverage,[175][154] in part because of his status as a draft refuser.[2] Satin argues that a draft could work in the United States if it applied to all young people, without exception, and if it gave everyone a choice in how they would serve.[154] He proposes three service options: military (with generous benefits), homeland security (at prevailing wages), and community care (at subsistence wages).[176] On Voice of America radio, Satin presented his proposal as quintessentially radical-middle, drawing from the best of the left and the right.[175] On National Public Radio he emphasized its fairness.[154]

Radical Middle provoked, and continues to provoke, essentially three kinds of responses. Some respondents find Satin's beyond-left-and-right policy proposals to be unrealistic and arrogant. For example, political writer Charles R. Morris says "Satin's nostrums" echo the "glibness and overweening self-confidence ... in Roosevelt's brain trust, or in John F. Kennedy's."[177] And the policy director of the Democratic Leadership Council says Satin's book "ultimately places him in the sturdy tradition of 'idealistic' American reformers who think smart and principled people unencumbered by political constraints can change everything."[178] A second group of respondents applauds Satin's capacity to combine the best ideas from the left and the right.[166] But these respondents are typically more drawn to Satin as a policy advocate – or as a counterweight to partisan militants like Ann Coulter [179] – than they are to him as a political theorist. For example, Robert Olson of the World Future Society warns Satin against presenting the radical middle as a new "ideology".[166]

A third group of respondents appreciates Satin's work as a policy advocate. But they also see him as attempting something rarer and, arguably, richer – to raise politics to a higher level by synthesizing truths from all the political ideologies.[13] Author Corinne McLaughlin identifies Satin as one of those creating an ideology about ideologies.[180] She quotes him:

Coming up with a solution is not a matter of adopting correct political beliefs. It is, rather, a matter of learning to listen – really, listen – to everyone in the circle of humanity, and to take their insights into account. For everyone has a true and unique perspective on the whole. [Many] years ago the burning question was, How radical are you? Hopefully someday soon the question will be, How much can you synthesize? How much do you dare to take in?[181]

Later life

Life changed for Satin after writing and publicizing his Radical Middle book. In 2006, at the age of 60, he moved from Washington, D.C., to the San Francisco Bay Area to reconcile with his father, from whom he had been estranged for 40 years.[19] "With the perspective of time and experience," Satin told one reporter, "I can see he was not altogether out to lunch."[19] Later that year Satin discovered his only life partner. He describes it as "no accident".[115]

In 2009 Satin revealed he was losing his eyesight as a result of macular edema and diabetic retinopathy.[115] He stopped Radical Middle Newsletter but expressed a desire to write a final political book.[115] From 2009 to 2011 he presented occasional guest lectures on "life and political ideologies" in peace studies classes at the University of California, Berkeley.[182]

Legacy

Mark Satin has been a controversial public figure since the age of 20. Assessments of his significance vary widely.

Passengers mounting bus at Greyhound bus station
A "networker" before the Internet, Satin rode the bus for two years to connect like-minded activists across the U.S.

Some observers see him as an exemplary figure. David Armstrong, for example, in his study of independent American journalism, presents Satin as an embodiment of the "do-it-yourself spirit" that makes an independent press possible.[80] Futurists Jessica Lipnack and Jeffrey Stamps portray Satin as a pioneer "networker" who spent two years riding the bus across the U.S. in an attempt to connect like-minded thinkers and activists.[102] Marilyn Ferguson, author of The Aquarian Conspiracy, says that by engaging in a lifelong series of personal and political experiments with few resources, Satin is playing the role of the holy "Fool" for his time.[9]

Other observers stress the freshness of Satin's political vision. Social scientists Paul Ray and Sherry Anderson, for example, argue that Satin anticipated the perspectives of 21st century social movements better than nearly anyone.[3] Humanistic psychologist John Amodeo says Satin is one of the few political theorists to grasp the connection between personal growth and constructive political change.[183] Political scientist Christa Slaton's short list of "nonacademic" transformationalists consists of Alvin and Heidi Toffler, Fritjof Capra, Marilyn Ferguson, Hazel Henderson, Betty Friedan, E. F. Schumacher, John Naisbitt, and Mark Satin.[4]

