Shona language

Shona
Spoken in	Zimbabwe  Mozambique  South Africa  Zambia
Region	Africa
Native speakers	10.8 million, Shona proper; 15 million incl. Ndau, Manyika, etc.  (2000)
Language family	Niger–Congo Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu Shona (S.10) Shona
Language codes
ISO 639-1	sn
ISO 639-2	sna
ISO 639-3	sna
This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

Shona (or chiShona) is a Bantu language, native to the Shona people of Zimbabwe and southern Zambia; the term is also used to identify peoples who speak one of the Shona language dialects: Zezuru, Karanga, Manyika, Ndau and Korekore. (Some researchers include Kalanga: others recognise Kalanga as a distinct language in its own right.) Shona is a principal language of Zimbabwe, along with Ndebele and the official business language, English. Shona is spoken by a large percentage of the people in Zimbabwe. Other countries that host Shona language speakers are Zambia and Botswana and Mozambique.

Shona is the Bantu language most widely spoken as a native language. According to Ethnologue,^[1] Shona comprising the Karanga, Zezuru, and Korekore dialects, is spoken by about 10.8 million people. Manyika and Ndau dialects of Shona,^[2][3][4] listed separately by Ethnologue,^[5] and are spoken by 1,025,000^[6] and 2,380,000^[7] people, respectively. The total figure of Shona speakers is then about 14.2 million people. Zulu is the second most widely spoken Bantu language with 10.3 million speakers according to Ethnologue.^[8]

Shona is a written standard language with an orthography and grammar that was codified during the early 20th century and fixed in the 1950s. The first novel in Shona, Solomon Mutswairo's Feso, was published in 1957. Shona is taught in the schools but is not the general medium of instruction in other subjects. It has a literature and is described through monolingual and bilingual dictionaries (chiefly Shona – English). Modern Shona is based on the dialect spoken by the Karanga people of Masvingo Province, the region around Great Zimbabwe, and Zezuru people of central and northern Zimbabwe. However, all Shona dialects are officially considered to be of equal significance and are taught in local schools.

Shona is a member of the large family of Bantu languages. In Guthrie's zonal classification of Bantu languages, zone S10 designates a dialect continuum of closely related varieties, including Shona proper, Manyika, Nambya, and Ndau, spoken in Zimbabwe and central Mozambique; Tawara and Tewe, found in Mozambique; and Ikalanga of Botswana and Western Zimbabwe.

Shona speakers most likely moved into present day Zimbabwe from the Mapungubwe and K2 communities in Limpopo South Africa before the invasion of the English settlers. A common misconception is that the speakers of the Karanga dialect were absorbed into the Ndebele culture and language turning them into Kalanga. This misconception is a direct result of the political bias in the national curriculum framework of Zimbabwe. The Kalanga language is widely spoken in Botswana where the Ndebele were never present. The Kalanga language is thought to have been the language used by the Mapungubweans (Department of Archeology Witts University). If this is accurate it follows that the Karanga dialect of Shona is a derivative of Kalanga. Karanga is closer to Kalanga than the rest of the aforementioned dialects. Karanga and Kalanga are both closer to Venda than the other Shona dialects.

Dialects

There are many dialect differences in Shona, but a standardized dialect is recognized. According to information from Ethnologue (when excluding Kalanga):

• Hwesa dialect

• Karanga dialect (Chikaranga). Spoken in southern Zimbabwe, near Masvingo.

Subdialects Duma, Jena, Mhari (Mari), Ngova, Venda (not the Venda language), Nyubi, Govera.

• Zezuru dialect (Chizezuru, Bazezuru, Bazuzura, Mazizuru, Vazezuru, Wazezuru). Spoken in Mashonaland and central Zimbabwe, near Harare. The standard language.

Subdialects Shawasha, Gova, Mbire, Tsunga, Kachikwakwa, Harava, Nohwe, Njanja, Nobvu, Kwazvimba (Zimba).

• Korekore dialect (Northern Shona, Goba, Gova, Shangwe). Spoken in northern Zimbabwe, near Mvurwi.

Subdialects: Budya, Gova, Tande, Tavara, Nyongwe, Pfunde, Shan Gwe.

Languages with partial intelligibility with Shona, of which the speakers are considered to be ethnically Shona, are the Ndau language, spoken in Mozambique and Zimbabwe, and the Manyika language, spoken in eastern Zimbabwe, near Mutare. Ndau literacy material has been introduced into primary schools.

Phonology and alphabet

All syllables in Shona end in a vowel. Consonants always belong to the next syllable. For example, mangwanani ("morning") is separated like this: ma/ngwa/na/ni; Zimbabwe is Zi/mba/bwe.

