Jimmy Wales

Jimmy Wales
Jimmy Wales

Wales in December 2008
Born Jimmy Donal Wales
August 7, 1966 (1966-08-07) (age 45)
Huntsville, Alabama, U.S.
Residence St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S.
Other names Jimbo
Alma mater Auburn University
University of Alabama
Indiana University Bloomington
Occupation Financial trader (former)
Internet entrepreneur (currently)
Title President of Wikia, Inc. (2004–present)
Chairman of Wikimedia Foundation (June 2003 – October 2006)
Chairman Emeritus, Wikimedia Foundation (October 2006–present)
Successor Florence Devouard
Board member of Wikimedia Foundation
Creative Commons
Socialtext
Sunlight Foundation (advisory board)
MIT Center for Collective Intelligence (advisory board)
CiviliNation[1]
Awards see below
Website
www.jimmywales.com

Jimmy Donal "Jimbo" Wales (play /ˈdoʊnəl ˈweɪlz/; born August 7, 1966[2]) is an American Internet entrepreneur best known as a co-founder and promoter of the online non-profit encyclopedia Wikipedia and the Wikia company.[3][4]

Wales was born in Huntsville, Alabama, where he attended Randolph School, a university-preparatory school, then earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in finance. While in graduate school, he taught at two universities, but left before completing a Ph.D. in order to take a job in finance and later worked as the research director of a Chicago futures and options firm. In 1996, he and two partners founded Bomis, a male-oriented web portal featuring entertainment and adult content. The company would provide the initial funding for the peer-reviewed free encyclopedia Nupedia (2000–2003) and its successor, Wikipedia.

In 2001, with Larry Sanger and others, Wales launched Wikipedia, a free, open content encyclopedia that enjoyed rapid growth and popularity, and as Wikipedia’s public profile grew, he became the project’s promoter and spokesman. He is historically cited as a co-founder of Wikipedia, though he has disputed the "co-" designation, declaring himself the sole founder.[5][6] Wales serves on the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation, the non-profit charitable organization he helped establish to operate Wikipedia, holding its board-appointed "community founder" seat. In 2004, he co-founded Wikia, a for-profit wiki-hosting service.

His role in creating Wikipedia, which has become the world’s largest encyclopedia, prompted Time magazine to name him in its 2006 list of the world’s most influential people.

Contents

Early life and education

Wales was born in Huntsville, Alabama, on August 7, 1966.[2][7] His father, Jimmy,[8] worked as a grocery store manager while his mother, Doris, and his grandmother, Erma, ran the House of Learning,[9] a small private school in the tradition of the one-room schoolhouse, where Wales and his three siblings received their early education.[10][9] As a child, Wales was a keen reader with an acute intellectual curiosity[4] and, in what he credits to the influence of the Montessori method on the school’s philosophy of education, "spent lots of hours pouring [sic] over the Britannicas and World Book Encyclopedias." There were only four other children in Wales’ grade, so the school grouped together the first through fourth grade students and the fifth through eighth grade students. As an adult, Wales was sharply critical of the government’s treatment of the school, citing the “constant interference and bureaucracy and very sort of snobby inspectors from the state” as a formative influence on his political philosophy.[11]

After eighth grade, Wales attended Randolph School,[12] a university-preparatory school in Huntsville, graduating at sixteen.[13] Wales said that the school was expensive for his family, but that "education was always a passion in my household... you know, the very traditional approach to knowledge and learning and establishing that as a base for a good life."[11] He received his bachelor’s degree in finance from Auburn University. Wales then entered the Ph.D. finance program at the University of Alabama before leaving with a master's degree to enter the Ph.D. finance program at Indiana University.[11][10][13] He taught at both universities during his postgraduate studies but did not write the doctoral dissertation required for a Ph.D., something he ascribed to boredom.[11][10]

Career

Chicago Options Associates and Bomis

The staff of Wales’ internet company Bomis photographed in Summer 2000. Wales is third from the left in the back row, with his then-wife Christine.

