Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler

EA-6B Prowler
A U.S. Navy EA-6B Prowler
Role	Electronic warfare/Attack aircraft
Manufacturer	Grumman Northrop Grumman
First flight	25 May 1968[1]
Introduction	July 1971
Status	Active
Primary users	United States Navy United States Marine Corps
Number built	170
Unit cost	US$52 million[citation needed]
Developed from	Grumman A-6 Intruder

The Northrop Grumman (formerly Grumman) EA-6B Prowler is a twin-engine, mid-wing electronic warfare aircraft modified from the basic A-6 Intruder airframe. The EA-6B has been in service with the U.S. Armed Forces from 1971 through the present, during which it has carried out numerous missions for jamming enemy radar systems, and in gathering radio intelligence on those and other enemy air defense systems. In addition, the EA-6B is capable of carrying and firing anti-radiation missiles (ARM), such as the Shrike missile and the HARM missile. The aircrew of the EA-6B consists of one pilot and three Electronic Countermeasures Officers.

From the 1998 retirement of the United States Air Force EF-111 Raven electronic warfare aircraft, the EA-6B was the only dedicated electronic warfare plane available for missions by the U.S. Navy, the U.S. Marine Corps, and the U.S. Air Force until the fielding of the Navy's EA-18G Growler in 2009.

Development

A Marine EA-6A Intruder over Cherry Point, 1978. The two-seat EA-6A would be followed by the more advanced four-seat EA-6B Prowler.

The EA-6A "Electric Intruder" was developed for the U.S. Marine Corps during the 1960s to replace its EF-10B Skyknights. The EA-6A was a direct conversion of the standard A-6 Intruder airframe, with two seats, equipped with electronic warfare (EW) equipment. The EA-6A was used by three Marine Corps squadrons during the War in Vietnam. A total of 27 EA-6As were produced, with 15 of these being newly-manufactured ones.^[2] Most of these EA-6As were retired from service in the 1970s with the last few being retired in the 1980s.^[3] The EA-6A was essentially an interim warplane until the more-advanced EA-6B could be designed and built.

The much more advanced and substantially redesigned EA-6B was developed beginning in 1966 as a replacement for EKA-3B Skywarriors for the U.S. Navy. The forward fuselage was lengthened to create a rear area for a larger four-seat cockpit, and an antenna fairing was added to the tip of its vertical stabilizer.^[2] The Prowler first flew on 25 May 1968, and it entered service on aircraft carriers in July 1971.^[4] Three prototype EA-6Bs were converted from A-6As, and five EA-6Bs were developmental airplanes. A total of 170 EA-6B production aircraft were manufactured from 1966 through 1991.^[3]

The EA-6B Prowler is powered by two turbojet engines, and it is capable of high subsonic speeds. Due to its extensive electronic warfare operations, and the aircraft's age (produced until 1991), the EA-6B is a high-maintenance aircraft, and it also has undergone more frequent equipment upgrades than any other aircraft in the Navy or Marine Corps. Although designed as an electronic warfare and command-and-control aircraft for air strike missions, the EA-6B is also capable of attacking some surface targets on its own, in particular enemy radar sites and surface-to-air missile launchers. In addition, the EA-6B is capable of gathering electronic signals intelligence.

The EA-6B Prowler has been continually upgraded over the years. The first of which was named "expanded capability" (EXCAP) beginning in 1973. Then came "improved capability" (ICAP) in 1976 and ICAP II in 1980. The ICAP II upgrade provided the EA-6B with the capability of firing Shrike missiles and AGM-88 HARM missiles.^[3]

Advanced Capability EA-6B

EA-6B ADVCAP

The Advanced Capability EA-6B Prowler (ADVCAP) was a development program initiated to improve the flying qualities of the EA-6B and to upgrade the avionics and electronic warfare systems. The intention was to modify all EA-6Bs into the ADVCAP configuration, however the program was removed from the Fiscal Year 1995 budget due to financial pressure from competing Department of Defense acquisition programs.

