October 1961

January – February – March – April – May – June – July – August – September – October – November – December

The following events occurred in October 1961:

October 1, 1961 (Sunday)

• CTV Television Network was launched at 6:30 pm on eight stations across Canada, with the one hour program "Sneak Preview- glimpses of things to come", followed by 77 Sunset Strip at 7:30. The first Canadian program shown, after the 10:30 news and sports, was the game show Scrimmage at 10:50. ^[1]
• Baseball player Roger Maris of the New York Yankees hit his 61st home run in the last game of the season, against the Boston Red Sox, beating the 34-year-old record held by Babe Ruth. The homer was made at 1:46 pm at Yankee Stadium, off of Boston pitcher Tracy Stallard, in the game's fourth inning. The run won the game, 1-0. ^[2] Sal Durante, a 19 year old spectator, got the baseball and won $5,000 and other prizes. ^[3]
• The Federal Republic of Cameroon came into existence with the merger of the French-speaking Republic of Cameroun and the former British Cameroons. ^[4]
• Advertising executive Lester Wunderman coined the phrase "direct marketing" in a speech in New York to the Hundred Million Club, an organization of businesspeople using direct mail. ^[5]
• The first SIP1 launch by the US Navy is successful, reaching an apogee of 20 kilometres (12 mi).
• Tony Marsh won the 1961 Lewis-Evans Trophy at Brands Hatch.
• In the UK soap Coronation Street, two major characters, Harry Hewitt and Concepta Riley, married on screen.
• The Defense Intelligence Agency began operations with 25 employees under the direction of USAF Lt.Gen. Joseph F. Carroll. ^[6]
• Evangelist Pat Robertson began religious broadcasting on WTFC Channel 27, a UHF television station in Portsmouth, Virginia. He would later beam the programming by satellite to cable systems nationwide as the Christian Broadcasting Network. ^[7]
• Died: Donald Cook, 60, American actor; and David Pratt, 54, South African farmer who shot and wounded South African Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd in April 1960, by suicide. ^[8]

October 2, 1961 (Monday)

• The Shipping Corporation of India, one of India's largest companies, was created by the merger of the Eastern Shipping Corporation and the Western Shipping Corporation. ^[9]
• The television show Password was first telecast, with Allen Ludden as its host. ^[10]
• French President Charles de Gaulle delivered a televised address in France and French Algeria, outlining his plans to allow Algerian residents to determine their own future, and pledged to work toward the creation of a "strictly Algerian" security force. He also stated that, if necessary, he would again invoke the national emergency powers that he had allowed to expire two days earlier. ^[11]
• WETA-TV, the first public television station in Washington, D.C., went on air.
• Born: Mark Schauer, American Congressman, in Howell, Michigan; Edmond Yu, Chinese-born Canadian medical student killed by police in 1997

October 3, 1961 (Tuesday)

• The Dick Van Dyke Show, starring Dick Van Dyke, Mary Tyler Moore, Rose Marie and Morey Amsterdam, was shown for the first time, making its debut at 8:00 pm EST on CBS. Although the show would go on to become very popular, the initial telecast, competing against Bachelor Father (ABC) and Laramie (NBC) attracted so few viewers that it was not even among the Top 70 most popular programs that week. ^[12]
• The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), which gives its stamp of approval and restrictions on American films, changed its production code, declaring that "In keeping with the culture, the mores and the values of our time, homosexuality and other sexual aberrations may now be treated with care, discretion and restraint," adding that such "aberrations" "could be suggested but not actually spelled out". The change was believed to have been prompted by the filming of the Allen Drury novel Advise and Consent. ^[13]
• The KTVL TV news channel was launched in Oregon.
• Born: Vittorio Colao, Italian business executive, in Brescia

October 4, 1961 (Wednesday)

• In the Irish general election, Fianna Fáil, led by Seán Lemass, lost its majority of 77 out of 144 seats, dropping to 70, but still retained the plurality and was able to form a government. Lemass continued as the Taoiseach (Prime Minister). ^[14]
• Police in McComb, Mississippi, arrested and jailed 113 African-American high school and junior high school students, after the group walked out of Burgland High School and marched to City Hall, protesting the expulsion of two students who had participated in a sit-in earlier in the year. ^[15]
• Died: Metropolitan Benjamin (Fedchenkov), 81, Orthodox missionary and writer, Exarch of Russian Church in North America; Max Weber, 80, Polish-American artist

October 5, 1961 (Thursday)

• Maurice Papon, the Paris Chief of Police, issued a religion-specific curfew against all "Muslim Algerian workers" within the jurisdiction of his prefecture, even though they were considered citizens of France. The curfew order decreed that the Muslims were "advised most urgently" to stay indoors between 8:30 pm and 5:30 am. A protest by 30,000 of the affected persons twelve days later led to the Paris massacre of 1961. ^[16]
• The Ninth Hague Conference on Private International Law concluded, with the signing of the Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement for Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents and the Hague Convention of 1961 Concerning the Powers of Authorities and the Law Applicable in Respect of the Protection of Minors. ^[17]
• King Mahendra of Nepal and China's President Liu Shaoqi signed an agreement in Beijing defining the border between the mountain kingdom and its large Communist neighbor. ^[18]
• Died: Booker Little, 23, jazz musician (complications resulting from uremia); and Don Barbour, 34, vocalist of the jazz vocal group "The Four Freshmen" (killed in an auto accident).

