List of political parties in Malaysia

Malaysia

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Malaysia

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This article lists political parties in Malaysia. While enjoying regular elections and political stability, Malaysia's institutional systems and infrastructure generally provide for a one-party dominant state in what has been described by observers as being a paradox of semi-authoritarian rule in a participatory political system that has brought about the development of a syncretic state.^[1]

Brief history and overview

Early developments

Early organised political movements in Malaysia were organised along regional and ethnic groups and were not political parties in the modern sense. They generally were loose alliances of interest groups and individuals primarily concerned with social welfare, social progress and religious reform among the Muslim Malay communities similar to interest groups and civil society organizations of today.^[2]

Religious reformers

Religious reformers played a large role in developing and disseminating ideas with magazines and periodicals like al-Imam' published in Singapore by Tahir Jalaluddin between 1906 to 1908, and al-Munir published in Penang by Abdullah Ahmad between 1911 to 1916. These in turn were primarily influenced by the Egyptian Islamic reform magazine, al-Manar published in Cairo by Rashid Rida from 1898 to 1936.^[3] While these publications were primarily concerned with the Islamic religion, it also touched extensively on the social, political and economic conditions of the Malays.^[4]

One of the first such movements was the New Hope Society (Malay: Persekutuan Pengharapan Belia) that was established in Johor Bahru in 1916. On September 14, 1923, a movement was established in Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt by students from British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies known as the Al-Jam'iyah Al-Khairiyah lit-tholabah Al-Azhariyah Al-Jawiyah (renamed in 1937 to the Indonesia Malaya Convention or Perhimpunan Indonesia Malaya; PERPINDOM).^[5] Composed primarily of students influenced by the Young Turks movement and later the Muslim Brotherhood, the movement encouraged intentional political and religious discourse through periodicals like Osman Abdullah's Seruan Al-Azhar (English: Al-Azhar Clarion) and Pilehan Timur (English: Oriental Choice).^[6]

Teachers' unions

The Sultan Idris Training College for Malay teachers in Tanjung Malim was fertile ground for the exchange of ideas. The establishment of the Selangor Malay Teachers Association (Malay: Persatuan Guru-guru Melayu Selangor) in 1921 by Muhammad Yusof paved the way for similar organizations to be set up in the other Federated Malay States and a magazine known as Majalah Guru (English: Teacher's Magazine) was published in 1923. This magazine allowed for the discussion of larger socio-economic issues as well political issues, establishing itself as one of the influences in the development of Malay nationalism.^[7][8]

Self-help societies

Various self-help societies like the Maharani Company in Muar, Johor and the Serikat Pembaikan Hidup (Malay: Life Improvement Society) organised by Mohamad Eunos Abdullah of the Singapore Malay Union (Malay: Kesatuan Melayu Singapura) established co-operatives and communes to help improve the socio-economic conditions of the Malay peasants and smallholders. They too utilized newspapers and periodicals like the Maharani Company published Perjumpaan Melayu (English: Malay Convergence) to disseminate ideas and encourage discourse on issues pertaining to the social, political and economic conditions of the Malay people.^[9][10]

Early political organizations

Singapore Malay Union

The Singapore Malay Union (Malay: Kesatuan Melayu Singapura; KMS) was established in 1926^[11] by Mohamad Eunos Abdullah, Tengku Kadir Ali and Embok Suloh with the aim of increasing the role of Malays in public life, upholding Malay interests with the colonial authorities, and promote higher and technical education for Malays.^[12] Eunos himself was a Justice of Peace, a member of the Muslim Advisory Board set up by the colonial administration during World War I and a member of the Singapore Municipal Council. In his capacity as the chairman of the KMS, he became the first Malay member of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements. One of the first issues championed by the KMS was the appeal for land to be set aside for a Malay settlement. The appeal was granted and a sum of $ 700,000 was set aside for the KMS to purchase and develop the land. This settlement has evolved and is now part of the Eunos neighbourhood in Singapore.^[13]