Some see Satin as a classic example of the perpetual rebel, and trace the cause back to his early years. For example, author Roger Neville Williams focuses on the harshness and "paternalistic rectitude" of Satin's parents.[26] Novelist Dan Wakefield, writing in The Atlantic, says Satin grew up in a small city in northern Minnesota like Bob Dylan, but did not have a guitar to express himself with.[184] According to historian Frank Kusch, the seeds for rebellion were planted when Satin's parents moved him at age 16 from liberal Minnesota to still-segregated Texas.[185]

Although many observers praise or are intrigued by Satin, many find him dismaying. Memoirist George Fetherling, for example, remembers him as a publicity hound.[50] Literary critic Dennis Duffy calls him incapable of learning from his experiences.[74] Green Party activist Howie Hawkins sees him as a political opportunist.[130] The Washington Monthly portrayed him in his 50s as a former New Age "guru",[186] and Commonweal magazine compares reading him to listening to glass shards grate against a blackboard.[177]

The major substantive criticisms of Satin's work have remained constant over time. His ideas are sometimes said to be superficial; they were characterized as childish in the 1960s,[17] naive in the 1970s,[187] poorly reasoned in the 1980s[188] and 1990s,[189] and overly simple in the 2000s.[190] His ideas have also occasionally been seen as not politically serious,[191] or as non-political in the sense of not being capable of challenging existing power structures.[192][193] His work is sometimes said to be largely borrowed from others, a charge that first surfaced with regard to his draft dodger manual,[50] and was repeated to varying degree by critics of his books on New Age politics[90] and radical centrism.[194]

Satin has long been faulted for mixing views from different parts of his political odyssey. In the 1970s for example Toronto Star editor Robert Nielsen argued that Satin's leftist pacifism warps his New Age vision.[1] Three decades later, public-policy analyst Gadi Dechter argued that Satin's New Age emotionalism and impracticality blunts his radical centrist message.[195] At age 58, Satin suggested his message could not be understood without appreciating all the strands of his personal and political journey:

From my New Left years I took a love of political struggle. From my New Age years I took a conviction that politics needs to be about more than endless struggle – that responsible human beings need to search for reconciliation and healing and mutually acceptable solutions. From my time in the legal profession I took an understanding (and it is no small understanding) that sincerity and passion are not enough – that to be truly effective in the world one needs to be credible and expert. ...

Many Americans are living complicated lives now – few of us have moved through life in a straight line. I think many of us would benefit from trying to gather and synthesize the difficult political lessons we've learned over the course of our lives.[112]

Publications

Books

Newsletters

  • Radical Middle Newsletter, 120 issues, 1999–2009. ISSN 1535-3583. Originally hard-copy only, now largely online. Newsletter accessed 17 April 2011, ISSN accessed 28 September 2011.
  • New Options Newsletter, 75 issues, 1984–1992. ISSN 0890-1619. Always hard-copy only and not online, but 25 cover stories are collected in Satin's New Options for America book. ISSN accessed 28 September 2011.

