Liu Shaoqi

Infobox President
name =Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇
刘少奇

|250px
nationality = Han Chinese
order = 2nd President of the People's Republic of China
term_start = 27 April 1959
term_end = 31 October 1968
predecessor = Mao Zedong
successor = Dong Biwu and Song Qingling
office1 = 1st Chairman of the NPCSC
term_start1 = September 15, 1954
term_end1 = April 28, 1959
successor1 = Zhu De
birth_date = birth date|1898|11|24|df=y
birth_place =
death_date = death date and age|1969|11|12|1898|11|24|df=y
death_place =
spouse =
party = Communist Party of China
vice_president = Dong Biwu and Song Qingling

Liu Shaoqi (zh-stpw|s=刘少奇|t=劉少奇|p=Liú Shàoqí|w=Liu Shao-ch'i) (24 November 1898ndash 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he led economic construction and policy initiatives of the country. He fell from political favour due to being seen as a challenge to Mao's power, and was purged during the Cultural Revolution, when he was labeled China's No.1 Capitalist-roader and deemed a traitor. He died under harsh treatment in late 1969, but his reputation would be posthumously rehabilitated in 1980.

Biography

Born into a moderately rich peasant family in Huaguangtang, Nantang, theoretical affairs. [Dittmer, Lowell, "Liu Shao-ch’i and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism," University of California Press (Berkeley), 1974, p. 9 ] in Ningxiang County, Changsha, Hunan province [Snow, Edgar, "Red Star Over China", Random House (New York), 1938. Citation is from the Grove Press 1973 edition, p.482-484 ] He attended Ningxiang Zhusheng Middle School (宁乡驻省中学), and Hunan First Normal School, where he may have met Mao Zedong (the two were one year apart at school). In 1917, he joined the "New People's Study Society", founded by Mao and Cai Hesen, and in 1918 was sponsored by the society to study at Yude Middle School in Baoding, Hebei. [ibid] In 1920, Liu and Mao organized a Socialist Youth Corps, after which Liu was recruited to study at the Comintern's Toilers of the East University in Moscow; one of his classmates was Zhang Guotao. In 1921 he joined the newly formed CCP. He went back to China in 1922, and as secretary of the All-China Labor Syndicate, worked with Zhang to organize several railway workers' strikes in the Yangzi Valley and at Anyuan on the Jiangxi-Hunan border. [Snow, p. 482, Dittmer, p. 12.] His work with Anyuan coal miners was the first direct revolutionary work under Mao. [Dittmer, p. 12]

In 1925, Liu was a member of the Guangzhou-based All-China Federation of Labor Executive Committee. During the next two years, he led many political campaigns and strikes in Hubei and Shanghai. Liu worked with Li Lisan in Shanghai in 1925, capitalizing on the aftermath of the May 30 Incident. He then fled to Wuhan, was briefly arrested in Changsha and then returned to Guangzhou to help organize the 16-month long Canton-Hong Kong strike of 1925-26. [Dittmer, p. 14 ]

In 1927 he was elected to the Party's Central Committee, and appointed head of its Labor Department. [Chen, Jerome, "Mao and the Chinese Revolution," (London), 1965, p. 148] In 1929, he worked at party headquarters in Shanghai, and was named Secretary of the Manchurian Party committee in Fengtian. [Dittmer, p. 15] In 1930 and 1931, he attended the Third and Fourth Plenums of the 6th Central Committee, and was elected to the Central Executive Committee (i.e., Politburo) of the Chinese Soviet Republic in 1931 or 1932. In that year, he went to the Jiangxi Soviet. [Snow, p. 482-484]

In 1932 Liu became the Party Secretary in Fujian Province. Two years later he accompanied the Long March at least as far as the crucial Zunyi Conference, but was then sent to the so-called "White Areas" to reorganize underground activities in North China, based out of Beiping and Tianjin. In 1936 he was Party Secretary in North China, leading the anti-Japanese movements in that area with the assistance of future leaders such as Peng Zhen, An Ziwen, Bo Yibo, Ke Qingshi, Liu Lantao and Yao Yilin. In 1939 he ran the Central Plains Bureau and in 1941 the Central China Bureau. Some Japanese sources allege his organization with sparking the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in July 1937, which gave Japan the excuse to formally launch World War II. [Dittmer, p. 17 citing Tetsuya Kataoka, "Resistance and Revolution in China: The Communists and the Second United Front", 1974 pre-publication.]