The ADVCAP development program was initiated in the late 1980s and was broken into three distinct phases: Full-Scale Development (FSD), Vehicle Enhancement Program (VEP) and the Avionics Improvement Program (AIP).

FSD served primarily to evaluate the new AN/ALQ-149 Electronic Warfare System. The program utilized a slightly modified EA-6B to house the new system.

The VEP added numerous changes to the aircraft to address deficiencies with the original EA-6B flying qualities, particularly lateral-directional problems that hampered recovery from out-of-control flight. Bureau Number 158542 was used. Changes included:

• Leading edge strakes (to improve directional stability)
• Fin pod extension (to improve directional stability)
• Ailerons (to improve slow speed lateral control)
• Re-contoured leading edge slats and trailing edge flaps (to compensate for an increase in gross weight)
• Two additional wing stations on the outer wing panel (for jamming pods only)
• New J52-P-409 engines (increased thrust by 2,000 lbf (8.9 kN) per engine)
• New digital Standard Automatic Flight Control System (SAFCS)

The added modifications increased the aircraft gross weight approximately 2,000 pound (900 kg) and shifted the center of gravity 3% MAC aft of the baseline EA-6B. In previous models, when operating at sustained high angles of attack, fuel migration would cause additional shifts in CG with the result that the aircraft had slightly negative longitudinal static stability. Results of flight tests of the new configuration showed greatly improved flying qualities and the rearward shift of the CG had minimal impact.

"FrankenProwler" during a pre-flight inspection at Al Asad Air Base, Iraq

The AIP prototype (bureau number 158547) represented the final ADVCAP configuration, incorporating all of the FSD and VEP modifications plus a completely new avionics suite which added multi-function displays to all crew positions, a head-up display for the pilot, and dual Global Positioning/Inertial navigation systems. The initial joint test phase between the contractor and the US Navy test pilots completed successfully with few deficiencies.

After the program was canceled, the three experimental Prowlers, BuNo 156482, 158542 and 158547, were mothballed until 1999. During the next several years, the three aircraft were dismantled and reassembled creating a single aircraft, b/n 158542, which the Navy dubbed "FrankenProwler". It was returned to active service 23 March 2005.^[5]

Improved Capability (ICAP)

Northrop Grumman received contracts from the U.S. Navy to deliver new electronic countermeasures gear to Prowler squadrons; the heart of each ICAP III set consists of the ALQ-218 receiver and new software that provides more precise selective-reactive radar jamming and deception and threat location. The ICAP III sets also are equipped with the Multifunction Information Distribution System (MIDS), which includes the Link 16 data link system. Northrop has delivered two lots and will be delivering two more beginning in 2010.^[6] The majority of EA-6B Prowlers in service today are the ICAP II version, carrying the ALQ-99 Tactical Jamming System.

Design

Designed for carrier-borne and advanced base operations, the EA-6B is a fully integrated electronic warfare system combining long-range, all-weather capabilities with advanced electronic countermeasures.^[7] A forward equipment bay and pod-shaped fairing on the vertical fin house the additional avionics equipment. It is now the primary electronic warfare aircraft for the U.S Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, and U.S. Air Force. The primary mission of the EA-6B is to support ground-attack strikes by disrupting enemy electromagnetic activity. As a secondary mission is can also gather tactical electronic intelligence within a combat zone, and another secondary mission is attacking enemy radar sites with anti-radiation missiles.

The Prowler has a crew of four, a pilot and three Electronic Countermeasures Officers (known as ECMOs). Powered by two non-afterburning Pratt & Whitney J52-P-408A turbojet engines, it is capable of speeds of up to 590 miles per hour (950 km/h) with a range of 1,140 miles (1,840 km).

Design particulars include the refueling probe being asymmetrical, appearing bent to the right. It contains an antenna near its root. The canopy has a shading of gold to protect the crew against the radio emissions that the electronic warfare equipment produces.

Operational history

EA-6B Prowler takes off from Eielson AFB. Note the tint of the gold embedded in the canopy. The gold provides protection from electromagnetic interference and prevents some EM emissions

Since the retirement of the EF-111 Raven in 1995, the EA-6B is the only dedicated aerial radar jammer aircraft of the U.S. Armed Forces. The EA-6B has been flown in almost all American combat operations since 1972, and is frequently flown in support of the U.S. Air Force missions.

About 125 Prowlers remain today, divided between twelve Navy, four Marine, and four joint Navy-Air Force "Expeditionary" squadrons. A JCS staff study recommended that the EF-111 Raven be retired to reduce Type/Model/Series aircraft dedicated to the same mission, which led to an OSD Program Decision Memorandum (PDM) to establish 4 "expeditionary" Prowler squadrons composed of Navy and USAF personnel to meet the needs of the Air Force.^{[citation needed]}

Though once considered being replaced by Common Support Aircraft, the original plan failed to materialize. The EA-6B remains in active service today. In 2009 the Navy EA-6B Prowler community begin transitioning to the EA-18G Growler, a new electronic warfare derivative of the F/A-18F Super Hornet. All but one of the active duty Navy EA-6B squadrons are based at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island, located in the northwest corner of the state of Washington. VAQ-136 is stationed at Naval Air Facility Atsugi, Japan, as part of Carrier Air Wing 5, the forward deployed naval forces (FDNF) air wing that embarks aboard the Japan-based USS George Washington (CVN-73). VAQ-209, the Navy Reserve's sole remaining EA-6B squadron, is stationed at Naval Air Facility Washington, Maryland. All Marine Corps EA-6B squadrons are located at Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina.

Operations in Afghanistan and Iraq

According to news reports, the Prowler has been used in anti-improvised explosive device operations in the current conflict in Afghanistan for several years by jamming remote detonation devices such as garage door openers or cellular telephones.^[8] Two Prowler squadrons are also based in Iraq, working with the same mission.^[9]

Operators

An EA-6B Prowler from VAQ-138 carrying two wing mounted jamming pods.

The EA-6B Prowler is operated by the U.S. Armed Forces, and has squadrons in both the U.S. Marine Corps and Navy.

USMC squadrons

VMAQ squadrons operate the EA-6B Prowler.^[10] Each of the four squadrons operates five aircraft and are land-based, although they are capable of operating aboard U.S. Navy aircraft carriers and have done so in the past.^[11][12]

Squadron Name	Insignia	Nickname	Dates operated	Senior Command	Station
VMAQ-1		Banshees		MAG-14, 2nd MAW	MCAS Cherry Point, NC[13]
VMAQ-2		Death Jesters		MAG-14, 2nd MAW	MCAS Cherry Point, NC[14]
VMAQ-3		Moon Dogs		MAG-14, 2nd MAW	MCAS Cherry Point, NC[15]
VMAQ-4		Seahawks		MAG-14, 2nd MAW	MCAS Cherry Point, NC[16]

The USMC is investigating an electronic attack role for the F-35 Lightning II to replace their Prowlers.^[17]

USN squadrons

A typical Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron consists of four EA-6B Prowlers. Navy Electronic Attack squadrons carry the letters VAQ (V-fixed wing, A-attack, Q-electronic). Most VAQ squadrons are carrier based, however a number are "expeditionary", deploying to overseas land bases.^[7]

Squadron Name	Insignia	Nickname	Dates Operated	Carrier air wing	Station
VAQ-129		Vikings		Fleet Replacement Squadron[18]	NAS Whidbey Island[19]
VAQ-130		Zappers		CVW-3	NAS Whidbey Island[20]
VAQ-131		Lancers		CVW-2	NAS Whidbey Island[21]
VAQ-132		Scorpions	1971-2009	EA-6B replaced by EA-18Gs	[22]
VAQ-133		Wizards		Expeditionary	NAS Whidbey Island[23]
VAQ-134		Garudas		CVW-17	NAS Whidbey Island[24]
VAQ-135		Black Ravens		CVW-11	NAS Whidbey Island[25]
VAQ-136		Gauntlets		CVW-5	NAF Atsugi[26]
VAQ-137		Rooks		CVW-1	NAS Whidbey Island[27]
VAQ-138		Yellowjackets	1976-2009	EA-6B replaced by EA-18Gs	[28]
VAQ-139		Cougars		CVW-14	NAS Whidbey Island[29]
VAQ-140		Patriots		CVW-7	NAS Whidbey Island[30]
VAQ-142		Gray Wolves		Expeditionary	NAS Whidbey Island[31]
VAQ-209		Star Warriors		Reserve Tactical Support Wing	NAF Washington[32]