Selected articles and interviews

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Robert Nielsen, "A Slightly Flawed Blueprint for a Whole New Society", Toronto Star, 26 January 1977, p. B4. Editorial page.
  2. ^ a b Burt Constable, "When It Comes to Death and War, There's No Dodging the Issues", Daily Herald (suburban Chicago), 4 February 2003, p. 9.
  3. ^ a b c d e Paul H. Ray and Sherry Ruth Anderson, The Cultural Creatives: How 50 Million People Are Changing the World, Harmony Books / Random House, 2000, pp. 206–07. ISBN 978-0-609-60467-0.
  4. ^ a b Christa Daryl Slaton, "An Overview of the Emerging Political Paradigm: A Web of Transformational Theories", in Stephen Woolpert, Christa Daryl Slaton, and Edward W. Schwerin, eds., Transformational Politics: Theory, Study, and Practice, State University of New York Press, 1998, p. 11. ISBN 978-0-7914-3945-6.
  5. ^ a b c Jeff Rosenberg, "Mark's Ism: New Options's Editor Builds a New Body Politic", Washington City Paper (Washington, D.C.), 17 March 1989, pp. 6–8.
  6. ^ Dana L. Cloud, "Socialism of the Mind: The New Age of Post-Marxism," in Herbert W. Simons and Michael Billig, eds., After Postmodernism: Reconstructing Ideology Critique, SAGE Publications, 1994, p. 235. ISBN 978-0-8039-8878-1.
  7. ^ Timothy Miller, The Hippies and American Values, University of Tennessee Press, 1991, p. 139. ISBN 978-0-87049-693-6.
  8. ^ a b James Adams, "'The Big Guys Keep Being Surprised By Us'", Toronto Globe and Mail, 20 October 2007, p. R6. Accessed 14 September 2011.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Marilyn Ferguson, "Foreword", in Mark Satin, New Options for America: The Second American Experiment Has Begun, The Press at California State University / Southern Illinois University Press, 1991, pp. x–xiii. ISBN 978-0-8093-1794-3.
  10. ^ a b The Editors, "The Alternative Press Awards", Utne Reader magazine, issue no. 35, September–October 1989, pp. 90–91.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Mark Satin, Radical Middle: The Politics We Need Now, Basic Books, 2004, orig. Westview Press, 2004, pp. 28–30. ISBN 978-0-8133-4190-3.
  12. ^ a b The Editors, "Organized Sections Distribute Awards at 2004 Annual Meeting", PS Political Science & Politics, vol. 37, no. 4 (2004), p. 923. A journal of the American Political Science Association.
  13. ^ a b Carter Phipps, "Politics Gets Inclusive", What Is Enlightenment? magazine, June–August 2005, p. 29.
  14. ^ John Hagan, Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, Harvard University Press, 2001, pp. 74–76. ISBN 978-0-674-00471-9.
  15. ^ a b c The Editors, "New Students, Seasoned Pros", The Law School: The Magazine of the New York University School of Law, spring 1993, p. 9.
  16. ^ Kirkpatrick Sale, SDS, Vintage Books / Random House, 1973, pp. 204–07. ISBN 978-0-394-71965-8.
  17. ^ a b c d e Oliver Clausen, "Boys Without a Country", The New York Times Magazine, 21 May 1967, pp. 25 and 96–98.
  18. ^ a b c d John Burns, "Deaf to the Draft: Called in US, but Asleep in Toronto", Toronto Globe and Mail, 11 October 1967, pp. 1–2. A large head shot of Satin is on p. 1.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lynda Hurst, "A Picture and a Thousand Words", Toronto Star, 24 August 2008, p. ID8. Accessed 17 April 2011.
  20. ^ Joseph Satin, The Humanities Handbook, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969. ISBN 978-0-03-071140-4.
  21. ^ Mark Satin, Confessions of a Young Exile, Gage Publishing Co. / Macmillan of Canada, 1976, pp. 6–8. ISBN 978-0-7715-9954-5.
  22. ^ Satin, Confessions, Chap. 2.
  23. ^ Satin, Confessions, pp. 49–50.
  24. ^ Satin, Confessions, pp. 187–88.
  25. ^ a b c d e Anastasia Erland, "Mark Satin, Draft Dodger", Saturday Night magazine (Canada), September 1967, pp. 21–23. Cover story.
