Mwani language

Mwani
Spoken in	Mozambique[1]
Native speakers	1st language: 100,000; 2nd language: 20,000[2]  (date missing)
Language family	Niger–Congo Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Bantu Northeast Coast Bantu Sabaki Swahili Mwani
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	wmw
The area where Kimwani is spoken is in gray.
This page contains IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

The Mwani language, or Kimwani (pronounced [kiˈmwani]), is spoken on the coast of the Cabo Delgado Province of Mozambique, including the Quirimbas Islands. Although it shares high lexical similarity (60%) with Swahili, it is not intelligible with it. It is spoken by around 120,000 people (including 20,000 who use it as their second language). Speakers of Kimwani also use Portuguese, (the official language of Mozambique), Swahili and Makhuwa language. Kiwibo, the dialect of the Island of Ibo is the prestige dialect. Kimwani (sometimes spelled as Quimuane) is also called Mwani (sometimes spelled as: Mwane, Muane) and Ibo. According to Anthony P. Grant^[3]: 'Kimwani of northern Mozambique appears to be the result of imperfect shift towards Swahili several centuries ago by speakers of Makonde.'

Name

Kimwani is the Kimwani word for the Kimwani language, and this is also used in English. 'Ki-' is a prefix attached to nouns of the noun class that includes languages. Mwani means 'people from the coast', and Kimwani refers to the '(Ki)Mwani Language' or 'language of the people from the coast'.

Sounds

Kimwani (similar to Swahili) is unusual among sub-Saharan languages in having lost the feature of lexical tone (with the exception of some verbal paradigms where its use is optional). It does not have the penultimate stress typical of Swahili; it has movable pitch accent. Labialization of consonants (indicated by a [w] following the consonant) and palatalization of r (ry; [rj]) are frequent. Nasalization of vowels occurs only before a nasal consonant n followed by a consonant.

Vowels

Kimwani has five vowel phonemes: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/, that is: its vowels are close to those of Spanish and Latin. It does not have a distinction of closed and open mid vowels typical of Portuguese, French or Italian.

The pronunciation of the phoneme /i/ stands between International Phonetic Alphabet [i] and [e]. Vowels are never reduced, regardless of stress. The vowels are pronounced as follows:

• /a/ is pronounced like the "a" in start
• /e/ is pronounced like the "e" in bed
• /i/ is pronounced like the "y" in happy
• /o/ is pronounced like the "o" in or
• /u/ is pronounced like the "u" in Susan.

Kimwani has no diphthongs; in vowel combinations, each vowel is pronounced separately.

Consonants

Two symbols in a table cell denote the voiceless and voiced consonant, respectively.

Consonants of Kimwani^[4]

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Plosives and affricates	p, b	t, d	tʃ, dʒ	k, g
Fricatives	f, v	s, z	ʃ		h
Trill		r
Approximants	w	l	j

Orthography

Kimwani can be spelled in three ways: using orthography similar to Swahili, using a slightly modified spelling system used in Mozambique schools or using a Portuguese-based spelling. Here are the differences:

Kimwani spelling systems differences

	Swahili spelling	Modified spelling	Portuguese spelling	Translation
/tʃ/	chala	cala	tchala	finger
/dʒ/	juwa	juwa	djua	Sun
/k/	kitabu	kitabu	quitabo	book
/ŋ/	ng' ombe	ng' ombe	ngombe	cow
/ɲ/	nyoka	nyoka	nhoca	snake
/s/	fisi	fisi	fissi	hyena
/z/	meza	meza	mesa	table
/ʃ/	kushanga	kushanga	cuxanga	to admire
/w/	wakati	wakati	uacate	time
/j/	kipya	kipya	quípia	new
/i/	sukili	sukili	suquile	sugar
/u/	ufu	ufu	ufo	flour

Numbers

m’moja (1), mbire (2), natu (3), n’né (4), n’tano (5)

sita (6), saba (7), nane (8), khénta (9)

kume (10), kume na m’moja (11), kume na mbire (12)

shirini (20), talatini (30), arubaine (40), amusine (50)

sitine (60), sabine (70), tamanine (80), tusuine (90)

mia (100), mia mbire (200)

álufu (1000)

External links

1. ^ Ethnologue list of countries where Kimwani is spoken
   
2. ^ "Mwani: a language of Mozambique". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=WMW. Retrieved November 1, 2011. 
3. ^ Creolization and Contact, edited by Smith and Veenstra
   
4. ^ A sketch of Kimwani by Petzell, Malin
   

References

• Petzell, Malin. A sketch of Kimwani (a minority language of Mozambique); Africa & Asia, #2, pp.  88–110, Göteborg University. 2002. ISSN: 1650-2019
• Namuna ya kufifunda kufyoma na kwandika (Manual de transição, língua Kimwani); SIL & JUWA; Pemba, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique. 2002.
• Gerdes, Paulus. A Numeração em Moçambique; Centro de Pesquisa para Matemática, Cultura e Educação, Maputo, 2008. ISBN 978-1-4357-2634-5