Larry Sanger

Infobox_Person
name=Lawrence Mark Sanger


image_size=157px
caption=Larry Sanger
birth_date=birth date and age|1968|7|16
birth_place=Bellevue, Washington, U.S.
occupation=Editor-in-Chief of Citizendium
website= [http://larrysanger.org/ Larry Sanger] Lawrence Mark "Larry" Sanger (born July 16, 1968cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification
url=http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/larrysanger/diss/preamble.html
publisher=Enlightenment: Objectivist Scholarship
date=2000
accessdate=2007-03-25] ) is an American philosopher, co-founder of Wikipedia, and the creator of encyclopedia Citizendium.cite news
first=Mark
last=Chillingworth
title=Expert edition
url=http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/features/2171366/expert-edition
publisher=Information World Review
date=November 27, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger explains what his Citizendium project will bring to the wiki reference world.] cite news
first=Nate
last=Anderson
title=Larry Sanger says "tipping point" approaching for expert-guided Citizendium wiki
url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20071121-larry-sanger-says-tipping-point-approaching-for-expert-guided-citizendium-wiki.html?rel
publisher=Ars Technica
date=November 21, 2007
accessdate=2007-11-21
quote=] cite news
first=Paul
last=Jay
title=I, editor — The Wikipedia experiment
url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/tech/wikipedia.html
work=
publisher=CBC News
date=April 19, 2007
accessdate=2008-02-05
quote=]

As a philosopher, one of his special interests is epistemology, concerning the theory of knowledge. He received his B.A. in philosophy from Reed College in 1991 and Ph.D. in philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000. He has been involved with various online encyclopedia projects. He is the former editor-in-chief of Nupedia,cite news
first=Mitch
last=Nauffts
title=5 Questions For...: Larry Sanger, Founder, Citizendium
url=http://foundationcenter.org/pnd/fivequestions/5q_item.jhtml?id=173900004
work=Foundation Center
publisher=Philanthropy News Digest
date=March 27, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-27
quote=] chief organizer (2001-2002), and instigator of its successor, Wikipedia.cite news
first=Brian
last=Bergstein
title=Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia
url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17798723/
work=MSNBC
publisher=Associated Press
date=March 25, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial - Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it.] cite news
first=Glyn
last=Moody
url=http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1818630,00.html
title=This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts
publisher=The Guardian
date=July 13, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=Larry Sanger seems to have a thing about free online encyclopedias. Although his main claim to fame is as the co-founder, along with Jimmy Wales, of Wikipedia, that is just one of several projects to produce large-scale, systematic stores of human knowledge he has been involved in. [Jimmy Wales] saw that I was essentially looking for employment online and he was looking for someone to lead Nupedia... Career: 1992-1996, 1997-1998 Graduate teaching associate, OSU; 2000-2002 Editor-in-chief, Nupedia; Co-founder and "chief organiser," Wikipedia.] cite news
first=Jonathan
last=Sidener
title=Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy
url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html
work=
publisher=The San Diego Union-Tribune
date=September 23, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.] From his position at Nupedia, he assembled the process for article development. During the early years of Wikipedia, he was the community leader and formed much of its original policies. In the interim, he taught philosophy at Ohio State University and was an early strategist for the expert-authored and edited Encyclopedia of Earth. He proposed Citizendium on September 15, 2006, first envisioned as a fork of Wikipedia.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=Citizendium launch plan as of September 26
url=https://lists.purdue.edu/pipermail/citizendium-l/2006-September/000476.html
work=
publisher=Citizendium-l mail list
date=September 27, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] It was launched on March 25, 2007.cite news
first=Brian
last=Bergstein
title=Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia
url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/2007-03-25-wikipedia-alternative_N.htm
work=USA Today
publisher=Associated Press
date=March 25, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=This week, Sanger takes the wraps off a Wikipedia alternative, Citizendium. His goal is to capture Wikipedia's bustle but this time, avoid the vandalism and inconsistency that are its pitfalls.] Presently, he is the editor-in-chief of Citizendiumcite news
first=Jennifer
last=LeClaire
title=Wikipedia Cofounder Launches Citizendium
url=http://www.newsfactor.com/story.xhtml?story_id=13100C1ES8F1
work=
publisher=NewsFactor Network
date=March 27, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-27
quote=] cite news
first=Rhys
last=Blakely
title=Wikipedia amateurs face backlash from the experts
url=http://www.fanpop.com/external/235803
work=
publisher=The Times
date=September 7, 2007
accessdate=2008-02-05
quote=] and an internet speaker and consultant.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=Consulting
url=http://larrysanger.org/consulting.html
work=
publisher=Larry Sanger
date=
accessdate=2008-08-10
quote=]