  26. ^ a b c d e Roger Neville Williams, The New Exiles: American War Resisters in Canada, Liveright Publishers, 1971, pp. 62–66. ISBN 978-0-87140-533-3.
  27. ^ Satin, Confessions, p. 1.
  28. ^ a b Michael S. Foley, Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance During the Vietnam War, University of North Carolina Press, 2003, p. 78. ISBN 978-0-80782-767-3.
  29. ^ Charles DeBenedetti, An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era, Syracuse University Press, 1990, pp. 129–30. ISBN 978-0-8156-0245-3.
  30. ^ Anne Morrison Welsh, Held in the Light: Norman Morrison's Sacrifice for Peace and His Family's Journey of Healing, Orbis Books, 2008, pp. 3–6. ISBN 978-1-57075-802-7.
  31. ^ Pierre Berton, 1967: The Last Good Year, Doubleday Canada, 1997, p. 201. Quoting Joan Baez and Stokely Carmichael. ISBN 978-0-385-25662-9.
  32. ^ Sale, SDS, pp. 364–65.
  33. ^ Jan Schreiber, "Canada's Haven for Draft Dodgers", The Progressive magazine, January 1968, p. 36.
  34. ^ David S. Churchill, "An Ambiguous Welcome: Vietnam Draft Resistance, the Canadian State, and Cold War Containment", Histoire Sociale / Social History, vol. 37, no. 73 (2004), p. 8.
  35. ^ Churchill, "Ambiguous Welcome," p. 9.
  36. ^ Renée G. Kasinsky, Refugees from Militarism: Draft-Age Americans in Canada, Transaction Books, 1976, p. 98. ISBN 978-0-87855-113-2.
  37. ^ a b Matthew McKenzie Bryant Roth, Crossing Borders: The Toronto Anti-Draft Programme and the Canadian Anti-Vietnam War Movement, M.A. Thesis in History, University of Waterloo (Canada), 2008, p. 28. Accessed 28 August 2011.
  38. ^ a b John Maffre, "Draft Dodgers Conduct Own Anti-U.S. Underground War from Canadian Sanctuary", Washington Post, 22 January 1967, p. E1.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Joseph Jones, "The House of Anansi's Singular Bestseller", Canadian Notes & Queries, issue no. 61, spring–summer 2002, pp. 19–21.
  40. ^ a b Mark Satin, ed., Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada, House of Anansi Press, 2nd ed., 1968, Chap. 1. No ISBN, but see OCLC 467238. Accessed 28 September 2011.
  41. ^ a b c d e Edward Cowan, "Expatriate Draft Evaders Prepare Manual on How to Immigrate to Canada", New York Times, 11 February 1968, p. 7.
  42. ^ Schreiber, "Canada's Haven", p. 34.
  43. ^ Berton, 1967: The Last, p. 199.
  44. ^ Michael S. Cummings, "Mind Over Matter in the Prison", Alternative Futures, vol. 4, no. 1 (1981), p. 164.
  45. ^ For more on neopacifist activism in the 1960s, see:
  46. ^ a b Earl McRae, "US Draft Dodgers in Toronto: Safe – and Lonely", Toronto Star, 5 August 1967, p. 8.
  47. ^ a b Gary Dunford, "Toronto's Anti-Draft Office Jammed; Korea, New Viet Attacks Said Cause", Toronto Star, 3 February 1968, p. 25.
  48. ^ Jules Witcover, The Year the Dream Died: Revisiting 1968 in America, Warner Books, 1997, p. 6. ISBN 978-0-446-67471-3.
  49. ^ Roth, Crossing Borders, p. 32.
  50. ^ a b c George Fetherling, Travels By Night: A Memoir of the Sixties, McArthur & Company Publishing (Canada), 2000, orig. 1994, p. 138. ISBN 978-1-55278-132-6.
  51. ^ Churchill, "Ambiguous Welcome", pp. 6–7.
  52. ^ Myra MacPherson, Long Time Passing: Vietnam and the Haunted Generation, Doubleday and Company, 1984, p. 357. ISBN 978-0-385-15842-8.
  53. ^ Patricia Hluchy, "1968 Was a Tumultuous Year of Protest in Cities Around the World", Toronto Star, 1 June 2008, p. 6. Accessed 14 September 2011.
  54. ^ a b c Williams, New Exiles, p. 67.
  55. ^ Roth, Crossing Borders, pp. 27–28.
  56. ^ Paul Lauter and Florence Howe, "The Draft and Its Opposition", The New York Review of Books, 20 June 1968, p. 30. Accessed 17 April 2011.
  57. ^ Hagan, Northern Passage, pp. 77–78.