In 1994, Wales took a job with Chicago Options Associates, a futures and options trading firm in Chicago, Illinois.[11][14][15] Wales has described himself as having been addicted to the Internet from an early stage and used to write computer code as a pastime.[16] During his studies in Alabama, he had become an obsessive player of Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs)—a type of virtual role-playing game—and thereby experienced the potential of computer networks to foster large-scale collaborative projects.[13][17] Inspired by the remarkable initial public offering of Netscape in 1995, and having accumulated capital through "speculating on interest-rate and foreign-currency fluctuations",[9] he decided to leave the realm of financial trading and become an Internet entrepreneur.[13] In 1996, he and two partners founded Bomis,[9][18] a web portal featuring user-generated webrings and, for a time, erotic photographs.[19] Wales described it as a "guy-oriented search engine" with a market similar to that of Maxim magazine;[11][10][20] The Bomis venture did not ultimately turn out to be successful, however.[10][9][21]

Nupedia and the origins of Wikipedia

Main article: Nupedia
Philosopher Larry Sanger, whom Wales hired as editor-in-chief of Nupedia.

Though Bomis had struggled to make money, it provided Wales with the funding to pursue his greater passion, an online encyclopedia.[10] While moderating an online discussion group devoted to the philosophy of Objectivism in the early 1990s, Wales had encountered Larry Sanger, a skeptic of the philosophy.[4] The two had engaged in detailed debate on the subject on Wales' list and then on Sanger's, eventually meeting offline to continue the debate and becoming friends.[4] Years later, after deciding to pursue his encyclopedia project and seeking a credentialed academic to lead it,[17] Wales hired Sanger—who at that time was a doctoral student in philosophy at Ohio State University—to be its editor-in-chief, and in March 2000, Nupedia ("the free encyclopedia"), a peer-reviewed, open-content encyclopedia, was launched.[11][10] The intent behind Nupedia was to have expert-written entries on a variety of topics, and to sell advertising alongside the entries in order to make profit.[4] The project was characterized by an extensive peer-review process designed to make its articles of a quality comparable to that of professional encyclopedias.[22]

“ The idea was to have thousands of volunteers writing articles for an online encyclopedia in all languages. Initially we found ourselves organizing the work in a very top-down, structured, academic, old-fashioned way. It was no fun for the volunteer writers because we had a lot of academic peer review committees who would criticize articles and give feedback. It was like handing in an essay at grad school, and basically intimidating to participate in. ”

—Jimmy Wales on the Nupedia project, New Scientist, January 31, 2007[23]

In an October 2009 speech, Wales recollects attempting to write a Nupedia article on Nobel Prize-winning economist Robert C. Merton, but being too intimidated to submit his first draft to the prestigious finance professors who were to peer review it, even though he had published a paper on Option Pricing Theory and was comfortable with the subject matter. Wales characterized this as the moment he realized that the Nupedia model was not going to work.[24]

In January 2001, Sanger was introduced to the concept of a wiki by extreme programming enthusiast Ben Kovitz after explaining to Kovitz the slow pace of growth Nupedia endured as a result of its onerous submission process.[25] Kovitz suggested that adopting the wiki model would allow editors to contribute simultaneously and incrementally throughout the project, thus breaking Nupedia's bottleneck.[25] Sanger was excited about the idea, and after he proposed it to Wales, they created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001.[25] The wiki was initially intended as a collaborative project for the public to write articles that would then be reviewed for publication by Nupedia's expert volunteers. The majority of Nupedia’s experts, however, wanted nothing to do with this project, fearing that mixing amateur content with professionally researched and edited material would compromise the integrity of Nupedia’s information and damage the credibility of the encyclopedia.[26] Thus the wiki project, dubbed "Wikipedia" by Sanger,[5] went live at a separate domain five days after its creation.[15][21]