Early life and education

Sanger was born in Bellevue, Washington, and raised in Anchorage, Alaska. At seven years old, the family moved to Anchorage, Alaska, where Sanger spent his formative years and excelled in the classroom. At an early age, he was interested in philosophical topics. In high school, Sanger was asked, "What are you ever going to do with philosophy?" He said, "Well, change the way the world thinks, for one thing."cite news
first=Alan
last=Boraas
title=Hometown kid an Internet revolutionary
url=http://www.adn.com/opinion/comment/boraas/story/8149406p-8041171c.html
work=
publisher=Anchorage Daily News
date=September 2, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] He graduated from high school in 1986 and went off to Reed College, majoring in philosophy. As a college student, he explored the understanding and sources of knowledge. He also became interested in the Internet and its publishing abilities. These interests helped him to realize the benefits of using a wiki for an online encyclopedia.cite news
first=Wade
last=Roush
title=Larry Sanger's Knowledge Free-for-All
url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Biztech/14071/
work=
publisher=Technology Review
date=January 2005
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] He set up an early attempt with a listserver as a medium for students and tutors to meet up for "expert tutoring" and "to act as a forum for discussion of tutorials, tutorial methods, and the possibility and merits of a voluntary, free network of individual tutors and students finding each other via the Internet for education outside the traditional university setting."cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=Tutor-L: Higher education outside the universities
url=http://scout.wisc.edu/Projects/PastProjects/NH/95-09/95-09-01/0018.html
work=
publisher=Tutor-L
date=August 30, 1995
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] He started and moderated a philosophy discussion list. The "Association for Systematic Philosophy", managed by Sanger, published a journal.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=Association for Systematic Philosophy
url=http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/systemcharter
work=
publisher=Association for Systematic Philosophy
date=March 22, 1994
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] Dated March 22, 1994, Sanger wrote in his opening manifesto:

"The history of philosophy is full of disagreement and confusion. One reaction by philosophers to this state of things is to doubt whether the truth about philosophy can ever be known, or whether there is any such thing as the truth about philosophy. But there is another reaction: one may set out to think more carefully and methodically than one’s intellectual forebears."cite news
first=Marshall
last=Poe
title=The Hive
url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/2
publisher=The Atlantic Monthly
date=September 2006
page=2
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=]

He received his B.A. in philosophy from Reed College in 1991 and Ph.D. in philosophy from Ohio State University in 2000. His bachelor thesis is titled "Descartes' methods and their theoretical background" and his doctoral thesis concerned "Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification". From 1998 to 2000 he ran a website called "Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports" (formerly at sangersreview.com), a resource for Y2K watchers.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=Sanger's Review of Y2K News Reports
url=http://web.archive.org/web/20001025181634/http%3A//www.sangersreview.com/
publisher=sangersreview.com
date=
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] In 2007 Sanger examined the possibilities for education online. He explained, "Imagine that education were not delivered but organized and managed in a way that were fully digitized, decentralized, self-directed, asynchronous, and at-a-distance." He further stated, "There would be no bureaucracy to enforce anything beyond some very basic rules, and decision-making would be placed almost entirely in the hands of teachers and students."cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=Education 2.0
url=http://www.ezifocus.com/content/thefocus/issue/article.php/article/54300644
work=Egon Zehnder International
publisher=The Focus Online
date=June 2007
accessdate=2007-06-01
quote=The future of education could lie in a digital degree-granting institution that lives on the Internet.] When asked in an interview with "The Minnesota Daily": Do you see a role for Citizendium anywhere in academia? He responded: "Of course. The idea is it will be good enough for professors to be able to send their students and students to get reliable information from. I know a lot of students use Wikipedia as a place to start to learn about a subject. For that purpose it's fine. I actually think, as a place to start to get some information, it's a fine resource. Approved articles on Citizendium hopefully will be more reliable than articles on Wikipedia."cite news
first=JP
last=Leider
title=Wiki and the U student
url=http://www.mndaily.com/articles/2006/10/17/69425
work=
publisher=The Minnesota Daily
date=October 17, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=]