  58. ^ Satin, ed., Manual, p. 6.
  59. ^ Roth, Crossing Borders, p. 24.
  60. ^ Roth, Crossing Borders, pp. 25–27.
  61. ^ Churchill, "Ambiguous Welcome", p. 7.
  62. ^ Gary Dunford, "'Forgettable' Toronto – Where There's NO Draft", Toronto Star, 14 February 1968, pp. 1, 4.
  63. ^ Eva-Marie Kroller, "Introduction", in Eva-Marie Kroller, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Canadian Literature, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 18. ISBN 978-0-521-81441-6.
  64. ^ a b Lynn Coady, "Introduction", in Lynn Coady, ed., The Anansi Reader: Forty Years of Very Good Books, House of Anansi Press (Canada), 2007, p. 5. ISBN 978-0-88784-775-2.
  65. ^ Editorial, "Don't Incite U.S. Draft Dodgers", Toronto Star, 30 January 1968, p. 6.
  66. ^ Barry Craig, "5,000 Manuals Published Here for U.S. Draft Dodgers", Toronto Globe and Mail, 12 February 1968, p. 5.
  67. ^ Robert Fulford, "1968 – The Bogus Revolution", National Post newspaper (Canada), 29 March 2008, p. 27. Accessed 17 April 2011.
  68. ^ Churchill, "Ambiguous Welcome", pp. 6–8.
  69. ^ Hagan, Northern Passage, pp. 74–78.
  70. ^ Roth, Crossing Borders, pp. 18–33.
  71. ^ William Zinsser, "Introduction", in William Zinsser, ed., Inventing the Truth: The Art and Craft of Memoir, Mariner Books / Houghton Mifflin, 1998, p. 3. ISBN 978-0-395-90150-2.
  72. ^ John Lazarus, "Q's Reviews: Confessions of a Young Exile", printed transcript, CHQM-FM radio, Vancouver (Canada), 16 December 1976, pp. 1–2.
  73. ^ Jackie Hooper, "Satin Confesses He Talked Himself Into Exile", Vancouver Province, 4 October 1976, p. 20.
  74. ^ a b Dennis Duffy, "Perhaps Somewhere a Turgenev Is Waiting", Toronto Globe and Mail, 12 June 1976, p. 34.
  75. ^ Mark Satin, New Age Politics: Healing Self and Society, Delta Books / Dell Publishing Co., 1979, p. 305. ISBN 978-0-440-55700-5.
  76. ^ Todd Gitlin, The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage, Bantam Books, 1987, Chap. 18. ISBN 978-0-553-05233-6.
  77. ^ Marilyn Ferguson, The Aquarian Conspiracy: Personal and Social Transformation in the 1980s, Jeremy P. Tarcher Inc., 1980. ISBN 978-0-87477-191-6.
  78. ^ Gitlin, The Sixties, Chap. 19.
  79. ^ Satin, New Age Politics, Dell edition, p. 1.
  80. ^ a b David Armstrong, A Trumpet to Arms: Alternative Media in America, Jeremy P. Tarcher Inc. / South End Press, 1981, pp. 315-16. ISBN 978-0-89608-193-2.
  81. ^ Mark Satin, New Age Politics: Healing Self and Society, Whitecap Books (Canada), 1978. ISBN 978-0-920422-01-4.
  82. ^ Harvey Wasserman, "The Politics of Transcendence", The Nation magazine, 11 August 1985, pp. 146-47.
  83. ^ Carl Boggs, The End of Politics: Corporate Power and the Decline of the Public Sphere, Guilford Press, 2000, p. 170. ISBN 978-1-57230-504-5.
  84. ^ Andrew Ross, "New Age Technoculture", in Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler, eds., Cultural Studies, Routledge, 1991, p. 548. ISBN 978-0-415-90345-5.
  85. ^ Andrew Jamison, The Making of Green Knowledge: Environmental Politics and Cultural Transformation, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 5. ISBN 978-0-521-79252-3.
  86. ^ a b This paragraph combines material from the following sources:
    • Cloud, "Socialism of the Mind", pp. 231–40.
    • Cummings, "Mind Over Matter", pp. 158–66.
    • Richard G. Kyle, "The Political Ideas of the New Age Movement," Journal of Church and State, vol. 37, no. 4 (1995), pp. 831–48.
  87. ^ Satin, New Age Politics, Dell edition, p. 255.
  88. ^ Some positive "movement" views of New Age Politics are expressed in:
  89. ^ Sy Safransky, "Mark Satin, New Age Politics", The Sun magazine, April 1981, p. 2.
  90. ^ a b John McClaughry, "What's This New Age Stuff?", Reason magazine, August 1980, pp. 46–47.