Wikipedia

Main article: History of Wikipedia

While Sanger saw Wikipedia primarily as a tool to aid Nupedia development, Wales felt that Wikipedia might have the potential to become the truly collaborative, open effort of knowledge building he dreamed of.[27][28][29] Initially, neither Sanger nor Wales knew what to expect from the Wikipedia initiative.[15][17] Wales feared that at worst, it might produce "complete rubbish".[15] To the surprise of Sanger and Wales, within a few days of launching the number of articles on Wikipedia had outgrown that of Nupedia, and a small collective of editors had formed.[14][17] Many of the early contributors to the site were familiar with the model of the free culture movement, and, like Wales, many of them sympathized with the open-source movement.[26] Wales has said that he was initially so worried with the concept of open editing, where anyone can edit the encyclopedia, that he would awake during the night and monitor what was being added.[30][31] Nonetheless, the cadre of early editors helped create a robust, self-regulating community that has proven conducive to the growth of the project.[10]

Sanger developed Wikipedia in its early phase and guided the project.[5][32] The broader idea he ascribes to Wales, remarking in a 2005 memoir for Slashdot that "the idea of an open source, collaborative encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy's, not mine, and the funding was entirely by Bomis", adding, "the actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on."[33] Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Wikipedia projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002;[34] Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as "chief organizer" of Wikipedia on March 1 of that year.[35][36] In the early years, Wales had supplied the financial backing for the project,[clarification needed][32][37] and entertained the notion of placing advertisements on Wikipedia before costs were reduced with Sanger's departure and plans for a nonprofit foundation were advanced instead.[38]

Controversy

Further information: History of Wikipedia#Early roles of Wales and Sanger

Wales has asserted that he is the sole founder of Wikipedia,[6] and has publicly disputed Sanger’s designation as a co-founder. Sanger and Wales were identified as co-founders at least as early as September 2001 by The New York Times and as founders in Wikipedia's first press release in January 2002.[39][40] In August of that year, Wales identified himself as "co-founder" of Wikipedia.[41] Sanger assembled on his personal webpage an assortment of links that appear to confirm the status of Sanger and Wales as co-founders.[5][42] For example, Sanger and Wales are historically cited or described in early news citations and press releases as co-founders.[5] Wales was quoted by The Boston Globe as calling Sanger’s claim "preposterous" in February 2006,[43] and called "the whole debate silly" in an April 2009 interview.[44]

In late 2005, Wales edited his own biographical entry on the English Wikipedia. Writer Rogers Cadenhead drew attention to logs showing that in his edits to the page, Wales had removed references to Sanger as the co-founder of Wikipedia.[45][46] Sanger commented that "having seen edits like this, it does seem that Jimmy is attempting to rewrite history. But this is a futile process because in our brave new world of transparent activity and maximum communication, the truth will out."[20][47] Wales was also observed to have modified references to Bomis in a way that was characterized as downplaying the sexual nature of some of his former company’s products.[15][20] Though Wales argued that his modifications were solely intended to improve the accuracy of the content,[20] he apologized for editing his own biography, a practice generally discouraged on Wikipedia.[20][47]

Role

Wales delivering the keynote speech (“The State of the Wiki”) at Wikimania, the conference for Wikimedia projects, in Buenos Aires in 2009.

In a 2004 interview with Slashdot, Wales outlined his vision for Wikipedia: "Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That’s what we're doing."[48] Although his formal designation is board member and chairman emeritus of the Wikimedia Foundation, Wales' social capital within the Wikipedia community has accorded him a status that has been characterized as benevolent dictator, constitutional monarch and spiritual leader.[49][50][51] He was also the closest the project had to a spokesperson in its early years.[4] The growth and prominence of Wikipedia made Wales an Internet celebrity,[52] and although he had never traveled outside North America prior to the site's founding, his participation in the Wikipedia project saw him flying internationally on a near-constant basis as its public face.[4][16]

Despite involvement in other projects, Wales has denied intending to reduce his role within Wikipedia, telling The New York Times in 2008 that "Dialing down is not an option for me ... Not to be too dramatic about it, but, 'to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language,' that's who I am. That's what I am doing. That's my life goal."[50] In May 2010, the BBC reported that Wales had relinquished many of his technical privileges on Wikimedia Commons (a Wikipedia sister project that hosts much of its multimedia content) after criticism by the project’s volunteer community over what they saw as Wales' hasty and undemocratic approach to deleting sexually explicit images he believed "appeal solely to prurient interests".[53]

Wikimedia Foundation

Main article: Wikimedia Foundation
Wales appearing as a member of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees at Wikimania 2007.