October 6, 1961 (Friday)

• The "Schießbefehl" (literally, "order to shoot") was formally issued by General Heinz Hoffmann, the Minister of National Defense for East Germany, spelling out the rules for shooting anyone who attempted to escape from the German Democratic Republic. After a shouted warning and the firing of a warning shot, guards were ordered to fire their weapons at persons clearly planning "to violate the state frontier". ^[19]
• In leadership changes in the Lagting, Nils Hønsvald became President of the Lagting (composed of the senior one-fourth of the membership and Per Borten became President of the Odelsting for the other three-fourths.

October 7, 1961 (Saturday)

• 1961 Derby Aviation crash: A Douglas C47 Dakota 4 operated by Derby Aviation, a subsidiary of British Midland Airways, crashed in the Pyrennes Mountains at Mont Canigou in France. All 34 people on board, mostly a group of British tourists who were on holiday to make a tour of Spain, were killed. ^[20]
• The television medical drama Ben Casey premiered on ABC and ran for five seasons. Nine days earlier, Dr. Kildare, a medical drama adapted from a radio series, began its run on NBC. ^[21]

October 8, 1961 (Sunday)

• The first of at least 134 residents of East Berlin escaped to the West through a manhole that led to an underground sewer that ran underneath the Berlin Wall. West German students Dieter Thieme and Detlef Girmann organized the Unternehmen Reisebüro, also called the "Girmann Group". The operation lasted for four nights until East German police learned what was happening and closed off the route. ^[22]
• Republican political consultant F. Clifton White convened the first meeting of the "Draft Goldwater Committee", inviting 22 friends from across the nation to gather at the Avenue Motel in Chicago. From the gathering began a movement to united conservative Republicans in securing the nomination of Arizona U.S. Senator Barry M. Goldwater to run in the 1964 U.S. presidential election. ^[23]
• The 1961 Formula One season concluded with the running of the 230 mile United States Grand Prix in Watkins Glen, New York, won by Innes Ireland. ^[24] Phil Hill, who had already won the Driver's Championship on points, did not participate in the race. ^[25]
• Died: Alphonse Fournier, 68, Canadian politician; Moshe Smoira, 72, first President of the Supreme Court of Israel

October 9, 1961 (Monday)

• The New York Yankees won the World Series in the 5th game, defeating the Cincinnati Reds, 13-5, to take baseball's championship 4 games to 1. ^[26]
• In upholding the constitutionality of the 1950 Subversive Activites Control Act, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the Communist Party of the United States of America would be required to register as an agent of the Soviet Union, and to reveal its membership list and finances. CPUSA General Secretary Gus Hall said that the Party would refuse to comply. ^[27]
• Skelmersdale, Lancashire, UK, was designated a new town.
• Born: Liz Sagal and Jean Sagal, the "Doublemint Twins", American actresses, in Los Angeles, California
• Died: Werner Jaeger, 73, German classicist

October 10, 1961 (Tuesday)

• All 260 residents of the South Atlantic island of Tristan da Cunha were evacuated by two small fishing boats, following a volcanic eruption on destroyed the crayfish canning factory that was the source of many islanders' livelihood.^[28] The group then spent the night on Nightingale Island, a 0.75 square mile patch of rock, 13 miles away, to await the arrival of the Dutch liner Tjisadane, which took them to South Africa. ^[29]
• The day after stockholders approved a merger of two companies, the Martin Marietta Corporation was created from the merger of aircraft manufacturer Glenn L. Martin Company, and the chemical manufacturer American-Marietta Corporation, and went on to become one of the 100 largest corporations in the United States. ^[30]
• The United Kingdom began negotiations with the six-member European Economic Community to seek membership in the Common Market, with an opening speech in Paris by Prime Minister Edward Heath. ^[31]
• The Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as part of the Russian Republic of the Soviet Union. ^[32]

October 11, 1961 (Wednesday)

• The United States presence in South Vietnam was increased as President Kennedy authorized the deployment of an entire U.S. Air Force unit, the 4400th Combat Crew Training Squadron, to fly combat missions from the Bien Hoa Air Base. ^[33]
• After years of atmospheric tests, the Soviet Union conducted an underground nuclear explosion for the first time. Based on the success of the test, the Soviets joined other nuclear nations four months later in doing underground tests only. ^[34]
• Flying an X-15, USAF Major Robert White set a record for highest flight by an airplane, reaching an altitude of 215,000 feet, more than 40 miles above the Earth, 8 miles higher than the previous record. On his descent, the outer windshield of the X-15 cracked, but White was unharmed. ^[35]
• President Kennedy announced the appointment of the President's Panel on Mental Retardation, stating "We as a nation have, for too long, postponed an intensive search for solutions to the problems of the mentally retarded. That failure should be corrected." The President's Panel made 95 recommendations, many of which were passed into law, bringing to an end the common practice of institutionalizing intellectually handicapped individuals. ^[36]
• The Cherry Hill Mall opened in Cherry Hill, New Jersey, near Philadelphia, as the first American indoor shopping mall east of the Mississippi River. ^[37]
• In a press conference at the Marshall Space Flight Center at Huntsville, Alabama, Future Projects Office Director H. H. Koelle delivered the Space Flight Report to the Nation, predicting that commercial space flights to and from the moon could begin as early as 1975, with a permanent moonbase by 1970 and manned expeditions to other planets beginning in 1972. ^[38]
• The Bob Newhart Show, a variety show not to be confused with a later sitcom of the same name, premiered on NBC. ^[39] It would run for one season.
• Born: Steve Young, American NFL and USFL quarterback and Pro Football Hall of Fame inductee; as Jon Steven Young in Salt Lake City
• Died: Chico Marx, 74, American comedian and the oldest of the Marx Brothers and the first to pass away; and Princess Dagmar of Denmark, 71, youngest child of King Frederik VIII and the last to pass away