  91. ^ Mark Satin, Politik for en Ny Tid, Wahlstrom & Widstrand (Sweden), 1981. No ISBN.
  92. ^ Mark Satin, Heile dich selbst und unsere Erde, Arbor Verlag (Germany), 1993. ISBN 978-3-924195-01-4.
  93. ^ Stuart Ross, Transforming the World: Bringing the New Age Into Focus, Peter Lang AG (Switzerland), 2005, p. 221. ISBN 978-0-8204-7241-6.
  94. ^ Fritjof Capra, "Vorwort", in Satin, Heile dich selbst, pp. 1–5.
  95. ^ Kenn Kassman, Envisioning Ecotopia: The U.S. Green Movement and the Politics of Radical Social Change, Praeger Publishers, 1997, pp. 121–22. ISBN 978-0-275-95784-1.
  96. ^ Constance E. Cumbey, The Hidden Dangers of the Rainbow: The New Age Movement and Our Coming Age of Barbarism, Huntington House, Inc., 1983, p. 264. ISBN 978-0-910311-03-8.
  97. ^ Ron Rhodes, New Age Movement, Zondervan Publishing House, 1995, p. 20. ISBN 978-0-310-70431-7.
  98. ^ Douglas R. Groothuis, Unmasking the New Age, InterVarsity Press, 1986, p. 126. ISBN 978-0-87784-568-3.
  99. ^ Cummings, "Mind Over Matter", p. 162.
  100. ^ David J. Hess, Science in the New Age, University of Wisconsin Press, 1993, p. 174. ISBN 978-0-299-13820-2.
  101. ^ Dana L. Cloud, Control and Consolidation in American Culture and Politics: Rhetoric of Therapy, SAGE Publications, 1998, p. 133. ISBN 978-0-7619-0506-6.
  102. ^ a b c d e Jessica Lipnack and Jeffrey Stamps, Networking: The First Report and Directory, Doubleday, 1982, pp. 107–08. ISBN 978-0-385-18121-1.
  103. ^ a b c Arthur Stein, Seeds of the Seventies: Values, Work, and Commitment in Post-Vietnam America, University Press of New England, 1985, pp. 134–36. ISBN 978-0-87451-343-1.
  104. ^ a b Sara Parkin, Green Parties: An International Guide, Heretic Books Ltd. (Britain), 1989, p. 294. ISBN 978-0-946097-27-2.
  105. ^ Hazel Henderson, The Politics of the Solar Age: Alternatives to Economics, Anchor Press / Doubleday, 1981, p. 19 n.8. ISBN 978-0-385-17150-2.
  106. ^ Corinne McLaughlin and Gordon Davidson, Spiritual Politics: Changing the World from the Inside Out, Ballantine Books / Random House, 1994, p. 109. ISBN 978-0-345-36983-3.
  107. ^ a b c d e f g Jerome Clark, "New Age Politics", in J. Gordon Melton, Jerome Clark, and Aidan A. Kelly, New Age Encyclopedia, Gale Research, Inc., 1990, pp. 323–25. ISSN 1047-2746. ISSN accessed 28 September 2011.
  108. ^ Stein, Seeds of the Seventies, pp. 136–39.
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  110. ^ McLaughlin, Spiritual Politics, p. 72.
  111. ^ Stephen Woolpert, "Preface: Paths to Transformational Politics", in Woolpert, Slaton, and Schwerin, eds., Transformational Politics, p. xi.
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  113. ^ Satin, Confessions, p. 25.
  114. ^ a b George Weigel, "No Options", American Purpose, vol. 3, no. 3 (1989), pp. 21–22.
  115. ^ a b c d Mark Satin, "Your Editor Says Goodbye", Radical Middle Newsletter, June 2009. Accessed 28 October 2011.
  116. ^ "The Ideology Shuffle," graphics display, Washington Post, 1 April 1990, "Outlook" section, p. 1.
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  118. ^ a b Annie Gottlieb, Do You Believe in Magic?: Bringing the 60s Back Home, Simon & Schuster, 1987, p. 153. ISBN 978-0-671-66050-5.
  119. ^ Bill Thomas, "Now 'New Age' Activists Search for Alternatives", Baltimore Sun, 17 April 1984, pp. B1–2.
  120. ^ a b c Helen Cordes, "New Options: Requiem Eterna", Utne Reader magazine, issue no. 51, May–June 1992, p. 46.
  121. ^ Richard Kyle, The New Age Movement in American Culture, University Press of America, 1995, pp. x and 198–99. ISBN 978-0-7618-0010-1.
  122. ^ Masthead, New Options Newsletter, issue no. 1, February 1984, p. 2.
  123. ^ Masthead, New Options Newsletter, issue no. 50, July 1988, p. 2.