The KMS also became the catalyst for the establishment of similar organizations in the other states of the British Malaya such as the Penang Malay Association (founded in 1927) and the Perak Malay Association (founded in 1937).^[7] People associated with the KMS included the first President of Singapore, Yusof Ishak. The KMS survived World War II and entered into a political coalition with the United Malays National Organisation and the Malayan Chinese Association to form the Singapore Alliance Party. It however eventually faded away with the electoral defeats of the Alliance in the 1955 legislative elections in Singapore.^[7][14]

Communist Party of Malaya

Main article: Malayan Communist Party

The first political party to be organized with a pan-Malayan outlook was the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) established in 1930. The CPM was originally set up as a branch of the Comintern supervised by the Far Eastern Bureau of the Communist Party of China in 1926. It was then known as the South Seas Communist Party. The fraternal Communist Party of Indonesia (established in 1924) was by then underground or in exile due to their abortive revolt in 1926. This resulted in the CPM being almost exclusively dominated by people of Chinese descent. Efforts to establish a broader based representation were made especially in the 1935 representative conferences between the CPM and the General Labour Union as well as the establishment of contact with Communist cells in Siam and the Dutch East Indies in 1936. Nonetheless, the CPM remained an organization that was predominantly Chinese in composition until the Japanese occupation of Malaya which saw a larger participation of people from other ethnicties.^[15]

Young Malay Union

Main article: Kesatuan Melayu Muda

The Young Malay Union (Malay: Kesatuan Melayu Muda; KMM) was established in Kuala Lumpur in 1938 under the leadership of Ibrahim Yaacob. While registered as a social organization working to improve Malay youths in sports, education, agriculture, health and other recreational pursuits, the primary aim of the KMM was to struggle for the political independence of all the Malayan states from Britain and oppose British imperialism. While gaining significant support from the larger Malay community, the KMM failed to gain support from the Malay aristocrats and bureaucracy and on the eve of the Japanese invasion of Malaya, more than 100 KMM members were arrested by the authorities for collaboration.

All were released after the fall of Singapore in February 1942. On January 14, 1942, a KMM delegation led by vice-president, Mustapha Hussain, met with the Japanese authorities to negotiate for the independence of Malaya. The Japanese authorities instead disbanded KMM and established the Pembela Tanah Ayer (also known as the Malai Giyu Gun or by its Malay acronym PETA) militia in its stead. Most who joined PETA were also part of the underground KMM Youth League who continued to struggle for an independent Malaya and some cooperated with the CPM sponsored Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army and other anti-Japanese guerilla units like Force 136 and Wataniah.

With the surrender of Japan in August 1945, former KMM cadres formed the nucleus of the emerging political movements like the Malay Nationalist Party, Angkatan Pemuda Insaf, and Angkatan Wanita Sedar ^[16][17][18]..

The parties

Federal parties

Coalitions and parties that have a nationwide presence and participates in elections in more than one state.

Major parties

For the purposes of this list, major parties denote coalitions and parties that have representation in the Parliament of Malaysia or the state Legislative Assemblies, or have participated in elections within the last 10 years.

Name in English	Name in Malay	Acronym	Founded	URL
National Front    United Malays National Organisation *    Malaysian Chinese Association    Malaysian Indian Congress    Malaysian People's Movement Party    People's Progressive Party    United Bumiputera Heritage Party    Sarawak United People's Party    Sabah United Party **    Liberal Democratic Party    United Sabah People's Party    United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation    Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party    Sarawak People's Party	Barisan Nasional    Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu    Persatuan Cina Malaysia    Kongres India Malaysia    Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia    Parti Progresif Penduduk Malaysia    Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu    Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak    Parti Bersatu Sabah    Parti Liberal Demokratik    Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah    Pertubuhan Pasok Momogun Kadazandusun Murut Bersatu    Parti Demokratik Progresif Sarawak    Parti Rakyat Sarawak	BN UMNO MCA MIC GERAKAN PPP PBB SUPP PBS LDP PBRS UPKO SPDP PRS	1973 1988 1949 1946 1968 1953 1973 1959 1985 1988 1994 1994 2002 2004	[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]  [7] [8] [9]     [10]
People's Pact    People's Justice Party    Democratic Action Party    Islamic Party of Malaysia ***	Pakatan Rakyat    Parti Keadilan Rakyat    Parti Tindakan Demokratik    Parti Islam Se-Malaysia	PR PKR DAP PAS	2008 2003 1966 1955	[11] [12] [13]
Malaysian People's Party	Parti Rakyat Malaysia	PRM	1955	[14]
Sarawak National Party ****	Parti Kebangsaan Sarawak	SNAP	1961	[15]
Socialist Party of Malaysia	Parti Sosialis Malaysia	PSM	1998	[16]
Malaysian Democratic Party	Parti Demokratik Malaysia	MDP	1998
Sabah Progressive Party	Parti Maju Sabah	SAPP	1994	[17]