Online encyclopedias

Nupedia and Wikipedia

Nupedia was a Web-based encyclopedia whose articles were written by experts and licensed as free content.cite news
first=Liane
last=Gouthro
title=Building the world's biggest encyclopedia
url=http://archives.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/03/14/nupedia.idg/
work=PCWorld
publisher=CNN
date=March 14, 2000
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] It was founded by Jimmy Wales and underwritten by Bomis, with Sanger hired as editor-in-chief.cite news
first=Jonathan
last=Sidener
title=Everyone's Encyclopedia
url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html
work=
publisher=The San Diego Union-Tribune
date=December 6, 2004
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] He developed a review process for articles and recruited editors. Frustrated at the slow progress of Nupedia,cite news
first=Lindsay
last=Betz
title=Wikipedia formed by former Buckeye
url=http://media.www.thelantern.com/media/storage/paper333/news/2007/06/01/Campus/Wikipedia.Formed.By.Former.Buckeye-2911006.shtml
work=The Lantern
publisher=The Ohio State University
date=June 1, 2007
accessdate=2007-06-01
quote=] in January 2001 Sanger proposed a wiki be created to spur article development,cite news
first=Jimmy
last=Wales
url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html
title=LinkBacks?
date=October 30, 2001
format=Email
work=wikipedia-l archives
publisher=Bomis
date=October 30, 2001
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] and the result of this proposal was Wikipedia,cite news
first=Marshall
last=Poe
title=The Hive
url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/
publisher=The Atlantic Monthly
date=September 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on January 10, 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be “fed into the Nupedia process” of authorization. Most of Nupedia’s expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called “Wikipedia.” Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Wikipedia as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger’s flip announcement of Wikipedia to the Nupedia discussion list. “Humor me,” he wrote. “Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes.” And, to Sanger’s surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Wikipedia outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Wikipedia discussion list (Wikipedia-L) to facilitate discussion of the project.] officially launched on January 15, 2001.cite news
first=Noam
last=Cohen
title=Wikipedia
url=http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/wikipedia/index.html?inline=nyt-org
work=
publisher=The New York Times
date=October 18, 2007
accessdate=2008-02-05
quote=] cite news
first=Leslie
last=Walker
title=Spreading knowledge, the Wiki way
url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A5430-2004Sep8.html/?nav=yb-te1
work=
publisher=Washington Post
date=September 9, 2004
accessdate=2008-02-05
quote=] cite news
first=Tony
last=Long
title=Jan. 15, 2001: Enter Wikipedia, for Better "and" Worse
url=http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2008/01/dayintech_0115
work=Wired
publisher=Wired News
date=January 15, 2008
accessdate=2008-02-05
quote=] By virtue of his position with Nupedia, Sanger spearheaded and named the project, and formulated much of the original policy, including "Ignore all rules"cite news
first=
last=
title=Rules To Consider
url=http://web.archive.org/web/20010416035716/www.wikipedia.com/wiki/RulesToConsider
work=Ignore all rules
publisher=Internet Archive
date=
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] and "Neutral point of view."cite news
first=
last=
title=History of NPOV
url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#History_of_NPOV
work=Neutral point of view
publisher=Wikipedia
date=
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] Sanger was the only paid editor of Wikipedia, a status he held from January 15, 2001, until March 1, 2002. Sanger worked on and promoted both the Nupedia and Wikipedia projects until Bomis discontinued funding for his position in February 2002;cite news
first=Stacy
last=Schiff
title=Know It All
url=http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact
work=Can Wikipedia conquer expertise?
publisher=The New Yorker
date=July 31, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] Sanger resigned as editor-in-chief of Nupedia and as "chief organizer" of Wikipedia on March 1.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=My resignation--Larry Sanger
url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger
publisher=Meta-Wiki
date=March 1, 2002
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] Sanger's stated reason for ending his participation in Wikipedia and Nupedia as a volunteer was that he could not do justice to the task as a part-time volunteer. Nupedia shut down the following year.cite news
first=Susan
last=Youngwood
title=Wikipedia: What do they know; when do they know it, and when can we trust it?
url=http://vermonttoday.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070401/FEATURES/70330002
work=Vermont Sunday Magazine
publisher=Rutland Herald
date=April 1, 2007
accessdate=2007-04-01
quote=]

In December 2004, Sanger wrote a critical article for the website Kuro5hin, in which he admitted that there had existed "a certain poisonous social or political atmosphere in the project" that had also accounted for his departure.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism
url=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25
publisher=Kuro5hin
date=December 31, 2004
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] While claiming "to appreciate the merits of Wikipedia fully" and to know and support "the mission and broad policy outlines of Wikipedia very well," Sanger maintained that there are serious problems with the project. There was, he wrote, a lack of public perception of credibility, and the project put "difficult people, trolls, and their enablers" into too much prominence; these problems,cite news
first=
last=
title=Next Wikipedia, take a right
url=http://www.bpb.de/themen/KD5Y51,0,0,Next_Wikipedia_take_a_right.html
work=Wikipedia, Citizendium, and the politics of knowledge: An interview with Larry Sanger
publisher=Dossier Open Source
date=
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] he maintained, were a feature of the project's "anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise." The article was the subject of much controversy in the blogosphere, and led to some reaction in the news media as well.cite news
first=Daniel H
last=Pink
title=The Book Stops Here
url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/13.03/wiki.html
work=Wired
publisher=Wired News
date=March 2005
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] cite news
first=Daniel
last=Terdiman
title=Wikipedia's co-founder eyes a Digital Universe
url=http://news.com.com/Wikipedias+co-founder+eyes+a+Digital+Universe/2008-1082_3-6011487.html
publisher=CNET
date=January 6, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=]