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  125. ^ Jason McQuinn (Lev Chernyi, ed.), "Alternative Press Review", Anarchy: A Journal of Desire Armed magazine, summer 1988, p. 5.
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  128. ^ Fritjof Capra and Charlene Spretnak, Green Politics: The Global Promise, E. P. Dutton, 1984, Chaps. 1 and 8. ISBN 978-0-525-24231-4.
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  137. ^ a b Daniel A. Coleman, Ecopolitics: Building a Green Society, Rutgers University Press, 1994, pp. 98–99. ISBN 978-0-8135-2055-1.
  138. ^ a b Paul Lichterman, The Search for Political Community: American Activists Reinventing Commitment, Cambridge University Press, 1996, pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-521-48343-8.
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    • Joe Klein, "Stalking the Radical Middle", Newsweek magazine, 25 September 1995, pp. 32–36.
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  157. ^ Masthead, Radical Middle Newsletter, July 2004, p. 2.
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  162. ^ David Korten, in "Globalism and Localism: An Exchange", Radical Middle Newsletter, September 1999, p. 5.
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  167. ^ Leonard Santow and Mark Santow, Social Security and the Middle-Class Squeeze, Praeger Publishers / Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005, p. 4. ISBN 978-0-275-98881-4.
  168. ^ Christopher B. Strain, Reload: Rethinking Violence in American Life, Vanderbilt University Press, 2010, p. 149 n.26. ISBN 978-0-8265-1742-5.
  169. ^ Wendy L. Wall, Inventing the 'American Way': The Politics of Consensus from the New Deal to the Civil Rights Movement, Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 297–98 n.25. ISBN 978-0-19-532910-0.
  170. ^ Ferguson, Aquarian Conspiracy, pp. 228–29 and 434.
  171. ^ Gottlieb, Do You Believe?, p. 154.
  172. ^ a b This paragraph combines material from the following sources:
  173. ^ Gordon Flagler, "New Age Philosopher Good Despite Extreme Proposals", Ottawa Citizen (Canada), 4 June 1977, p. 39.
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  175. ^ a b Nancy Beardsley, "Independent Voters Put a New Face on US Politics", Voice of America newswire, 28 July 2004, p. 3. Originally Voice of America radio broadcast, 27 July 2004. Reproduced on the Epoch Times website. Accessed 28 August 2011.
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  178. ^ Kilgore, "Good Government", p. 59.
  179. ^ Larry Cox, "Shelf Life: Radical Middle", Tucson Citizen, 18 March 2004, "Calendar" section, p. 12.
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  181. ^ McLaughlin, Spiritual Politics, p. 81.
  182. ^ Mark Satin, "Fifty Contemporary Political Ideologies", Radical Middle website, 5 July 2011. Accessed 28 October 2011.
  183. ^ John Amodeo, "The Six-Sided Prison", Yoga Journal magazine, November–December 1978, pp. 62–63.
  184. ^ Dan Wakefield, "Supernation at Peace and War", The Atlantic magazine, March 1968, p. 42.
  185. ^ Frank Kusch, All American Boys: Draft Dodgers in Canada from the Vietnam War, Praeger Publishers, 2001, p. 100. ISBN 978-0-275-97268-4.
  186. ^ Kilgore, "Good Government", p. 58.
  187. ^ Richard Labonte, "Business for Humanity in the New Age", Ottawa Citizen, 10 April 1979, p. 32.
  188. ^ Cummings, "Mind Over Matter," pp. 161–64.
  189. ^ Cloud, Control and Consolidation, pp. 143, 146.
  190. ^ Marien, "Radical Middle", p. 9.
  191. ^ Robert Sarti, "TV Technology Used to Find God at Symposium", Vancouver Sun, 1 December 1976, p. 7.
  192. ^ Hess, Science in the New Age, p. 172.
  193. ^ Jamison, Making of Green Knowledge, p. 169.
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