In mid-2003, Wales set up the Wikimedia Foundation (WMF), a non-profit organization founded in St. Petersburg, Florida and later headquartered on the West Coast of the United States, in San Francisco, California.[54][55] All intellectual property rights and domain names pertaining to Wikipedia were moved to the new foundation,[56] whose purpose is to establish general policy for the encyclopedia and its sister projects.[17] Wales has been a member of the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees since it was formed and was its official chairman from 2003 through 2006.[57] Since 2006 he has been accorded the honorary title of Chairman Emeritus and holds the board-appointed "community founder" seat.[58] His work for the foundation, including his appearances to promote it at computer and educational conferences, has always been unpaid.[19] Wales has often joked that donating Wikipedia to the foundation was both the "dumbest and the smartest" thing he had done. On the one hand, he estimated that Wikipedia was worth US$3 billion; on the other, he weighed his belief that the donation made possible its success.[23][56][59][60]

Wales' association with the foundation has led to controversy. In March 2008, Wales was accused by former Wikimedia Foundation employee Danny Wool of misusing the foundation's funds for recreational purposes. Wool also stated that Wales had his Wikimedia credit card taken away in part because of his spending habits, a claim Wales denied.[61] Then-chairperson of the foundation Florence Devouard and former foundation interim Executive Director Brad Patrick denied any wrongdoing by Wales or the foundation, saying that Wales accounted for every expense and that, for items for which he lacked receipts, he paid out of his own pocket; in private, Devouard upbraided Wales for "constantly trying to rewrite the past".[62] Later in March 2008, it was claimed by Jeffrey Vernon Merkey that Wales had edited Merkey's Wikipedia entry to make it more favorable in return for donations to the Wikimedia Foundation, an allegation Wales dismissed as "nonsense".[63][64]

Wikia and later pursuits

In 2004, Wales and then-fellow member of the WMF Board of Trustees Angela Beesley founded the for-profit company Wikia.[14] Wikia is a wiki farm—a collection of individual wikis on different subjects, all hosted on the same website. It hosts some of the largest wikis outside Wikipedia, including Memory Alpha devoted to Star Trek) and Wookieepedia (Star Wars).[65] Another service offered by Wikia was Wikia Search, an open source search engine intended to challenge Google and introduce transparency and public dialogue about how it is created into the search engine’s operations,[66] but the project was abandoned in March 2009.[67] Wales stepped down as Wikia CEO to be replaced by angel investor Gil Penchina, a former vice president and general manager at eBay, on June 5, 2006.[68] Penchina declared Wikia to have reached profitability in September 2009.[69]

In addition to his role at Wikia, Wales is a public speaker represented by the Harry Walker Agency.[70][71] He has also participated in a celebrity endorsement campaign for the Swiss watch maker Maurice Lacroix.[72]

On November 4, 2011, Wales gave an hour-long address to launch the 2011 Free Thinking Festival on BBC Radio Three.[73] His speech, which was entitled, "The Future of the Internet", was largely devoted to Wikipedia.

Political and economic views

Wales in June 2008

Wales is a self-avowed "Objectivist to the core",[66] referring to the philosophy developed by writer Ayn Rand in the mid-20th century emphasizing reason, individualism, and capitalism. Wales first encountered the philosophy through reading Rand's novel The Fountainhead while an undergraduate,[11] and in 1992 founded an electronic mailing list devoted to "Moderated Discussion of Objectivist Philosophy".[4][74] Though he has stated that the philosophy "colours everything I do and think",[4] he has said "I think I do a better job—than a lot of people who self-identify as Objectivists—of not pushing my point of view on other people."[75] When asked by Brian Lamb about Rand’s influence on him in his appearance on C-SPAN's Q&A in September 2005, Wales cited integrity and "the virtue of independence" as important to him personally. When asked if he could trace "the Ayn Rand connection" to having a political philosophy at the time of the interview, Wales labeled himself a libertarian, qualifying his remark by referring to the United States Libertarian Party as "lunatics" and citing "freedom, liberty, basically individual rights, that idea of dealing with other people in a matter that is not initiating force against them" as his guiding principles.[11] An interview with Wales served as the cover feature of the June 2007 issue of the libertarian magazine Reason.[10] In that profile, he described his political views as "center-right".

The January/February 2006 issue of Maximum PC reported that Wales had refused to comply with a request from the People's Republic of China to censor "politically sensitive" articles in Wikipedia. Other big business Internet companies such as Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft had already yielded to Chinese government pressure. Wales let it be known that he would rather see companies such as Google follow suit on Wikipedia's policy of freedom of information.[76] In 2010, he criticized whistleblower website WikiLeaks and its editor in chief Julian Assange, saying that their publication of Afghan war documents "could be enough to get someone killed," and he expressed irritation at their use of the name "wiki":[77] "What they're doing is not really a wiki. The essence of wiki is a collaborative editing...".[78]

Wales cites Austrian School economist Friedrich von Hayek’s essay “The Use of Knowledge in Society”, which he read as an undergraduate,[15] as "central" to his thinking about "how to manage the Wikipedia project".[10] Hayek argued that information is decentralised – that each individual only knows a small fraction of what is known collectively – and that as a result, decisions are best made by those with local knowledge rather than by a central authority.[10] Wales reconsidered Hayek's essay in the 1990s, while reading about the open source movement (which advocated that software be free and distributed). He was moved in particular by "The Cathedral and the Bazaar", an essay and later book by one of the founders of the movement, Eric S. Raymond, which "opened [his] eyes to the possibilities of mass collaboration."[15] From his background in finance and working as a futures and options trader, Wales developed an interest in game theory and the effect of incentives on human collaborative activity, a fascination to which he credits enabling much of his effort with Wikipedia.[79] He has rejected the notion that his role in promoting Wikipedia is altruistic, which he defines as "sacrificing your own values for others", stating "[t]hat participating in a benevolent effort to share information is somehow destroying your own values makes no sense to me".[16]

Personal life

Wales with his second wife Christine

Wales has been married twice, and has a daughter.[11][16] At the age of 20, Wales married Pam, a co-worker at a grocery-store in Alabama.[16] He met his second wife, Christine Rohan, through a friend in Chicago while she was working as a steel trader for Mitsubishi.[11][13] The couple were married in Monroe County, Florida in March 1997,[80] and had a daughter before separating.[11][16] Wales moved to San Diego in 1998, and after being dissuaded by the housing market there, relocated in 2002 to St. Petersburg, Florida,[37] where he lived as of 2007.[13][81]

Wales had a brief relationship with Canadian conservative columnist Rachel Marsden in 2008 that began after Marsden contacted Wales about her Wikipedia biography.[82] After accusations that Wales' relationship constituted a conflict of interest, Wales stated that there had been a relationship but that it was over and claimed that it had not influenced any matters on Wikipedia,[83][84] a claim which was disputed by Marsden.[85]

In February 2011, Wales was reported by The Guardian to have been engaged to Kate Garvey, Tony Blair's former diary secretary, whom he met in Davos, Switzerland.[86] He lives in the United Kingdom.[87]

Honors, awards and positions

Wales with the Gottlieb Duttweiler Prize on January 26, 2011

Wales is a member of the Berkman Center for Internet & Society at Harvard Law School[11] and the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence,[88] the Board of Directors at Creative Commons,[89] Socialtext,[90] and Hunch.com,[91] and former co-chair of the World Economic Forum on the Middle East 2008.[92]

Wales was listed in the "Scientists & Thinkers" section of the Time 100 in 2006[93] and number 12 in Forbes "The Web Celebs 25".[94] Wales has also given a lecture in the Stuart Regen Visionary series at New Museum which "honors special individuals who have made major contributions to art and culture, and are actively imagining a better future"[95] and by the World Economic Forum as one of the "Young Global Leaders" of 2007.[96] In April 2011, Wales served on the jury of the Tribeca Film Festival.[97]

Wales has received a Pioneer Award,[98] the Gottlieb Duttweiler Prize in 2011,[99][100] the Monaco Media Prize,[101] the 2009 Nokia Foundation annual award,[102] the Business Process Award at the 7th Annual Innovation Awards and Summit by The Economist,[103] the 2008 Global Brand Icon of the Year Award,[104] and on behalf of the Wikimedia project the Quadriga award of Werkstatt Deutschland for A Mission of Enlightenment.[105]

Wales has also received honorary degrees from Knox College,[106] Amherst College,[107] Stevenson University,[107][108] Argentina's Universidad Empresarial Siglo 21,[109] and Russia's MIREA University.[110]

Published work

References

  1. ^ "Board of Directors". CiviliNation website. http://civilination.org/about-2/board-of-directors/. Retrieved February 19, 2011. [dead link]
  2. ^ a b "Jimmy Wales". Britannica Book of the Year. 2007. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1192821/Jimmy-Wales. "Researcher's note". Britannica. 2007. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1192821/Jimmy-Wales/1192821suppinfo/Supplemental-Information?anchor=toc9439003. Retrieved 2007-07-25. 
    • "Jimmy Wales". Monroe, Florida's County Clerk website (Marriage License Database). http://www.clerk-of-the-court.com/default.asp. Retrieved 2008-05-21. 
    • editor, Clifford Thompson... (February 28, 2007). Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Wilson. ISBN 978-0824210748. 
    • Who's Who In America: Diamond Edition (60 ed.). Marquis Who's Who. October 12, 2005. ISBN 978-0837969909. 
  3. ^ "Wikipedia: 50 languages, 1/2 million articles". Wikimedia Foundation Press Release. Wikimedia Foundation. 2004-04-25. http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_press_releases/500,000_Wikipedia_articles&oldid=473206. Retrieved 2009-04-10. "The Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and philosopher Larry Sanger," quoted from the April 25th, 2004 first-ever press release issued by the Wikimedia Foundation.
     •"Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article". Wikipedia Press Release. Wikipedia. 2003-01-21. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003&oldid=93032067. Retrieved 2009-04-10. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Brain scan: The free-knowledge fundamentalist". Technology Quarterly (The Economist). 2008-06-05. http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062. Retrieved 2008-06-09. 
  5. ^ a b c d e Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). "Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia". MSNBC. Associated Press. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17798723/. Retrieved March 26, 2007. "The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim does not seem particularly controversial—Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, is not happy about it." 
  6. ^ a b Olson, Parmy (October 18, 2006). "A New Kid On The Wiki Block". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2006/10/18/sanger-wikipedia-citizendium-face-cx_po_1018autofacescan02.html. Retrieved 2009-03-28. 
  7. ^ Rogoway, Mike (July 27, 2007). "Wikipedia & its founder disagree on his birth date". Silicon Forest. The Oregonian. http://blog.oregonlive.com/siliconforest/2007/07/on_wikipedia_and_its_founders.html. Retrieved October 31, 2008. 
  8. ^ Kazek, Kelly (August 11, 2006). "Geek to chic: Wikipedia founder a celebrity". The News Courier. Archived from the original on March 20, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080320205344/http://valdostadailytimes.com/entertainment/cnhinspopculture_story_223174601.html. "Doris Wales’ husband, Jimmy, wasn’t sure what she was thinking when she bought a World Book Encyclopedia set from a traveling salesman in 1968." 
  9. ^ a b c d e Pink, Daniel H. (March 13, 2005). "The Book Stops Here". Wired 13 (3). http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html. Retrieved October 31, 2008. 
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Mangu-Ward, Katherine (June 2007). "Wikipedia and beyond: Jimmy Wales' sprawling vision". Reason 39 (2): p. 21. http://www.reason.com/news/show/119689.html. Retrieved 2008-10-31. 
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lamb, Brian (September 25, 2005). "Q&A: Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia founder". C-SPAN. http://www.q-and-a.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1042. Retrieved 2006-10-31. 