*	UMNO, which was originally founded in 1946 was deregistered in 1988 and the Prime Minister of Malaysia formed a new party known as United Malays National Organisation (Baru) on February 16, 1988. The term "Baru" or "New" was removed by a constitutional amendment on July of the same year.
**	The United Sabah Party (Parti Bersatu Sabah) was a member of Barisan Nasional from its establishment until its withdrawal from the coalition in 1990. The party rejoined the coalition in 2002.[19]
***	The Malaysian Islamic Party entered into a coalition with the former Alliance Party in 1972 and subsequently joined the Barisan Nasional coalition when it was founded in 1974. It withdrew from the coalition in 1977.[20]
****	The Sarawak National Party joined Perikatan in 1963 but was expelled in 1965, rejoined again the new Barisan Nasional coalition in 1976 but was expelled again from the coalition in 2004.[21] SNAP joined Pakatan Rakyat on 20 April 2010.[22][23][24] SNAP quits Pakatan Rakyat on 6 May 2011.[25]

Minor parties and other parties not represented in Parliament

Name in English	Name in Malay	Acronym	Symbol	Founded	URL
Malaysian Ceylonese Congress	Parti Kongres Ceylonese Malaysia	MCC		1958	[18]
Pan Malaysian Islamic Front	Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia	BERJASA		1977
Malaysian Indian Muslim Congress	Kongres India Muslim Malaysia	KIMMA		1977
Malaysian Workers' Party	Parti Pekerja-Pekerja Malaysia	PPM		1978
Punjabi Party of Malaysia [26]	Parti Punjabi Malaysia	PPM		1986
All Malaysian Indian Progressive Front	Barisan Kemajuan India Se-Malaysia	AMIPF		1990
Malaysian People's Justice Front*	Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia	AKIM		1995
Malaysian Indian United Party	Parti Bersatu India Malaysia	MIUP		2007
Love Malaysia Party	Parti Cinta Malaysia	PCM		2009
Malaysian Makkal Sakti Party	Parti Makkal Sakti Malaysia	MMSP		2009
Human Rights Party	Parti Hak Asasi	HRP		2009
United Sarawak People's Economic Party**	Parti Ekonomi Rakyat Sarawak Bersatu	PERSB		2010

*	The Punjabi Party of Malaysia was established in 1986 [26] but only registered with the Elections Commission in 2003.[27]

Note:

1. AKIM was later renamed as Malaysian People's Welfare Party (KITA) on December 13, 2010 by its new chairman,Datuk Zaid Ibrahim.

2. PERSB application is yet to be approved by the Registrar of Societies (ROS),causing them to contest as independents in 2011 Sarawak state election.

Regional parties

Coalitions and parties that have a nationwide presence and participates in elections in only one state.

Name in English	Name in Malay	Acronym	Symbol	Founded	URL
Community Coalition Congress	Kongres Penyatuan Masyarakat	CCC		1988
Federated Sabah People's Front	Barisan Rakyat Sabah Bersekutu	BERSEKUTU		—
Malaysian People's Justice Front	Angkatan Keadilan Insan Malaysia	AKIM		—
United Democratic Sabah People's Power Party	Parti Demokratik Setiahati Kuasa Rakyat Bersatu Sabah	SETIA		—
United Pasok Nunukragang National Organisation	Persatuan Kebangsaan Pasok Nunukragang Bersatu	PASOK		1978	[19]
State Reform Party	Parti Reformasi Negeri	STAR		1996	[20]

**	The Malaysian Dayak Congress was organised in 2005 [28] but has failed to obtain registration as a society to date. Candidates of the MDC have participated in elections as Independents or on other party's tickets.[29]

Coalition

Past and present coalition and allince pact of political parties in Malaysia and former Malaya.