All verbs end in -a:

kuda – "to like, love, want" kuenda – "to go" kusvika – "to arrive" kudya – "to eat"

kutamba – "to dance or play" kurara – "to sleep" (kuvata) kudzoka – "to come back" kuseka – "to laugh" kuchema – "to cry"

Shona's five vowels (a, e, i, o, u) are pronounced as in Spanish: [a, e, i, o, u]. Each vowel is pronounced separately even if they fall in succession. For example, "Unoenda kupi?" (Where do you go?) is pronounced [u.no.e.nda ku.pi].

The letters of the alphabet are,

Letter	IPA
a	/a/
b	/ɓ/
bh	/b/
ch	/tʃ/
d	/ɗ/
dh	/d/
dy	/dʒɡ/
dzv	/dz͎/
e	/e/
f	/f/
g	/ɡ/
h	/h/
i	/i/
j	/dʒ/
k	/k/
m	/m/
mh	/ʔ/
n’	/ŋ/
n	/n/
o	/o/
p	/p/
r	/r/[citation needed]
sh	/ʃ/[citation needed]
sv	/s͎ ~ sɸ/[citation needed]
svw	/s͎w/
sw	/sw ~ skw/
t	/t/
tsv	/ts͎/
ty	/tʃk/
u	/u/
v	/ʋ/[citation needed]
vh	/v/
w	/w/
y	/j/
z	/z/
zh	/ʒ/[citation needed]
zv	/z͎ ~ zβ/[citation needed]
zvw	/z͎w/
zw	/zw ~ zɡw/

The digraphs ps and bz are pronounced /ps͎/ and /bz͎/,^{[citation needed]} and mbw is /mbɡ/.

Whistled sibilants

Shona and other languages of Southern and Eastern Africa include whistling sounds, unlike most other languages where whistling signals a speech disorder. (This should not be confused with whistled speech.)

Shona's whistled sibilants are the fricatives "sv" and "zv" and the affricates "tsv" and "dzv".

Sound	example	translation	notes
sv	masvosvobwa	"shooting stars"
	masvosve	"ants"
tsv	tsvaira	"sweep"	(Standard Shona)
svw	masvavembasvwi	"schemer"	(Shangwe, Korekore dialect)
zv	zvizvuvhutswa	"gold nuggets"	(Tsunga, Zezuru dialect)
dzv	akadzva	"he/she was unsuccessful"
zvw	huzvweverere	"emotions"	(Gova, Korekore dialect)
nzv	nzvenga	"to dodge"	(Standard Shona)
zvc	muzvcazi	"the Milky Way"	Dental clicks. Only found in Ngova, Karanga dialect, which has substantial Ndebele influences, including the dental click ("c").
svc	chisvcamba	"tortoise"

Whistled sibilants stirred interest among the Western public and media in 2006, due to questions about how to pronounce the name of Morgan Tsvangirai, the leader of the Movement for Democratic Change – Tsvangirai in Zimbabwe. The BBC Pronunciation Unit recommended the pronunciation "chang-girr-ayi". ^[9][10]

References

1. ^ Ethnologue's Shona entry
2. ^ Stabilization in the Manyika Dialect of the Shona Group, Hazel Carter, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 26, No. 4, Oct., 1956, pp. 398-405
3. ^ Report on the Unification of the Shona Dialects. By Clement M. Doke. 1931
4. ^ University of Pennsylvania Language Center
5. ^ Ethnologue's list of Shona (S.10) languages
6. ^ Ethnologue's Manyika entry
7. ^ Ethnologue's Ndau entry
8. ^ Ethnologue's list of languages by size
9. ^ "?". http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/phonlab/annual_report/documents/2006/whistleISSP.pdf. ^{[dead link]}
10. ^ Clement M. Doke. "Report on the unification of Shona dialects". JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/pss/606944. Retrieved 3 September 2010. 

Bibliography

• Biehler, E. (1950) A Shona dictionary with an outline Shona grammar (revised edition). The Jesuit Fathers.
• Brauner, Sigmund (1995) A grammatical sketch of Shona : including historical notes. Köln: Rüdiger Koppe.
• Carter, Hazel (1986) Kuverenga Chishóna: an introductory Shona reader with grammatical sketch (2nd edition). London: SOAS.
• Doke, Clement M. (1931) Report on the unification of the Shona dialects. Stephen Austin Sons.
• Mutasa, David (1996) The problems of standardizing spoken dialects: the Shona experience, Language Matters, 27, 79
• Lafon, Michel (1995), Le shona et les shonas du Zimbabwe, Harmattan éd., Paris (French)

External links

• Ethnologue report on Shona
• "The History of the Shona People". http://www.bulawayo1872.com/history/shona.htm. 
• Pan African Localization report on Shona
• Example of Shona, Lyrikline.org page on poet Chirikure Chirikure, with audio and translations into English.
• Basic Shona language course (book + audio files) USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI)