Blancmange

For other uses, see Blancmange (disambiguation).

The Catalan menjar blanc, a variant of blancmange that is made without gelatine.

A blancmange that has been removed from its mould after it has set.

Blancmange ( /bləˈmɒnʒ/ or /bləˈmɑːndʒ/, French: [blɑ̃mɑ̃ʒ]; also known as shape) is a sweet dessert commonly made with milk or cream and sugar thickened with gelatin, cornstarch or Irish moss,^[1] and often flavored with almonds. It is usually set in a mould and served cold. Although traditionally white, blancmanges are frequently given a pink color as well. Some similar desserts are Bavarian cream, vanilla pudding (in US usage), panna cotta, and haupia.

The historical blancmange originated some time in the Middle Ages and usually consisted of capon or chicken, milk or almond milk, rice and sugar and was considered to be an ideal food for the sick. Tavuk göğsü, a Turkish dish still in use today, is made with shredded chicken, as was the medieval European dish.

History

The true origin of the blancmange is obscure, but it is believed that it was a result of the Arab introduction of rice and almonds in early medieval Europe.^[2] However, there is no evidence of the existence of any similar Arab dishes from that period; though the Arabic mahallabīyah is similar, its origins are uncertain. Several other names for related or similar dishes existed in Europe, such as the 13th century Danish hwit moos ("white mush"), the Anglo-Norman blanc desirree ("white Syrian dish") and Dutch calijs (from Latin colare, "to strain"). The oldest recipe found so far is from a copy of a Danish translation of German original by Henrik Harpestræng (died 1244), which dates back to the early 13th century at the latest. The German original is in turn assumed to have been based on a Latin or Romance vernacular manuscript from the 12th century or even earlier.^[3]

The "whitedish" (from the original Old French term blanc mangier) was an upper-class dish common to most of Europe during the Middle Ages and early modern period. It occurs in countless variations from recipe collections from all over Europe and is mentioned in the prologue to Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales and in an early 15th century cookbook written by the chefs of Richard II.^[4] The basic ingredients were milk or almond milk, sugar and shredded chicken (usually capon) or fish, and often combined with rosewater, rice flour, and mixed into a bland stew. Almond milk and fish were used as substitutes for the other animal products on fast days and Lent. It was also often flavored with spices like saffron or cinnamon and the chicken could be exchanged for various types of fowl, like quail or partridge. Spices were often used in recipes of the later Middle Ages since they were considered highly prestigious. The whitedish was one of the preparations that could be found in recipe collections all over Europe and one of the few truly international dishes of medieval and early modern Europe.

On festive occasions and among the upper classes, whitedishes was often rendered more festive by various coloring agents: a reddish golden yellow of saffron; green with various herbs; or sandalwood for russet. In 14th century France parti-coloring, the use of two bright contrasting colors on the same plate, was especially popular and was described by Guillaume Tirel (also known as Taillevent), one of the primary authors of the later editions of Le Viandier. The brightly colored whitedishes were one of the most common of the early entremets, edibles that were intended to entertain and delight through a gaudy appearance, as much as through flavor.

In the 17th century, the whitedish evolved into a meatless dessert pudding with cream and eggs and, later, gelatin. In the 19th century, arrowroot and cornflour were added and the dish evolved into the modern blancmange.

Etymology

The word blancmange derives from Old French blanc mangier. The name "whitedish" is a modern term used by some historians, though the name historically was either a direct translation from or a calque of the Old French term. Many different local or regional terms were used for the dish in the Middle Ages:

• English: blancmanger, blankmanger, blank maunger, blomanger, blamang
• Catalan: 'am (medieval), menjar blanc
• Portuguese: manjar branco
• Italian: mangiare bianco, blanmangieri, bramangere
• Spanish: manjar blanco
• Dutch/Flemish: blanc mengier
• German: blamensir
• Latin: albus cibus, esus albus

Though it is fairly certain that the etymology is indeed "white dish", medieval sources are not always consistent as to the actual color of the dish. Food scholar Terence Scully has proposed the alternative etymology of bland mangier, "bland dish", reflecting its often mild and "dainty" (in this context meaning refined and aristocratic) taste and popularity as a sick dish.^[5]

See also

• manjar blanco
• medieval cuisine
• tavuk göğsü
• Blancmange (Monty Python)

References

Notes

1. ^ Irish Moss Blanc-Mange. Farmer, Fannie Merritt. 1918. The Boston Cooking School Cookbook
2. ^ Ossa (2007), p. 71; "The Arab origin of blanc manger is well documented." (editor's translation)
3. ^ Hieatt, Constance B. (1995) Food in the Middle Ages, "Sorting Through the Titles of Medieval Dishes: What Is, or Is Not, a 'Blanc Manger'" p. 25-43.
4. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/manchester/8108213.stm Accessed on 19 June 2009
5. ^ Information on etymology taken from Scully, p. 208

Sources

• Food in the Middle Ages: A Book of Essays (1995) edited by Melitta Weiss Adamson ISBN 0-8153-1345-4
• Ossa, Germán Patiño (2007). Fogón de negros: cocina y cultura en una región latinoamericana.
• Scully, Terence (1995), The Art of Cookery in the Middle Ages. ISBN 0-85115-611-8

External links

• Blanc-Manger: A Journey Through Time
• More Intelligent Life article