October 12, 1961 (Thursday)

• The National Bowling League, with 10 teams, made its debut as the Dallas Broncos defeated the visiting New York Gladiators, 22-2, before a crowd of 2,000. ^[40] The NBL folded two months after it crowned its first and only champion, the Detroit Thunderbirds, who beat the Twin Cities Skippers on May 6, 1962. ^[41]
• The New Zealand House of Representatives voted 41-30 to amend the Crimes Bill of 1961 to abolish the death penalty for all crimes except for treason. Capital punishment for murder had been abolished in 1941 and then restored in 1950, and the last hanging was carried out in 1957. The maximum penalty for aggravated murder was set at life imprisonment. ^[42]
• The 1961 Coppa Italia motor race was won by Giancarlo Baghetti.
• Died: Eugene Bullard, 67, the first African-American combat pilot, who served with the French Foreign Legion during World War One, and Maria Valtorta, 64, Italian writer who wrote of her visions of Mary and Jesus

October 13, 1961 (Friday)

• Prince Louis Rwagasore, the popular eldest son of King Mwambutasa and who had been selected by the new legislature to be the first Prime Minister of Burundi in advance of the African nation's independence from Belgium, was assassinated. Rwagasaore was dining with his cabinet at a restaurant on Lake Tanganyika, when he was killed by a single shot fired by Jean Kageorgis, a Greek national. ^[43] "Perhaps no other event has weighed more heavily on the destinies of Burundi," noted one historian, adding that "many believe that if only fate had given him a chance, he might have spared his nation the traumas that would soon tear it apart." ^[44]
• After three years as part of the United Arab Republic, the nation of Syria resumed its membership in the United Nations General Assembly as the Syrian Arab Republic. ^[45]
• Marjorie Michelmore, a 26 year old volunteer for the Peace Corps, caused an international incident when she accidentally dropped a postcard that she had intended to send to a friend back in the United States. The card, which read in part, "we were really not prepared for the squalor and absolutely primitive living conditions rampant both in the cities and the bush", was found by a student, mimeographed and distributed, and led to protests by university students against the presence of the Corps. ^[46] However, another volunteer recalled later, "A dialogue began between students and the Volunteers — more valuable than if the incident had not taken place." ^[47]

• HMS Leopard arrived at Tristan da Cunha to find a mound 250 ft (80 m) in height, emitting smoke and red-hot lava.^[48]
• Died: Maya Deren, 44, Russian-born American filmmaker, of a cerebral hemorrhage; Zoltán Korda, 66, Hungarian-born British filmmaker; and Dun Karm Psaila, 89, Maltese writer

October 14, 1961 (Saturday)

• For twelve hours, all commercial flights in the United States and Canada were grounded in order to conduct the NORAD exercise Operation Sky Shield II. Starting, as scheduled, at 1:00 pm Washington DC time, civilian airline flights were halted and military planes conducted an exercise simulating a foreign bombing attack on North American targets. Commercial flights were allowed to take off again twelve hours later. It was the longest scheduled halt of air traffic in United States history, exceeded only by the emergency grounding following September 11, 2001. ^[49]
• The Broadway musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying was first performed, opening at the 46th Street Theatre and would run for 1,417 shows, winning a Pulitzer Prize and seven Tony Awards along the way. ^[50]
• The Town of Seabrook, New Hampshire, which would later share its name with a nuclear power planet, was created, by a 198-13 vote of its residents. Ruth Burke and Don Holbrook, Images of America: Seabrook (Arcadia Publishing, 2010 p73
• Paul Morris became public address announcer for the Toronto Maple Leafs, remaining in the post for 38 years.
• The Pittsburgh Hornets minor league ice hockey team returned to play after a five-year break, at the Civic Arena.
• Died: Paul Ramadier, 73, French politician; Harriet Shaw Weaver, 85, English political activist

October 15, 1961 (Sunday)

• Turkish general election, 1961: In democratic elections held in Turkey after the 1960 military coup, the Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi (Republic People's Party), led by İsmet İnönü, won 173 of the 450 seats in the Grand National Assembly, short of a majority, and was forced into forming a coalition government with the Adalet Partisi (Justice Party), which won 158. ^[51]
• A massive search commenced for "Pogo 22", a USAF B-52G Stratofortress and its crew of eight, after the bomber failed to return from its mission as part of the Operation Sky Shield II exercise. Neither the bomber, the only one of more than 2,250 that flew that day, nor its crew, was ever found. ^[52] Although the incident has been cited as "the first time a jet aircraft disappeared in the [Bermuda] Triangle" ^[53], contact with the bomber was lost near Newfoundland, thousands of miles north of the Bermuda Triangle. ^[54]
• The J. C. Van Horne Bridge over the Restigouche River in Quebec was opened to traffic.