  12. ^ Brown, David (2007-12-11). "Jimmy Wales '83". Alumni Profiles (Randolph School). http://www.randolphschool.net/alumni/welcome/profiles.asp?newsid=432566. Retrieved 2008-10-31. [dead link]
  13. ^ a b c d e f Barnett, Cynthia (September 2005). "Wiki Mania". Florida Trend 48 (5): p. 62. Archived from the original on October 17, 2002. http://web.archive.org/web/20061017142949/http://www.floridatrend.com/issue/default.asp?a=5617&s=1&d=9/1/2005. 
  14. ^ a b c McNichol, Tom (May 1, 2007). "Building a Wiki World". Business 2.0 (CNN). http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/03/01/8401010/. Retrieved October 31, 2007. 
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Schiff, Stacy (2006-07-31). "Know It All". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/07/31/060731fa_fact. Retrieved 2008-10-31. 
    b "Even Wales has been caught airbrushing his Wikipedia entry—eighteen times in the past year. He is particularly sensitive about references to the porn traffic on his Web portal. 'Adult content' or 'glamour photography' are the terms that he prefers, though, as one user pointed out on the site, they are perhaps not the most precise way to describe lesbian strip-poker threesomes. (In January, Wales agreed to a compromise: 'erotic photography')."
  16. ^ a b c d e f Lipsky-Karasz, Alisa (September 2008). "Mr. Know-It-All". W magazine. http://www.wmagazine.com/celebrities/2008/09/jimmy_wales. Retrieved October 31, 2008. 
  17. ^ a b c d e The Atlantic Monthly, September 2006, p. 93. "Wales, though, was a businessman. He wanted to build a free encyclopedia, and Wikipedia offered a very rapid and economically efficient means to that end. The articles flooded in, many were good, and they cost him almost nothing. [...] In 2003, Wales [decided to] diminish his own authority by transferring Wikipedia and all of its assets to the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation, whose sole purpose is to set general policy for Wikipedia and its allied projects. [...] Wales’s benign rule has allowed Wikipedia to do what it does best: grow. The numbers are staggering."
  18. ^ The Atlantic Monthly, September 2006, p. 88. "In 1996, Wales and two partners founded a Web directory called Bomis. [...] Wales focused on the bottom-up strategy using Web rings, and it worked. Bomis users built hundreds of rings—on cars, computers, sports, and especially 'babes' (e.g., the Anna Kournikova Web ring), effectively creating an index of the 'laddie' Web. Instead of helping all users find all content, Bomis found itself positioned as the Playboy of the Internet, helping guys find guy stuff."
  19. ^ a b Brennen, Jensen (June 26, 2006). "Access for All". The Chronicle of Philanthropy 18 (18). 
  20. ^ a b c d e Hansen, Evan (December 19, 2005). "Wikipedia Founder Edits Own Bio". Wired News. http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69880. Retrieved October 31, 2008. 
  21. ^ a b Rosenzweig, Roy (June 2006). "Can History Be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past" (reprint). The Journal of American History 93 (1): 117–146. doi:10.2307/4486062. http://chnm.gmu.edu/resources/essays/d/42. Retrieved April 22, 2009. 
  22. ^ Gouthro, Liane (March 14, 2000). "Building the world's biggest encyclopedia". PC World (CNN). http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/03/14/nupedia.idg/. Retrieved October 31, 2008. 
  23. ^ a b Marks, Paul (February 3, 2007). "Interview with Jimmy Wales: Knowledge to the people" (video). New Scientist (Reed Business Information) 193 (2589): 44. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19325896.300-interview-knowledge-to-the-people.html. Retrieved 2008-10-31. 
  24. ^ Jimmy Wales (October 7, 2009) (in English) (SWF,FLV,FLASH). The Future of Free Culture: Jimmy Wales, Founder of Wikipedia (Videotape). New Haven, Connecticut, United States: Yale University. Event occurs at 43:19. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X9Vu69Ajtlk. Retrieved Aug 18, 2011. 