Origins of Wikipedia

Wales, who is the current "de facto" leader of Wikipedia,cite news
first=Holden
last=Frith
url=http://technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/the_web/article1571519.ece
title=Wikipedia founder launches rival online encyclopaedia
publisher=The Times
date=March 26, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-27
quote=Wikipedia’s de facto leader, Jimmy Wales, stood by the site's format.] has publicly disputed since 2004 that Sanger is a co-founder of Wikipedia.cite news
first=Dan
last=Mitchell
title=Insider Editing at Wikipedia
url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/technology/24online.ready.html?ex=1293080400&en=431aff478b00239e&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss
publisher=The New York Times
date=December 24, 2005
accessdate=2007-03-25
quotes=] Wales described Sanger as having been merely a subordinate employee, and stated of the co-founder issue, "I know of no one who was there at the company at the beginning who would think it anything other than laughable."cite news
first=
last=
title=Two who were there dispute founding of online encyclopedia
url=http://www.boston.com/business/personaltech/articles/2007/03/26/two_who_were_there_dispute_founding_of_online_encyclopedia/
work=Associated Press
publisher=The Boston Globe
date=March 26, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-27
quote=] Sanger was identified as a co-founder of Wikipedia at least as early as September 2001. Sanger was introduced to wikis at a January 2, 2001 dinner with Ben Kovitz, a computer programmer and regular on Ward Cunningham's wiki. Sanger thought a wiki would be a good platform to use and decided to present the idea to Jimmy Wales, at that time the head of Bomis.cite news
first=
last=
title=Ben Kovitz
url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?BenKovitz
work=
publisher=WikiWikiWeb
date=
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote= wrote on his Wikipedia user page about his conversation in Pacific Beach, San Diego at the taco stand with Larry Sanger that led to the creation of Wikipedia, stating in part: "I suggested that he run Nupedia as a wiki: completely reverse the prior policy of careful review by credentialed experts before letting an article go live. I said, instead of trying to prevent error and bias, to openly invite error and bias "and" make it very easy for people to correct them. It's a rare thing to tell someone to do something exactly the opposite of what he's been doing and get a fair hearing. It almost "never" happens that someone actually takes the suggestion. But Larry is different. Larry listened to what I had to say, let his imagination engage, and ran with it. Back then, wikis were a very hard concept to "get," but Larry's mind began percolating immediately, and he got things started that very night."] Sanger initially proposed the wiki concept to Wales and suggested it be applied to Nupedia and, after some initial skepticism, Wales agreed to try it.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html
format=Email
work=Nupedia-l mailing list
publisher=Nupedia
title=Let's make a wiki
date=January 10, 2001
accessdate=2007-03-25] After sharing his wiki idea, Sanger formally proposed a "feeder" project for Nupedia titled "Let's make a wiki" and created a new page on Ward's wiki named "WikiPedia."cite news
first=
last=
title=WikiPedia
url=http://www.c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiPedia
work=
publisher=WikiWikiWeb
date=
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] cite news
first=Marshall
last=Poe
title=The Hive
url=http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/3
publisher=The Atlantic Monthly
date=September 2006
page=3
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia’s lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out “wiki magic,” the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham’s wiki called “WikiPedia.”] Wales ascribed the broader idea of an encyclopedia that "non-experts" could contribute to, i.e., the Nupedia. Wales mentioned that he heard of the wiki concept first from Jeremy Rosenfeld,cite news
first=
last=
title=Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness
url=http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/05/assignment_zero_citizendium
work=Wired
publisher=Wired News
date=May 3, 2007
accessdate=2007-11-01
quote=] though he said earlier, in October 2001, that "Larry had the idea to use Wiki software." In fact, Sanger "came up with the name 'Wikipedia', a silly name for what was at first a very silly project." In response to Wales' view of his role in Wikipedia, Sanger posted on his personal webpage a collection of links which seemingly confirms his co-founder honorary appellation.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
url=http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html
title=My role in Wikipedia (links)
work=larrysanger.org
publisher=Larry Sanger
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] For example, Sanger provided evidence, to the best of his knowledge, that he is a co-founder of Wikipedia, by referencing earlier versions of Wikipedia pages,cite news
title=History Version of the 'Wikipedia' Article
url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&dir=prev&offset=20040119212409&limit=500&action=history
work=
publisher=Wikipedia
date=June 2004
accessdate=2007-03-25] cite news
title=History Version of the 'History of Wikipedia' Article
url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Wikipedia&dir=prev&limit=500&action=history
work=
publisher=Wikipedia
date=August 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25] cite news
title=History Version of the 'Larry Sanger' Article
url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Larry_Sanger&dir=prev&limit=500&action=history
work=
publisher=Wikipedia
date=August 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25] cite news
title=History Version of the 'Jimmy Wales' Article
url=http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jimmy_Wales&offset=20040909053247&limit=500&action=history
work=
publisher=Wikipedia
date=September 2004
accessdate=2007-03-25] citing press releases from Wikipedia in the years of 2002 - 2004,cite news
title=Free Encyclopedia Project, Wikipedia, Creates 20,000 Articles in a Year (Wikipedia 2002 Press release)
url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2002
work=describing Sanger and Wales as "co-founders"
publisher=Wikipedia
date=January 15, 2002
accessdate=2007-03-25] cite news
title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article (Wikipedia 2003 Press release)
url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003
work=stating Sanger and Wales founded the site
publisher=Wikipedia
date=January 21, 2003
accessdate=2007-03-25] cite news
title=Wikipedia publishes 500,000 articles in 50 languages (Wikipedia 2004 Press release)
url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Press_releases/February_2004
work=describes Sanger as a founder
publisher=Wikipedia
date=February 25, 2004
accessdate=2007-03-25] and asserting that early media coverage articlescite news
first=Peter
last=Meyers
title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You
url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software
publisher=The New York Times
date=September 20, 2001
accessdate=2007-03-25"I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph," said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.] cite news
first=Judy
last=Heim
url=http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/12586/?a=f
title=Free the Encyclopedias!
publisher=Technology Review
date=September 4, 2001
accessdate=2007-03-25] cite news
first=Kendra
last=Mayfield
title=Not Your Father's Encyclopedia
url=http://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2003/01/57364
work=Wired
publisher=Wired News
date=January 28, 2003
accessdate=2007-03-25] described Wales and Sanger as the co-founders. In review, Sanger conceived of the wiki-based encyclopedia as an idea to assist with Nupedia's growth inefficiency, and spearheaded and guided the community as its leader in its first year.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir
url=http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9
work=SourceForge
publisher=Slashdot
date=April 18, 2005
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=The actual development of this encyclopedia was the task he gave me to work on. So I arrived in San Diego in early February, 2000, to get to work. One of the first things I asked Jimmy is how free a rein I had in designing the project. What were my constraints, and in what areas was I free to exercise my own creativity? He replied, as I clearly recall, that most of the decisions should be mine; and in most respects, as a manager, Jimmy was indeed very hands-off. Nevertheless, I always did consult with him about important decisions, and moreover, I wanted his advice. Now, Jimmy was quite clear that he wanted the project to be in principle open to everyone to develop, just as open source software is (to an extent). Beyond this, however, I believe I was given a pretty free rein. So I spent the first month or so thinking very broadly about different possibilities.—Larry Sanger. •cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia, Part II
url=http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/19/1746205&tid=95
work=SourceForge
publisher=Slashdot
date=April 19, 2005
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] cite news
first=Michael
last=Singer
url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030316082912/siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641
title=Free Encyclopedia Project Celebrates Year One
work=Jupitermedia
publisher=Internet Archive
date=January 16, 2002
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=Wales has supplied the financial backing and other support for the project, and Sanger, who earned a Ph.D. in Philosophy from Ohio State in 2000, has led the project.] During the time of Sanger's involvement in the project, he was routinely known (never disputed) as a co-founder. Moreover, Sanger has been widely cited in the media as a co-founder.cite news
first=Ben
last=Hammersley
url=http://web.archive.org/web/20030618043804/www.guardian.co.uk/online/story/0,3605,884666,00.html
title=Common knowledge
work=
publisher=The Guardian
date=January 30, 2003
accessdate=2007-03-25 •cite news
first=Stefanie
last=Olsen
url=http://news.com.com/Wikipedia+co-founder+plans+expert+rival/2100-1038_3-6126469.html
title=Wikipedia co-founder plans 'expert' rival
date=October 16, 2006
work=
publisher=CNET
accessdate=2007-03-25 •cite news
first=Steve
last=Tally
url=http://www.purdue.edu/UNS/html3month/2006/060320.Matei.Sanger.html
work=
publisher=Purdue University News Service
date=March 20, 2006
title=Wikipedia co-founder to speak on campus
accessdate=2007-03-25 •cite news
first=Natali T
last=Del Conte
url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,222922,00.html
title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Starting Rival Online 'Encyclopedia Project'
date=October 20, 2006
work=
publisher=Fox News
accessdate =2007-03-25 •cite news
first=Neha
last=Tiwari
title=Wikipedia today, Citizendium tomorrow
url=http://news.com.com/Wikipedia+today%2C+Citizendium+tomorrow/2008-1082_3-6173499.html
work=
publisher=CNET
date=April 5, 2007
accessdate=2007-04-05
quote=Sanger now believes that the world deserves something better than his former start-up when it comes to online research.] cite news
first=Jay
last=Lyman
url=http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html
title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site
work=LinuxInsider
publisher=ECT News Network
date=September 20, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25] cite news
first=Marie
last=Boran
url=http://www.siliconrepublic.com/news/news.nv?storyid=single8794
title=Wikipedia disrespects experts says co-founder
publisher=Silicon Republic
date=July 16, 2007
accessdate=2007-07-16
quote=Apart from advertising, Sanger and co-founder Wales also disagree about who actually founded Wikipedia in the first place. Wales has previously claimed to be the sole founder of the online collaborative encyclopedia. Maybe he should check his facts on Wikipedia which says that both men were identified as co-founders in 2001.] Wikipedia became an accidental spin-off of Nupedia,cite news
first=Joe
last=Blundo
title=Web encyclopedia won't include 'giving up'
url=http://www.columbusdispatch.com/dispatch/content/life/stories/2007/04/26/1A_BLUN26.ART_ART_04-26-07_F1_IN6FBH8.html
work=
publisher=The Columbus Dispatch
date=April 26, 2007
accessdate=2007-04-26
quote=] originally to allow collaboration on articles prior to the editorial review process.

After Wikipedia

Sanger, a philosophy instructor,cite news
first=Rachel
last=Aviv
title=Mondo Wikipedia
url=http://www.villagevoice.com/arts/0602,aviv,71632,12.html
publisher=The Village Voice
date=January 10, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] began work as a lecturer at Ohio State University, where he taught philosophy until June 2005. His professional interests are epistemology (in particular), early modern philosophy, and ethics. In his spare time, he plays and teaches Irish traditional music on the fiddle in Columbus and Dayton, Ohio, and also manages a site about the Donegal fiddle tradition.cite news
first=
last=
title=An Appreciation of the Donegal Fiddle
url=http://www.geocities.com/Athens/6464/hmpg.html
publisher=GeoCities
date=
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=]

In December 2005, Digital Universe Foundation announced that Sanger had been hired as Director of Distributed Content Programs.cite news
url=http://www.dufoundation.org/foundation-bios.php#sanger
title=Lawrence Sanger, Ph. D., Director of Distributed Content Programs
work=
publisher=Digital Universe
date=
accessdate=2007-03-25] He would be a key organizer of the Digital Universe Encyclopedia web projects which was launched in early 2006.cite news
url=http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/01-17-2006/0004262149&EDATE=
title=Digital Universe Seeks to Become Free 'PBS of the Web'
work=PR Newswire
publisher=Digital Universe
date=January 17, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25] cite news
url=http://www.eoearth.org/contributor/Lsanger
title=Contributor: Lawrence Sanger
work=Digital Universe
publisher=Encyclopedia of Earth
date=
accessdate=2007-03-25] The Digital Universe encyclopedia plans to recruit recognized experts to write articles, and to check user-submitted articles for accuracy. The first step in this effort is the Encyclopedia of Earth,cite news
first=Daniel
last=Terdiman
url=http://news.com.com/Wikipedia+alternative+aims+to+be+PBS+of+the+Web/2100-1038_3-5999200.html
title=Wikipedia alternative aims to be 'PBS of the Web'
work=
publisher=CNET
date=December 19, 2005
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] an electronic reference about the Earth.cite news
url=http://www.eoearth.org/eoe/about
title=About the EoE
work=Digital Universe
publisher=Encyclopedia of Earth
date=
accessdate=2007-03-25]

In April 2006, Sanger published "Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project" arguing for the importance of what he called "strong collaboration" (that is, collaboration in which people work on the parts they're interested and nobody gets to claim control), the possibility that strong collaboration could be more effective with a less anarchistic set of ground rules than Wikipedia, and the creation of a new Text Outline Project to create The Book of the World, featuring summaries of the arguments of the great philosophers, organized by topic and time, along with summaries of their debates.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
url=http://textop.org/TextAndCollaboration.html
title=Text and Collaboration: A personal manifesto for the Text Outline Project
work=
publisher=The Text Outline Project
date=April 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25]

At the Wizards of OS conference in September 2006, Sanger announced Citizendium, a fork of Wikipedia. The objectives of the fork are to address various perceived flaws in the Wikipedia system. The main differences will be no anonymous editing — every author/editor will have to be identified by his/her real name, no "top-down" hierarchy of editors, and to aspire to be a "real encyclopedia." More differences are discussed at the Citizendium website in the FAQ.cite news
first=
last=
title="Citizendium" FAQ
url=http://www.citizendium.org/faq.html
work=
publisher=Citizendium
date=March 25, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] The initial fork is of the English language Wikipedia.cite news
first=Ken
last=Fisher
title=New Citizendium to correct Wikipedia's wrongs?
url=http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060919-7775.html
publisher=Ars Technica
date=September 19, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] Prior to its March 2007 public launch, Citizendium favored an emphasis on its own original articles.cite news
first=
last=
title=Citizendium
url=http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Citizendium
publisher=Citizendium
date=March 25, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] Sanger took a leave of absence from Digital Universe, announced on the September 27, 2006, "in order to set up a fully independent Citizendium Foundation." In 2008, Sanger was at Oxford University to debate the proposition that "the internet is the future of knowledge." The discussion included whether the internet was democratising the creation and distribution of knowledge.cite news
first=Andrew
last=Keen
title=Andrew Keen on New Media
url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/andrew-keen-on-new-media-837997.html
work=
publisher=The Independent
date=June 2, 2008
accessdate=2008-06-08
quote=]

Citizendium launched

On March 25, 2007, Citizendium, an English-language wiki-based free encyclopedia project, ended its pilot phase, entering a live and publicly readable beta phase.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=We have launched
url=http://blog.citizendium.org/2007/03/25/we-have-launched/
work=
publisher=Citizendium Blog
date=March 25, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-25] The launch coincided with a feature-length Associated Press article that ran widely, with a title in "USA Today" of "Citizendium aims to be better Wikipedia." Unlike Wales, who has compared his role in Wikipedia with that of a British monarch,cite news
first=Tom
last=McNichol
title=Building a Wiki World
url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/03/01/8401010/index.htm?postversion=2007022710
work=Business 2.0
publisher=CNN
date=March 1, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-25"I'm sort of like a British monarch," Wales said, while smiling.] Sanger said he would not head Citizendium indefinitely, and has already announced his planning to step off the leadership team in two or three years.cite news
first=Nate
last=Anderson
title=Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia
url=http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars
publisher=Ars Technica
date=February 25, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=Citizendium currently has over 500 participants, most of whom have been individually screened. Growth has been sometimes erratic; Sanger says that the site gained 50-75 contributors on a single day after being featured on Slashdot. Edits have now topped 500 per day, which Sanger says compares favorably with the earliest days of Wikipedia.]

Two weeks after the launch of Citizendium, Sanger criticized Wikipedia, stating the latter was "broken beyond repair," and had a range of problems "from serious management problems, to an often dysfunctional community, to frequently unreliable content, and to a whole series of scandals."cite news
first=Iain
last=Thomson
title=Wikipedia 'broken beyond repair' says co-founder
url=http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/news/2187709/wikipedia-broken-beyond-repair
publisher=Information World Review
date=April 13, 2007
accessdate=2007-04-15] Citizendium has a form of peer-review and is oversighted by experts.cite news
first=Brian
last=Heater
title=Q&A With Citizendium Creator Dr. Larry Sanger
url=http://www.appscout.com/2007/01/qa_with_citizendium_creator_dr_1.php
work=AppScout
publisher=Ziff Davis
date=January 26, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] cite news
first=Andrew
last=Orlowski
url=http://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia/
title=Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia
work=More experts, less fiddling?
publisher=The Register
date=September 18, 2006
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a "progressive or gradual fork," with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits.] cite news
first=
last=
title=Use with caution: The perils of Wikipedia
url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/11/02/perils.wikipedia/
work=Associated Press
publisher=CNN
date=November 4, 2007
accessdate=2007-11-04
quote=] Sanger stated in part:

"The work of the Wikipedians has astounded the world, but the amateur nature of Wikipedia's contributions, whose authors remain anonymous, is not for everyone. Some experts are hostile toward the idea of Wikipedia and many avoid Wikipedia altogether. We may take Wikipedia as an early prototype of the application of open source hacker principles to content rather than code. I want to argue that it is just that, an early prototype, rather than a mature model of how such principles should be applied to reference, scholarly and educational content. Where Wikipedia shares the culture of anonymity found in the broader Internet, the Citizendium will have a culture of real-world, personal responsibility."

In reference to the creation of a more credible online encyclopedia Sanger said: "I think there is a need for a more reliable and free [online] encyclopedia. If we can create a more reliable and free encyclopedia, particularly if we adopt a different system than Wikipedia's, then we should."cite news
first=Christopher
last=Dawson
url=http://education.zdnet.com/?p=870
title=Citizendium seeks to be the Wikipedia you can cite
work=
publisher=ZDNet
date=February 23, 2007
accessdate=2007-03-25
quote=] Citizendium's editor-in-chief Sanger commented in late October 2007 about Citizendium's one-year anniversary from its initial private launch date of October 30, 2006.cite news
first=Richard
last=Waters
title=Citizendium vs Wikipedia
url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ae382288-8b41-11dc-95f7-0000779fd2ac.html?nclick_check=1
work=
publisher=Financial Times
date=November 5, 2007
accessdate=2007-11-05
quote=] cite news
first=
last=
title=Citizendium After One Year
url=http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=07/10/30/2151242&from=rss
work=
publisher=Slashdot
date=October 30, 2007
accessdate=2007-10-30
quote=] According to Sanger, the Citizendium’s readers have only just begun to see the power of the project's model:

"Simply put, we’ve pioneered a new and better way to use wikis, and an interesting, dynamic way to build an online knowledge base. Increasingly, the Citizendium is looking like the next step in the evolution of the collaborative Internet.cite news
first=
last=
title="Citizendium" Wiki Celebrates One Year Online New Knowledge Society Takes Root, Flourishes
url=http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Citizendium_Press_Releases/Oct302007
work=Citizendium Press Release — October 30, 2007
publisher=Citizendium
date=October 30, 2007
accessdate=2007-10-30
quote=It has been one year since the private launch of the "Citizendium" (http://www.citizendium.org/) wiki, an online reference source aiming to create “the world's most trusted knowledge base.” The innovative non-profit project combines free-wheeling, open wiki collaboration with real names and guidance by expert editors.] The project's fundamentals are solid and growing stronger through motivated, diligent effort. Given enough time and enough people, the results would surely be amazing. If this possibility is amazing, it is even more amazing that it's within our grasp. What I do know is that if we do have a good chance to create something so stupefyingly useful for humanity, we must try."cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=The "Citizendium" one year on: a strong start and an amazing future
url=http://www.citizendium.org/oneyearandthriving.html
work=
publisher=Citizendium
date=October 30, 2007
accessdate=2007-10-30
quote=] cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=The coming explosion of growth
url=http://www.citizendium.org/oneyearandthriving.html#explosion
work=
publisher=Citizendium
date=October 30, 2007
accessdate=2007-10-30
quote=]

Citizendium v. Wikipedia

With experience from earlier encyclopedias, Citizendium founder Larry Sanger started a new project in an effort to establish a scholarly and credible online encyclopedia. In an interview with "CNET News" Sanger explained the reasons for starting a Wikipedia alternative:

cquotetxt|I think we absolutely need another wiki--first of all, simply because Wikipedia lacks credibility, unfortunately. It’s a good starting place, as people say--on some subjects anyway--but it isn’t really what we want out of a reliable reference resource. And frankly, I don’t think that the Wikipedia community is prepared to make the changes that I think need to be made in order to transform Wikipedia into something that’s really reliable.|Larry Sanger|cite news
first=Andy
last=Carvin
title=Wikipedia’s New Competition: Citizendium
url=http://www.pbs.org/teachers/learning.now/2007/04/wikipedias_new_competition_cit_1.html
publisher=Public Broadcasting Service
date=April 10, 2007
accessdate=2007-10-04
quote=] |color=silver|size=360%