October 16, 1961 (Monday)

• Mastering the Art of French Cooking, the cookbook that would become a bestseller and catapult Julia Child to worldwide fame, was published for the first time. Child's co-authors on the Alfred A. Knopf release were Simone Beck and Louisette Bertholle. ^[55]
• Cork Airport officially opened as the third international airport in Ireland, four days after "proving flights" by Aer Lingus and Cambrian Airways.^[56]
• Born: Marc Levy, French novelist, in Boulogne-Billancourt

October 17, 1961 (Tuesday)

• Paris massacre of 1961: French police in Paris attacked about 30,000 protesting a curfew applied solely to Algerian Muslims. The actual death toll was suppressed for more than three decades until the man who had ordered the crackdown, Police Chief Maurice Papon, was put on trial in 1988 for collaboration with Nazi occupiers during World War II. There were 11,538 arrests, with the detainees held in stadiums on the outskirts of the city. The bodies of 74 of the victims were thrown into the Seine River and washed up on its banks later, while another 68 simply disappeared. ^[57]
• The 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was opened in Moscow by CPSU First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev, who made a 6 hour, 20 minute speech. Khrushchev dropped his threat to sign a separate peace treaty with East Germany before year's end, bringing an end to the Berlin Crisis of 1961.^[58] He announced that the Soviets would explode a 50 megaton bomb before the months end, and claimed that the Soviets had a 100 megaton bomb that would not be tested because "we might break our own windows". ^[59] He criticized Albania's Communist leader, Enver Hoxha of the Albanian Labor Party, for creating a personality cult ^[60], and predicted Communism's triumph by 1980 ^[61]; and he denounced many of the former leaders of the U.S.S.R. for furthering the terror of Josef Stalin. Condemned by name were former President Kliment Voroshilov, former Foreign Ministers Vyacheslav Molotov and Dmitri Shepilov, former Prime Ministers Georgi Malenkov and Nikolai Bulganin, and former First Deputy Premiers Lazar Kaganovich, Mikhail Pervukhin and Maksim Saburov. ^[62]

October 18, 1961 (Wednesday)

• The film West Side Story was released, with its world premiere at New York City's Rivoli Theatre. It would go on to become the highest grossing film of 1962, and would win ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture. ^[63]
• The European Social Charter was signed in Turin. It would come into effect on February 26, 1965. ^[64]
• South African general election, 1961: In the first parliamentary elections since South Africa became a Republic, the all-White electorate cast more than 2/3rds of its votes in favor of the National Party, led by apartheid proponent and Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd. The Nationalists captured 105 of the 156 seats, with the United Party (led by De Villiers Graaff getting 49. ^[65]
• Born: Wynton Marsalis, American jazz musician, in New Orleans; and Gladstone Small, England cricketer, in St George, Barbados

October 19, 1961 (Thursday)

• The Arab League took over protecting Kuwait as the last British troops left. ^[66]
• Died: Şemsettin Günaltay, 78, former Prime Minister of Turkey; Sergio Osmeña, 83, former President of the Philippines; and Mihail Sadoveanu, 80, Romanian author

October 20, 1961 (Friday)

• The first launch of an armed nuclear warhead on a submarine-launched ballistic missile took place, when a Soviet Golf class submarine (Project 629) fired an R-13 (SS N-4 Sark) missile from underwater. The 1.45 megaton warhead detonated on the Novaya Zemlya Test Range in the Arctic Ocean. Although the U.S. had test-fired unarmed Polaris missiles, the first American SLBM nuclear detonation would not take place until May 6, 1962. ^[67]
• The mail ship MV Stirling Castle departed South Africa for the UK with the Tristan da Cunha islanders on board.

October 21, 1961 (Saturday)

• In a speech to business executives in Hot Springs, Virginia, Assistant U.S. Secretary of Defense Roswell Gilpatric revealed that there was no "missile gap" between the United States and the Soviet Union, and that the U.S. actually had the superior nuclear strike force. Gilpatric was authorized by President Kennedy to make the announcement, in response to Soviet Premier Khrushchev's statements four days earlier, stating in part, "we have a second strike capability which is at least as extensive as what the Soviets can deliver by striking first," adding "their Iron Curtain is not so impenetrable as to force us to accept at face value the Kremlin's boasts." ^[68] At the same time, Gilpatric's speech revealed to the Soviets that the U.S. intelligence had discovered the Soviet shortcomings, and "provoked an embarrassing defeat for Khrushchev's reform program". ^[69]
• Project West Ford, a U.S. Air Force experiment in putting 480,000,000 copper dipoles into orbit around the Earth to facilitate communication, was carried out with the launch of the Midas 4 satellite. Each "needle" was 1.78 cm long and 25.4 micrometers (or 1/1000th of an inch) thick. However, the payload failed to deploy. A second experiment, launched on May 9, 1963, would succeed in dispersing the "Westford Needles". "Due to the small overall mass involved," it has been noted, "and due to the high orbit altitudes in which they reside, the effects of Westford Needle clusters on the space debris environment are of minor importance." ^[70]
• The Pervomayskaya Moscow Metro station opened.
• Died: John Peabody Harrington, 77, American linguist who gathered "the greatest collection of linguistic and ethnographic information about North American Indians ever compiled by one man" ^[71]; and Karl Korsch, 75, German Marxist theorist

October 22, 1961 (Sunday)

• Berlin Crisis: Two months after construction of the Berlin Wall, E. Allan Lightner, Jr., Deputy Chief of the U.S. Mission in West Berlin, and his wife, were stopped when he tried to drive his car across the border at after refusing to produce identification while crossing at Checkpoint Charlie, to attend the opera in East Berlin. General Lucius Clay dispatched troops, backed up by several tanks and military vehicles, to the Checkpoint. The Lightners were escorted into East Berlin by eight U.S. military policemen. Over the next three days, what started as a trivial incident escalated into a confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. ^[72]
• Presidential and legislative elections were allowed to take place in Haiti by dictator Francois Duvalier, but only Duvalier supporters were allowed to run for office. Duvalier had his name printed on each ballot paper, with the result that he was re-elected unanimously. ^[73]
• Chubby Checker performed his 1960 #1 hit, "The Twist" on the Ed Sullivan Show, reigniting the popularity of both the dance and the record. The song returned to the Top 100 three weeks later, and became the first and only hit single to reach #1 twice. ^[74]
• The Mizo National Front was founded in India by Pu Laldenga, converting from a famine relief organization to a political party advocating secession of the Mizo people from India. ^[75]
• Died: Joseph Schenck, 82, Russian-born film studio executive

October 23, 1961 (Monday)

• China's Prime Minister Zhou Enlai abruptly left Moscow, a week before the conclusion of the 22nd Communist Party Congress held in Moscow, four days after bitterly criticizing Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev over the issue of Albania. Zhou's departure was seen as a sign that the rift between the two Communist superpowers was widening, and the Soviets halted delivery of exports to China soon afterward. ^[76]
• In New York, Thurgood Marshall, an African-American attorney was the chief legal adviser to the NAACP, was sworn in as a federal judge on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. He would become the first black U.S. Supreme Court justice in 1967. ^[77]
• In a speech given in Bombay, India's Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru referred to increasing reports of "terror and torture" by the Portuguese authorities in Goa and declared that "the time has come for us to consider afresh what method should be adopted to free Goa from Portuguese rule." ^[78]
• Born: Donald Harris and Ronald Harris, who became famous as the Harris Brothers, American professional wrestlers; in Apopka, Florida; and Laurie Halse Anderson, bestselling American children's author, in Potsdam, New York

October 24, 1961 (Tuesday)

• Malta gained a new constitution to support its independence.^[79]
• Construction work began on the Manic-2 dam over the Manicouagan River in Quebec, Canada.
• A group of prominent campaigners for the preservation of the Euston Arch, including James Maude Richards, went to see British prime minister Harold Macmillan to argue for it to be dismantled and rebuilt elsewhere. Their arguments were unsuccessful, and the arch was demolished two months later.
• As part of an x-ray astronomy experiment, The first attempt was made to detect non-solar x-ray radiation in outer space, with the launch of a rocket from White Sands by astronomer Riccardo Giacconi. The launch was successful, but no data was returned in attempting to detect x-rays reflecting from the Moon. Analogous to a lens cap remaining on a camera, the doors that protected the data recording equipment failed to open. A second attempt on June 18, 1962, proved that the Moon did not reflect x-rays. ^[80]
• Born: Susan Still-Kilrain, American astronaut and shuttle pilot, in Augusta, Georgia
• Died: Clem Stephenson, 71, English international footballer

October 25, 1961 (Wednesday)

• The first edition of Private Eye, the British satirical magazine, is published.
• Pegasus Airlines goes out of business.

October 26, 1961 (Thursday)

• General Cemal Gürsel, who had led the military junta that had ruled since 1960, was elected in a joint session of the National Assembly and the Senate as the fourth President of Turkey, as that nation made its transition to civilian rule. ^[81]
• Grégoire Kayibanda, leader of the Hutu majority party became President of Rwanda, which would be granted full independence on July 1, 1962. During his presidency, repression against the Tutsi minority would continue. ^[82]
• The Crucible, an English language opera written by Robert Ward, and based on the 1952 play by Arthur Miller, was given its first performance. It would win the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1962. ^[83]

October 27, 1961 (Friday)

• Berlin Crisis: After American diplomat Albert Hemsing approached the zonal boundary in a diplomatic vehicle, 33 Soviet tanks drove to the Brandenburg Gate to confront American tanks on the other side of the border. Ten of the tanks continued to Friedrichstraße, stopping 50 to 100 metres from the checkpoint on the Soviet side of the sector boundary. The standoff between the tanks of the two nations continued for 16 hours before both sides withdrew. ^[84]
• An armistice between separatist rebels and U.N. Peacekeeping forces began in Katanga, which had seceded from the Congo.
• Mongolia and Mauritania were admitted as the 102nd and 103rd members, respectively, of the United Nations, doubling the original membership of 51. ^[85]
• Fahri Özdiilek became the acting Prime Minister of Turkey.
• At 10:06 am, the Saturn I rocket booster, essential for the Apollo missions to the Moon, was first tested. The 162 foot high rocket lifted off from Cape Canaveral and reached an altitude of 85 miles, proving that the "clustered engine concept" (with 8 large rocket engines) could be successful.^[86]
• The eight-team American Basketball League, founded by Harlem Globetrotters owner Abe Saperstein after he was refused an NBA franchise, played its first game, as the San Francisco Saints defeated the visiting Los Angeles Jets, 99-96. The ABL was the first to use the three-point field goal, with baskets shot from further away than 25 feet worth 3 points instead of 2. The ABL would fold partway through its second season, on December 31, 1962. ^[87]

October 28, 1961 (Saturday)

• Berlin Crisis: American and Soviet tanks began a gradual withdrawal from stand-off positions either side of the border.
• The Scottish League Cup Final between Rangers F.C. and Heart of Midlothian F.C. ended in a 1–1 draw, necessitating a replay.
• Died: James Rogers, 86, Australian VC recipient

October 29, 1961 (Sunday)

• In the Greek legislative election, Konstantinos Karamanlis and his National Radical Union party won a third successive victory, capturing 176 sets of the 300 seats in the Vouli ton Ellinon (Parliament). The Centre Union Party and the Progressive Party combined for 100 seats under the leadership of George Papandreou, and the United Democratic Left won 24. ^[88]
• RBS Channel 7, the Philippines' third TV station, was launched.
• Pomme de Terre Lake went into operation as a reservoir in Missouri.

October 30, 1961 (Monday)

• The Soviet Union detonated a 58-megaton yield hydrogen bomb known as Tsar Bomba over Novaya Zemlya, in the largest man-made explosion ever. Too large to be fit inside even the largest available warplane ^[89], the weapon was suspended from a Tupolev Tu-95 piloted by A.E. Durnovtsev, a Hero of the Soviet Union. ^[90]. A parachute slowed the bomb's descent so that the airplane could have time to climb away from the fireball, and at an altitude of four kilometers, was exploded at 8:33 AM GMT. ^[91] Although the news drew protests around the world, the event was not reported in the Soviet press. ^[92]
• Died: Luigi Einaudi, 87, former President of Italy; Margherita Sarfatti, 81, Italian journalist and socialite, former mistress of Benito Mussolini

October 31, 1961 (Tuesday)

• Hurricane Hattie devastated Belize City in the British Honduras (now Belize) killing 307 people.^[93] After the hurricane, the capital was moved in 1970 to the inland city of Belmopan.
• Shortly after 10:00 pm in Moscow ^[94], Joseph Stalin's body was removed from the Lenin Mausoleum and reburied outside the Kremlin as part of his successor's policy of de-Stalinization.;^[95]
• The first population census of Indonesia was taken, and recorded as 97,018,829. Country Demographic Profiles: Indonesia (United States Bureau of the Census, 1979
• Born: Peter Jackson, New Zealand film director (The Lord of the Rings), in Pukerua Bay; and Larry Mullen, Jr., Irish drummer for U2, in Artane, Dublin.

Undated

• Syrian Air replaces Syrian Arab Airlines as the national airline of Syria.^[96]