Name in English	Name in Malay	Acronym	Symbol	Founded	Dissolved
National Front	Barisan Nasional	BN		1973
Peoples's Pact	Pakatan Rakyat	PR		2008
Alternative Front	Barisan Alternatif	BA		1998	2008
Ummah Unity Front	Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah	APU		1989	1996
People's Might	Gagasan Rakyat	GAGASAN		1989
Alliance	Perikatan	ALLIANCE PERIKATAN		1951	1973

Unregistered parties

Parties which are not registered, either in the process of registering, or registration application rejected or remain an unregistered political movement.

Name in English	Name in Malay	Acronym	Symbol	Founded	Dissolved
Hizb ut-Tahrir *	Hizb ut-Tahrir	HT		(1953)	[21]
Malaysian Dayak Congress **	Kongres Dayak Malaysia	MDC	(2005)	—
National Student's Party***	Parti Mahasiswa Negara	PMN	(2008)	—
Malaysian Indian Democratic Action Front****	Barisan Bertindak Demokratik India Malaysia	MINDRAF	(2009)	—

*	The Hizb ut-Tahrir is a international political movement with a branch in Malaysia.

**	The Malaysian Dayak Congress was organised in 2005 [28] but has failed to obtain registration as a society to date. Candidates of the MDC have participated in elections as Independents or on other party's tickets.[29]

***	The National Student's Party was set up by a group university student but faced legal obstacle in registering for contravening the University and University College Act (UUCA).[30]

****	MINDRAF setup has been inactive since the formation of HINDRAF P. Uthayakumar's Human Right Party (HRP).[31]

Historic or defunct parties

This list is sorted by the year in which the respective parties were established.

Name in English	Name in Malay	Acronym	Symbol	Founded	Dissolved
Communist Party of Malaya *	Parti Komunis Malaya	CPM		1930	1989
Malay Nationalist Party	Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya	PKMM		1945	1950
Malayan Democratic Union	—	MDU		1945	1948
United Malays National Organisation	Persatuan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu	UMNO		1946	1988
Hizbul Muslimin	Hizbul Muslimin	—		1948	1948
Alliance Party **	Parti Perikatan	—		1951	1974
Radical Party (Malaya)	—	—		1951	1952
Independence of Malaya Party	Parti Kemerdekaan Malaya	IMP		1951	1954
National Association of Perak	Parti Kebangsaan Perak	NAP		1953	1957
National Party	Parti Negara	—		1953	1962
Labour Party of Malaya	Parti Buruh Malaya	LPM		1954	1969
Malayan Socialist Youth League	—	—		1956	1958
Malayan Party	Parti Malaya		—	1956	1964
National Party of Sarawak	Parti Negara Sarawak	PANAS		1960	1968
United National Kadazan Organisation	Parti Kebangsaan Kadazan Bersatu	UNKO		1961	1964
United Sabah National Organisation	Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Sabah Bersatu	USNO		1961	1991
Sarawak Native People's Front	Barisan Rakyat Jati Sarawak	BARJASA		1961	1968
United Pasok Momogun Organisation	Pertubuhan Bersatu Pasok Momogun	—		1962	1964
Sarawak Chinese Association	Persatuan Cina Sarawak	SCA		1962	—
Sarawak Native's Heritage Party	Parti Pesaka Anak Sarawak	PESAKA		1962	1973
Sabah Chinese Association	Persatuan Cina Sabah	SCA		1962	1979
United Democratic Party	Parti Demokratik Bersatu	UDP		1962	1967
National Convention Party	Parti Perhimpunan Kebangsaan	PPK		1963	1965
MACHINDA Party	Parti MACHINDA	MACHINDA		1964	—
United Pasok-Momogun Kadazan Organisation	Pertubuhan Bersatu Pasok-Momogun Kadazan	UPKO		1964	1967
Sabah Indian Congress	Kongres India Sabah	SIC		1964	—
Bumiputera Party	Parti Bumiputera	—		1967	1973
Marhaen Party	Parti Marhaen	—		1968	1974
Communist Party of Malaya (Revolutionary Faction) *	Parti Komunis Malaya (Puak Revolusioner)	CPM-RF		1970	—
Social Justice Party (Malaysia)	Parti Keadilan Masyarakat Malaysia	PEKEMAS		1971	1979
North Kalimantan Communist Party ****	Parti Komunis Kalimantan Utara	NKCP		1971	1990
Communist Party of Malaya (Marxist-Leninist) *	Parti Komunis Malaya (Marxis-Leninis)	CPM-ML		1974	—
Independent People's Progressive Party	—	—		1974	—
Homeland Consciousness Union	Kesatuan Insaf Tanah Air	KITA		1974	—
Sarawak People's National Party	Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak	—		1974	—
Sabah People's United Front	Parti Bersatu Rakyat Jelata Sabah	BERJAYA		1975	—
Social Democratic Party	Parti Sosial Demokratik	SDP		1978	—
Sarawak Native's Party	Parti Anak Jati Sarawak	PAJAR		1978	1978
Sarawak United Democratic Party	Parti Sarawak Demokratik Bersatu	BERSATU		1978	—
Muslim People's Party of Malaysia	Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia	HAMIM		1983	—
Sarawak Native People's Party	Parti Bangsa Dayak Sarawak	PBDS		1983	2004
Sarawak United Labour Party	Parti Buruh Bersatu Sarawak	—		1983	—
Sarawak United Bumiputera People's Party	Parti Bersatu Rakyat Bumiputera Sabah	BERSEPADU		1984	—
Nationalist Party of Malaysia	Parti Nasionalis Malaysia	NASMA		1985	—
Democratic Malaysian Indian Party	Parti Demokratik India Malaysia	DMIP		1985	1997
Sabah Chinese Party	Parti Cina Sabah	SCP		1986	—
Malaysian Solidarity Party	Parti Solidariti Malaysia	MSP		1986	—
Sarawak Malaysian People's Association	Persatuan Rakyat Malaysia Sarawak	PERMAS		1987	1991
Spirit of 46 Malay Party	Parti Melayu Semangat 46	S46	‎	1989	1996
Sabah People's Party	Parti Rakyat Sabah			1989	1991
People's Justice Front	Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat	AKAR		1989	2001
United Action Party	Parti Tindakan Bersatu			1990	—
Muslim Community Union of Malaysia *****	Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia	IKATAN		1991	1999

*	The Communist Party of Malaya operated legally from 1945-1948. After it was banned, the party went underground to conduct an armed rebellion. In 1970, the former 8th Regiment of the Malayan National Liberation Army, the armed wing of the CPM, broke away to form the Maoist CPM (Revolutionary Faction). In 1974, a third split occurred among cadres who wanted the CPM to end its ideological opposition to the larger Malaysian federation and formed the CPM (Marxist Leninist).[32]
**	The Alliance Party was expanded to include other component parties beyond the original 3, UMNO, MCA and MIC, and renamed the National Front (Barisan Nasional)
***	The Malayan Ceylonese Congress never participated in any election and later evolved into a civic organization as the Malaysian Ceylonese Congress.
****	The North Kalimantan Communist Party never operated as a legal political entity.
*****	The constitution of the party was amended to change the name of the party to the National Justice Party (Malay: Parti Keadilan Nasional) (keADILan).[33] This entity subsequently was renamed the People's Justice Party (Malay: Parti Keadilan Rakyat) (PKR).[34]

See also

• Politics of Malaysia
• List of political parties by country

References

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19. ^ "Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS)". MalaysiaToday.com. 2008-06-05. http://www.malaysiatoday.com/Politic/parti-bersatu-sabah-pbs.html. Retrieved 2008-06-24. ^{[dead link]}
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24. ^ SNAP now fourth PR member, 20 April 2010, MalaysianMirror
25. ^ SNAP quits Pakatan
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30. ^ University Students Form New Party, 7 January 2008, People are the boss
31. ^ ANNOUNCEMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS PARTY (HRP), MALAYSIA.
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33. ^ PKR watershed election, by Azam Aris, Tuesday 26 February 2008, The Edge
34. ^ Malaysiakini : PKR launched, promises to be truly multi-racial