There are three clear differences between Citizendium and Wikipedia. Both projects have wiki similarities, though, the main differences include:
* Prospective contributors are required to apply for membership under their real names.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=CZ:We aren't Wikipedia
url=http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:We_aren%27t_Wikipedia
publisher=Citizendium
date=
accessdate=2007-10-04
quote=] cite news
first=Candace
last=Lombardi
title=Wikipedia rival makes its debut
url=http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9588_22-6170405.html
publisher=ZDNet
date=March 26, 2007
accessdate=2007-10-04
quote=] The nature of Wikipedia is mostly anonymous editing.cite news
first=Bill
last=Thompson
title=What is it with Wikipedia?
url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4534712.stm
publisher=BBC News Online
date=December 16, 2005
accessdate=2007-10-04
quote=] cite news
first=Chris
last=Maxcer
title=Wikipedia Ain't Broke, but Needs Fixing
url=http://www.technewsworld.com/rsstory/56193.html
work=LinuxInsider
publisher=ECT News Network
date=March 9, 2007
accessdate=2007-10-04
quote=] cite news
first=Paul
last=Vallely
title=The Big Question: Do we need a more reliable online encyclopedia than Wikipedia?
url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article1886601.ece
publisher = The Independent
date=October 18, 2006
accessdate=2007-10-04]
* Experts in their field of expertise guide the Citizendium project to create stable, "approved" articles.cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=Citizendium Policy Outline
url=http://www.citizendium.org/policy_draft.html
publisher=Citizendium
date=
accessdate=2007-10-04
quote=] Wikipedia seeks consensus and not truth.cite news
first=Lore
last=Sjöberg
title=The Wikipedia FAQK
url=http://www.wired.com/software/webservices/commentary/alttext/2006/04/70670
work=Wired
publisher=Wired News
date=April 19, 2006
accessdate=2007-10-04
quote=] cite news
first=Oliver
last=Kamm
title=Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds
url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece
publisher=The Times
date=August 16, 2007
accessdate=2007-08-16
quote=]
* Citizendium has a very low tolerance for vandals, trolls, or disruption.cite news
first=Brock
last=Read
title=Citizendium's Creator in His Own Words
url=http://chronicle.com/wiredcampus/article/1980/citizendiums-creator-in-his-own-words
publisher=The Chronicle of Higher Education
date=April 5, 2007
accessdate=2007-04-05] Wikipedia has been prone to disruption and sometimes misinformation.cite news
first=Jenny
last=Kleeman
title=Wiki wars
url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,2042231,00.html
publisher=The Observer
date=March 25, 2007
accessdate=2007-10-04] cite news
first=Jenny
last=Kleeman
authorlink=
coauthors=
title=Wikipedia braces itself for April Fools' Day
url=http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,,2044525,00.html
work=
publisher=The Guardian
date=March 28, 2007
accessdate=2007-10-04] cite news
first=Jim
last=Davis
title=Left in Control of Wikipedia
url=http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2007/5/13/212015.shtml?s=lh
work=
publisher=NewsMax
date=May 14, 2007
accessdate=2007-10-04 •cite news
first=Mike
last=Miliard
title=Wikipedia Rules
url=http://thephoenix.com/article_ektid52864.aspx
work=
publisher=The Phoenix
date=December 12, 2007
accessdate=2007-12-12
quote=]

Selected writings

A partial list of academic work, essays, and presentations Sanger has written include:cite news
first=Larry
last=Sanger
title=Larry Sanger
url=http://larrysanger.org/
work=Welcome to my personal site!
publisher=Larry Sanger
date=
accessdate=2007-10-04
quote=]

;Academic work
* Descartes' methods and their theoretical background - bachelor thesis.
* Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification - doctoral thesis.

;Essays
* [http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/sanger07/sanger07_index.html Who Says We Know: On The New Politics of Knowledge] . "Edge Foundation" - Edge Reality Club, April 2007.
* [http://www.ezifocus.com/content/thefocus/issue/article.php/article/54300644 Education 2.0] . "The Focus Online", June 2007.
* [http://www.citizendium.org/whyczwillsucceed.html Why the "Citizendium" Will (Probably) Succeed] . "Citizendium", March 2007.
* [http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge] . "Citizendium", September 2006.
* [http://edge.org/q2007/q07_14.html#sanger Humanity's Coming Enlightenment] . "Edge Foundation" - World Question Center, 2007.
* [http://www.dufoundation.org/downloads/Article_2006_01.pdf The Future of Free Information] . "The Digital Universe Journal", 2006.

;Presentations
* [http://larrysanger.org/scholar_pub.html What Strong Collaboration Means for Scholarly Publishing] . Keynote at the Annual Meeting of "Society for Scholarly Publishing", San Francisco, CA, June 7, 2007.
* [http://www.citizendium.org/collab_prof.html How to Think about Strong Collaboration among Professionals] . Keynote at the "Handelsblatt IT Congress", Bonn, Germany, January 30, 2007.
* [http://www.citizendium.org/roomforexperts.html Why Make Room for Experts in Web 2.0?] . Opening keynote at the SDForum, "The Business of New Media", Santa Clara, CA, October 25, 2006.

References

External links

* [http://larrysanger.org/ Larry Sanger] - Sanger's personal website.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Larry_Sanger User:Larry Sanger] - Sanger's account on the English Wikipedia.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Larry_Sanger/Origins_of_Wikipedia&oldid=39843351 User:Larry Sanger] - An essay discussing the origins of Wikipedia.
* [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Larry_Sanger User:Larry Sanger - Meta-Wikimedia] - "Possibly outdated," he says.
* [http://enlightenment.supersaturated.com/essays/text/larrysanger/diss/index.html Epistemic Circularity: An Essay on the Problem of Meta-Justification] - index.
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Larry_Sanger/Larry%27s_Text Introductory philosophy lectures] - From Sanger's 1998 course at Ohio State University which have been greatly edited.
* [http://www.elektrischer-reporter.de/index.php/site/film/11/ Video interview: Larry Sanger talks about Wikipedia and his plans with Citizendium] - Mostly in English, with a German introduction and subtitles.