  25. ^ a b c The Atlantic Monthly, September 2006, p. 91. "The wiki [technology] quickly gained a devoted following within the software community. And there it remained until January 2001, when Sanger had dinner with an old friend named Ben Kovitz. [...] Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia’s lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. [...] Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out 'wiki magic,' the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. [...] Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be “fed into the Nupedia process” of authorization."
  26. ^ a b Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "Everyone's encyclopedia". The San Diego Union-Tribune: p. C1. http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html. Retrieved April 22, 2009. 
  27. ^ Charles Leadbeater (1 July 2009). We-Think: Mass Innovation, Not Mass Production. Profile Books. p. 14. ISBN 9781861978370. http://books.google.com/books?id=ipHhSn00OeQC&pg=PA14. Retrieved 4 June 2011. "Sanger wanted to revitalise Nupedia, but Wales saw a more radical possibility: to create an entirely open, highly collaborative approach to knowledge." 
  28. ^ Emmanuel Gobillot (28 June 2011). Leadershift: Reinventing Leadership for the Age of Mass Collaboration. Kogan Page Publishers. p. 84. ISBN 9780749463038. http://books.google.com/books?id=lOr8ic7WVMEC&pg=PA84. Retrieved 4 June 2011. "Wikis would speed up Nupedia's development whilst transforming it into the true collaborative effort Wales dreamed of. As a result of this new technology, Wikipedia was born in earnest on 15 January 2001." 
  29. ^ Larry Sanger (1 November 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir". Open Sources 2.0: The Continuing Evolution. O'Reilly Media, Inc.. p. 312. ISBN 9780596008024. http://books.google.com/books?id=q9GnNrq3e5EC&pg=PA312. Retrieved 4 June 2011. "To be clear, the idea of an open source, collaborative/encyclopedia, open to contribution by ordinary people, was entirely Jimmy's, not mine, and the funding was entirely by Bomis. I was merely a grateful employee; I thought I was very lucky to have a job like that land in my lap." 
  30. ^ Getz, Arlene (February 1, 2007). "In Search of an Online Utopia". Newsweek (msnbc.com). Archived from the original on April 18, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070418204627/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16926950/site/newsweek/. Retrieved October 31, 2008. 
  31. ^ Tapscott, Don; Anthony D. (2008). Wikinomics. Penguin Group. p. 71. ISBN 1591841937. 
  32. ^ a b Singer, Michael (January 16, 2002). "Free Encyclopedia Project Celebrates Year One". Jupitermedia. Archived from the original on 2003-03-16. http://web.archive.org/web/20030316/siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641. Retrieved 2008-02-27. 
  33. ^ Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir". Slashdot. http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213. Retrieved October 31, 2005. 
  34. ^ Sanger, Larry (January 18, 2002). "What Wikipedia is and why it matters". meta.wikimedia.org. Wikimedia Foundation. http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_and_why_it_matters&oldid=149626. Retrieved October 31, 2008. 
  35. ^ Sanger, Larry (March 5, 2007). "My resignation—Larry Sanger". meta.wikimedia.org. Wikimedia Foundation. http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_resignation--Larry_Sanger&oldid=23899. Retrieved October 17, 2009. 
  36. ^ Terdiman, Daniel (January 6, 2006). "Wikipedia's co-founder eyes a Digital Universe". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/Wikipedias-co-founder-eyes-a-Digital-Universe/2008-1082_3-6011487.html. Retrieved October 31, 2008. 
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  39. ^ Meyers, Peter (2001-09-20). "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You". The New York Times: p. C2<!–– circuits, not an op ed ––>. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63. Retrieved 2008-10-31. "I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph."  —Larry Sanger.
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    C "Greatest misconception about Wikipedia: We aren’t democratic. Our readers edit the entries, but we’re actually quite snobby. The core community appreciates when someone is knowledgeable, and thinks some people are idiots and shouldn’t be writing."
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