References

1. ^ "TV Weekly", p4, Ottawa Citizen, September 30, 1961; Michael Nolan, CTV, the Network that Means Business (University of Alberta, 2001) p5
2. ^ "'I'm The Only Man To Hit 61 Homers!'", Miami News, October 2, 1961, p1C
3. ^ "Kid Who Caught It To Pay Folks' Debt", Miami News, October 2, 1961, p1C
4. ^ Stephen L. Bishop, Legal Oppositional Narrative: A Case Study in Cameroon (Lexington Books, 2008) p xvi
5. ^ "Inventory of the Lester Wunderman Papers, 1946-2010 and undated", Duke University Libraries
6. ^ Defense Intelligence Agency 35 Years: A Brief History (DIA History Office, 1996) p5
7. ^ David John Marley, Pat Robertson: An American Life (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007) p23
8. ^ "Verwoerd's Assailant A Suicide", Miami News, October 2, 1961, p6A
9. ^ Barun Kumar De, Public System Management (New Age International, 2007) p125
10. ^ Betty White, Here We Go Again: My Life in Television (Simon and Schuster, 2010) p132
11. ^ "De Gaulle Plans Plea For Unity", Toledo Blade, October 2, 1961, p1
12. ^ James W. Roman, From Daytime to Primetime: the History of American Television Programs (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005)
13. ^ James D. Woods, The Columbia Reader on Lesbians and Gay Men in Media, Society, and Politics (Columbia University Press, 1999) p292
14. ^ "Election Ends Fianna Fail's Dail Majority", Chicago Tribune, October 7, 1961, pB9
15. ^ Townsend Davis, Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999); "Police Arrest 116 Students", Eugene (OR) Register-Guard, October 5, 1961, p1
16. ^ Kristin Ross, May 1968 and Its Afterlives (University of Chicago Press, 2002) pp52-54
17. ^ Chia-Jui Cheng, Basic Documents on International Trade Law (BRILL, 1990) p15
18. ^ M. Taylor Fravel, Strong Borders, Secure Nation: Cooperation and Conflict in China's Territorial Disputes (Princeton University Press, 2008) p91; "Curfew Is Imposed on Paris Algerians", New York Times, October 6, 1961, p11
19. ^ "The Two Germanies", by C.G. Schweitzer, in Politics and Government in Germany, 1944-1994: Basic Documents (Berghahn Books, 1995) p74
20. ^ "No Sign Of Survivors In French Air Crash", Miami News, October 8, 1961, p1
21. ^ James S. Olson, Historical Dictionary of the 1960s (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999) pp48, 135
22. ^ Frederick Taylor, The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961-1989 (HarperCollins, 2008) p303
23. ^ Theodore H. White, The Making of the President 1964 (Atheneum Publishers, 1965) p96
24. ^ "Ireland Wins US Grand Prix", Montreal Gazette, October 9, 1961, p20
25. ^ "Sidelines for Phil Hill; Champion Driver to Be Official Sunday", New York Times, October 4, 1961, p57
26. ^ "YANKEES WIN THE SERIES BY SMASHING REDS, 13-5", Miami News, October 9, 1961, p1
27. ^ "Reds Will Refuse Order To Register", Miami News, October 10, 1961, p3A
28. ^ http://www.jstor.org/pss/25396038 Norman Samuels, "Experiences of a Medical Officer on Tristan da Cunha, June-October 1961", British Medical Journal, October 26, 1963
29. ^ "Volcano Rips Island", Miami News, October 11, 1961, p1
30. ^ "Martin, Marietta Approve Merger", Milwaukee Sentinel, October 9, 1961, p2-8; Kenneth W. Thompson, The Structure and Functions of Governance: Its National and International Setting (University Press of America, 1992) p76
31. ^ N. Piers Ludlow, Dealing with Britain: The Six and the First UK Application to the EEC (Cambridge University Press, 1997) p7
32. ^ Robert A. Saunders, Vlad Strukov, Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation (Scarecrow Press, 2010) p584
33. ^ Harold C. Relyea and L. Elaine Halchin, Informing Congress: The Role of the Executive Branch in Times of War (Nova Publishers, 2003) p28
34. ^ Oleg Bukharin, et al., Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces (MIT Press, 2004) p463
35. ^ "X-15 Cracks Its Windshield 40 Miles Up", St. Petersburg (FL) Times, October 12, 1961, p1
36. ^ Gary L. Albrecht, et al., Handbook of Disability Studies (SAGE, 2001) p46
37. ^ Maxine N. Lurie and Marc Mappen, Encyclopedia of New Jersey (Rutgers University Press, 2004) p741
38. ^ "You May Travel To Moon By '75", Miami News, October 11, 1961, p3A
39. ^ "Bob Newhart Offers Sharp Wit", Gadsden (AL) Times, October 12, 1961, p12
40. ^ "Bowling Pros Start 1st Season", St. Joseph (MO) News-Press, October 13, 1961, p15
41. ^ "Detroit Bowlers Take National League Title", New York Times, May 7, 1962
42. ^ "Death Penalty Abolished in New Zealand", Glasgow Herald, October 13, 1961, p13
43. ^ "The Premier Of Urundi Is Killed From Ambush", Miami News, October 14, 1961, p1
44. ^ René Lemarchand, Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide (Cambridge University Press, 1996) p54
45. ^ "Syria Gets UN Seat", Ottawa Citizen, October 14, 1961, p18
46. ^ "Peace Corps Incident in Nigeria", Glasgow Herald, October 17, 1961, p9
47. ^ "The infamous Peace Corps postcard", PeaceCorpsWriters.org
48. ^ Tristan da Cunha Recent History
49. ^ "Air Line Flights Halt Today For Sky Shield Test", Chicago Tribune, October 14, 1961, p1; "Mock Bomber Attack Over U.S., Canada Set for Weekend", Saskatoon (Sask.) Star-Phoenix, October 10, 1961, p7; "'This Is Only a Test'", by Roger A. Mola, Air & Space Magazine (March 2002)
50. ^ Robert Emmet Long, Broadway, the Golden Years: Jerome Robbins and the Great Choreographer-Directors, 1940 to the Present (Continuum International, 2003) p158
51. ^ "Democracy in Turkey", by Bernard Lewis, in The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics (Routledge, 2003) p233