In 1937, Liu went to the Communist base at Yenan, and in 1941 he became political commissar of the New Fourth Army. [ibid] He was elected as one of 5 CC Secretaries at the 7th National Party Congress, in 1945. Liu was thus the supreme leader of the communist forces in Manchuria and North China, [ibid] a stature frequently overlooked by historians.

From 1945 to his downfall in 1966, Liu ranked as the First Vice Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. [ibid] . In 1949, he was Vice Chairman of the Central People's Government, and later First Vice Chairman of the National People's Congress (1955-59). [ibid] He succeeded Mao as Government Chairman (essentially President of the People's Republic of China) in 1958, and was publicly acknowledged as Mao's chosen successor in 1961. [Dittmer, Lowell, "Liu Shao-ch’i and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism", University of California Press (Berkeley), 1974, p. 27 ]

Liu worked mainly in party organizational and theoretical affairs. [Dittmer, Lowell, "Liu Shao-ch’i and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism", University of California Press (Berkeley), 1974, p. 206 ] An orthodox Soviet-style Communist, he favored state planning and the development of heavy industry. He was the first to announce the Great Leap Forward, at the Second Session of the 8th CCP National Congress, in May 1958, [Dittmer, Lowell, "Liu Shao-ch’i and the Chinese Cultural Revolution: The Politics of Mass Criticism", University of California Press (Berkeley), 1974, p. 39-40 ] and together with Deng Xiaoping and Peng Zhen stood at odds with moderates led by Chen Yun and Zhou Enlai. The first indication of concern came at the August 1959 Lushan Plenum. [ibid]

Amid growing disenchantment with Mao's Great Leap Forward, Deng and Liu gained influence within the CCP. They embarked on economic reforms that bolstered their prestige among the party apparatus and the national populace. Deng and Liu advocated more pragmatic policies, as opposed to Mao's radical ideas.

Halfway through the 1960s, however, Mao rebuilt his position in the Party and in 1966 he launched the Cultural Revolution as a means of destroying his enemies in the Party. Liu and Deng Xiaoping, along with many others, were denounced as "capitalist roaders." Liu was labeled as a "traitor," and "the biggest capitalist roader in the Party." In July 1966 he was displaced as Party Deputy Chairman by Lin Biao. By 1967 Liu and his wife Wang Guangmei were under house arrest in Beijing.

Liu was removed from all his positions and expelled from the Party in October 1968 and disappeared from view.Fact|date=April 2008

During his life, Liu had diabetes. Furthermore, in his old age, he developed pneumonia and was then refused all medicine by Mao and his officials. On the orders of Mao's wife, he was kept alive so that the Ninth Party Congress in 1969 would have a 'living target'. At the Congress, he was denounced as a traitor and an enemy agent. He was then allowed to die in agony.cite book |title=Humanity : A Moral History of the Twentieth Century |last=Glover |first=Jonathan |publisher=London: J. Cape |date=1999 |pages=289 |isbn=0-300-08700-4 |authorlink=Jonathan Glover] Mao continuously disfavored Liu and his political aspirations during Liu's brief years in office.

The exact conditions of his death remain uncertain and contested. One version attributes his death to "medical neglect", (untreated diabetes and pneumonia). Several weeks after his death, Red Guards discovered him lying on the floor covered in diarrhea and vomit, with a foot of unkempt hair protruding from his scalp.Fact|date=March 2008 It was here that the former chairman of China died on 12 November 1969. At midnight, under secrecy, his remains were brought in a jeep to a crematorium, his legs hanging out the back, and he was cremated under the name Liu Huihuang.Fact|date=March 2008 The cause of death was recorded as illness, and his family was not informed for another three years after this date, and the people in China for ten years Fact|date=January 2008. The ashes of his body are said to be held at Babao shan.Fact|date=April 2008

After Deng Xiaoping came to power in 1978, Liu was politically rehabilitated (in February 1980), with a belated state funeral over a decade after his death.

Liu's best known writings include "How to be a Good Communist" (1939), "On the Party" (1945), and "Internationalism and Nationalism" (1952).

ee also

* History of the People's Republic of China

References

ources

* "Fifth Plenary Session of 11th C.C.P. Central Committee," "Beijing Review", No. 10 (10 March 1980), pp. 3–10, which describes the official rehabilitation measures.

External links

* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/liu-shaoqi/index.htm The Liu Shaoqi Reference Archive]