Chewa language

Chewa
Nyanja (Chichewa, Chinyanja)
Spoken in	Zambia  Malawi  Mozambique  Zimbabwe
Native speakers	8.7 million  (2001)
Language family	Niger–Congo Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Bantu Nyasa Chewa
Official status
Official language in	Malawi  Zambia
Regulated by	unknown
Language codes
ISO 639-1	ny
ISO 639-2	nya
ISO 639-3	nya

Chewa, also known as Nyanja, is a language of the Bantu language family. The gender prefix chi- is used for languages, so the language is also known as Chichewa and Chinyanja.

Distribution

Chewa is the national language of Malawi. It is also one of the seven official African languages of Zambia, where it is spoken mostly in the Eastern Province and in Lusaka. It is also spoken in Mozambique, especially in the provinces of Tete and Niassa, as well as in Zimbabwe where, according to some estimates, it ranks as the third most widely used local language, after Shona and Northern Ndebele.

The Nyanja spoken in Lusaka is extremely different from rural Chewa, incorporating large numbers of English-derived words, as well as showing influence from other Zambian languages such as Bemba. For example, the plural prefix a- (used for humans and other animates) is ba- (pronounced βa-) in Lusaka Nyanja.

History

Chewa has its origin in the Eastern Province of Zambia from the 15th century to the 18th century. The language remained dominant despite the breakup of the empire and the Nguni invasions and was adopted by Christian missionaries at the beginning of the colonial period.

In Zambia, Chewa is spoken by other peoples like the Ngoni and the Kunda, so a more neutral name Chinyanja "(language) of the lake" (referring to Lake Malawi), is used instead of Chewa.

The first grammar, A grammar of the Chinyanja language as spoken at Lake Nyasa with Chinyanja-English and English-Chinyanja vocabulary , was written by Alexander in 1880 and partial translations of the Bible were made at the end of 19th century. Further early grammars and vocabularies include A vocabulary of English-Chinyanja and Chinyanja-English: as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa^[1] and A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa,^[2] by George Henry (1891). The whole Bible was translated by William Percival Johnson and published as Buku Lopatulika ndilo Mau a Mulungu in 1912.^[3]

A strong historical link of the Nyanja, Bemba and Yao people to the Shona Empire, who can point their earlier origins to Mashonaland, proves linguistically evident today. The ancient Shonas who temporarily dwelt in Malambo, a place in the DRC, eventually shifted into northern Zambia, and then south and east into the highlands of Malawi.

References

1. ^ Woodward, M. E. 1895.
2. ^ Henry, George. 1891.
3. ^ The Umca in Malawi p 126 James Tengatenga - 2010 "Two important pieces of work have been accomplished during these later years. First, the completion by Archdeacon Johnson of the Bible in Chinyanja, and secondly, the completed Chinyanja prayer book in 1908 "

Bibliography

• Mchombo, Sam, 2004. The Syntax of Chichewa. Cambridge Syntax Guides
• Henry, George, 1891. A grammar of Chinyanja, a language spoken in British Central Africa, on and near the shores of Lake Nyasa.
• Woodward, M. E., 1895. A vocabulary of English-Chinyanja and Chinyanja-English as spoken at Likoma, Lake Nyasa. Society for promoting Christian knowledge.
• Missionários da Companhia de Jesus 1963. Dicionário Cinyanja-Português. Junta de Investigaçôes do Ultramar.

External links

• Chewa Dictionary from Webster's Dictionary
• Phrasebook for the Chewa language from Wikitravel
• Chichewa Home Page
• Information on the Chichewa translation of the Holy Bible Includes the Chichewa translation of John 1:1-10.
• PanAfrican L10n wiki page on Chewa/Nyanja
• Online English–Chichewa Dictionary
• USA Foreign Service Institute Chinyanja basic course
• Adaptation of English loanwords in Chichewa