52. ^ "Search Ends For Missing Air Force Jet", The News and Courier (Charleston SC), October 20, 1961, p10-B
53. ^ Gian J. Quasar, Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth behind the World's Greatest Mystery (McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005) p26, Bermuda-Triangle.org
54. ^ John Clearwater, U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Canada (Dundurn Press Ltd., 1999) p119
55. ^ Julia Child and Alex Prud'Homme, My Life in France (Random House Digital, Inc., 2006) p308
56. ^ Cork Airport History
57. ^ Robert Gildea, France since 1945 (Oxford University Press, 1996) p
58. ^ Susan Peterson, Crisis Bargaining and the State: The Domestic Politics of International Conflict (University of Michigan Press, 1996) p182; "Russia Offers To Drop German Treaty Deadline If West Will Negotiate", Toledo Blade, October 17, 1961, p1
59. ^ Matthew Evangelista, Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War (Cornell University Press, 2002) p72 "Khrushchev's Bomb Boast Spreads Dismay In West", Tuscaloosa News, October 18, 1961, p1
60. ^ "Albania gets spanking from Khrushchev", Long Beach (CA) Press-Courier, October 18, 1961, p26
61. ^ "NIKITA BOASTS OF 1980 UTOPIA", Pittsburgh Press, October 18, 1961, p1
62. ^ "K. Assails Former Soviet Leaders As Rebels", Tuscaloosa News, October 17, 1961, p1
63. ^ Walter Mirisch, I Thought We Were Making Movies, Not History (University of Wisconsin Press, 2008) p128
64. ^ Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat, Human Rights Worldwide: A Reference Handbook (ABC-CLIO, 2006) p194
65. ^ "White Vote Strengthens Verwoerd", Ottawa Citizen, October 20, 1961, p17
66. ^ Arthur Lall, Modern International Negotiation: Principles and Practice (Columbia University Press, 1966) p167
67. ^ Norman Polmar and Michael White, Project Azorian: The CIA and the Raising of the K-129 (Naval Institute Press, 2010) p21
68. ^ "U.S. Can Destroy Soviet Even If Attacked First, Top Pentagon Aid Says", Toledo Blade, October 22, 1961, p1; Jonathan Haslam, Russia's Cold War: From the October Revolution to the Fall of the Wall (Yale University Press, 2011) p197
69. ^ Shane J. Maddock, Nuclear Apartheid: the Quest for American Atomic Supremacy from World War II to the Present (UNC Press Books, 2010)
70. ^ Heiner Klinkrad, Space Debris: Models and Risk Analysis (Birkhäuser, 2006) pp86-87; "Band Of Needles Put In Orbit In U.S. Radio Test", Toledo Blade, October 22, 1961
71. ^ Thomas C. Blackburn, December's Child: A Book of Chumash Oral Narratives (University of California Press, 1980) p5
72. ^ "GIs Crack Berlin Barrier", Milwaukee Sentinel, October 23, 1961, p1; Michael Burgan, The Berlin Wall: Barrier to Freedom (Compass Point Books, 2008) pp65-66
73. ^ Martin Munro, Exile and Post-1946 Haitian Literature (Liverpool University Press, 2007) p141
74. ^ Fred Bronson, The Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits (Random House, 2003) p74
75. ^ Arnold P. Kaminsky and Roger D. Long, eds., India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p473
76. ^ "Chou Russia Exit Hints Wider Rift", Pittsburgh Press, October 24, 1961, p1; Lawrence C. Reardon, The Reluctant Dragon: Crisis Cycles in Chinese Foreign Economic Policy (University of Washington Press, 2002) p109
77. ^ Juan Williams, Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary (Random House, 2000)
78. ^ "Nehru Warns Lisbon", New York Times, October 24, 1961, p3
79. ^ Supplement of the Government Gazette 31 October 1961 No. 11,346
80. ^ Richard F. Hirsh, Glimpsing an Invisible Universe: The Emergence of X-ray Astronomy (Cambridge University Press, 1983) p42-43
81. ^ "Turkey's New President", Ottawa Citizen, October 26, 1961, p59
82. ^ Mohamed C. Othman, Accountability for International Humanitarian Law Violations: The Case of Rwanda and East Timor (Birkhäuser, 2005) p8
83. ^ Amnon Kabatchnik, Blood on the Stage, 1950-1975: Milestone Plays of Crime, Mystery and Detection(Scarecrow Press, 2011) p98
84. ^ "Soviet Tanks in E. Berlin! U.S. Armor Faces Reds at Border", Milwaukee Sentinel, October 27, 1961, p1; "Muscle at Checkpoint Charlie", TIME Magazine, November 3, 1961
85. ^ "OK Outer Mongolia, Mauritania", Milwaukee Sentinel, October 28, 1961, p3
86. ^ "U.S. Strides Toward Moon", , Milwaukee Sentinel, October 28, 1961, p1; Ben Evans, Foothold in the Heavens: The Seventies (Springer, 2010) p70
87. ^ John Grasso, Historical Dictionary of Basketball (Scarecrow Press, 2010) p34
88. ^ Richard Clogg, Parties and Elections in Greece: the Search for Legitimacy (Duke University Press, 1987) p41
89. ^ Michael Kort and Cathal J Nolan, Weapons of Mass Destruction (Infobase Publishing, 2010) pp77-78
90. ^ "The Khariton Version", by Yuli Khariton and Yuri Smirnov, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (May 1993) p30
91. ^ "Nikita Fires Super Bomb", Miami News, October 30, 1961, p1
92. ^ Lawrence S. Wittner, Resisting the Bomb: A History of the World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, 1954-1970 (Stanford University Press, 1997) p340
93. ^ [http://www.nemo.org.bz/cgi-bin/nemonews/exec/view.cgi?archive=1&num=285 " Belize Marked 45th Anniversary of Deadly Hurricane Hattie"], Belize National Emergency Management Organization
94. ^ Thomas Reed, At the Abyss: An Insider's History of the Cold War (Random House, 2005) p29
95. ^ CNN Interactive – Almanac – October 31, CNN, http://www.cnn.com/almanac/9810/31/#today, "(October 31) 1961, Russia's de-Stalinization program reached a climax when his body was removed from the mausoleum in Red Square and re-buried." 
96. ^ Syrian Air – About Us