Notable incidents

While no Prowler has ever been lost in combat, over forty were destroyed in various accidents as of 2007.^{[citation needed]}

• On 26 May 1981, a USMC EA-6B crashed onto the flight deck of the USS Nimitz (CVN-68) and caused a fire, killing 14 crew men and injuring 45 others.^[33][34] The Prowler was fuel-critical after a "bolter" (missed approach), and its crash and the subsequent fire and explosions destroyed or damaged eleven other aircraft.^[35]

• A USMC EA-6B Prowler, BuNo 163045, from VMAQ-2 caused the Cavalese cable car disaster on 3 February 1998, accidentally cutting the cables of a cableway in Italy during an unauthorized low level flight in mountainous terrain, killing 20 civilians.
• In 1998, a memorial at Naval Air Station Whidbey Island was dedicated to 44 crew members lost in EA-6B aircraft accidents.^[36] Later that year, on 10 November 1998, that total increased to 48 when four crew members were killed when a USN EA-6B collided with an S-3 Viking during night landing qualifications on USS Enterprise (CVN-65).^[37] Five more aircraft have been lost since 1998, but none resulted in fatalities.

Specifications (EA-6B)

Two EA-6B Prowlers over Turkey flying in support of Operation Northern Watch, 2002.

An EA-6B patrols the skies over Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1995.

Data from US Navy Fact File,^[7] US Navy history page^[11]

General characteristics

• Crew: four (one pilot, three electronic countermeasures officers)
• Length: 59 ft 10 in (17.7 m)
• Wingspan: 53 ft (15.9 m)
• Height: 16 ft 8 in (4.9 m)
• Wing area: 528.9 ft² (49.1 m²)
• Empty weight: 31,160 lb (15,130 kg)
• Max takeoff weight: 61,500 lb (27,900 kg)
• Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney J52-P408A turbojet, 10,400 lbf (46 kN) each

Performance

• Maximum speed: 566 knots (651 mph, 1,050 km/h)
• Cruise speed: 418 kt (481 mph, 774 km/h)
• Range: 2,022 mi (tanks kept) / 2,400 mi (tanks dropped) (3,254 km / 3,861 km)
• Service ceiling: 37,600 ft (11,500 m)
• Rate of climb: 12,900 ft/min (65 m/s)
• Wing loading: 116 lb/ft² (560 kg/m²)
• Thrust/weight: 0.34

Armament

• Guns: None
• Hardpoints: 5 total: 1× centreline/under-fuselage plus 4× under-wing pylon stations with a capacity of 18,000 pounds (8,164.7 kg) and provisions to carry combinations of:
  • Missiles: Up to 4× AGM-45 Shrike or AGM-88 HARM Anti-radiation missiles
  • Other:
    
    • Up to 4× 300 US gallons (1,100 L) external drop tanks (only pylon stations 1, 2, 4, 5 are wet-plumbed)
    • Up to 5× AN/ALQ-99 Tactical Jamming System (TJS) external pods

Avionics

• AN/ALQ-99 on board receiver (OBS), AN/ALQ-99 pod mounted jamming system (TJS)
• USQ-113 communications jamming system

See also

	United States Navy portal
	United States Marine Corps portal
	Aviation portal

Related development

• A-6 Intruder
  

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• EF-111A Raven
• EA-18 Growler
  

Related lists

• List of active military aircraft of the United States
  

References

Notes

1. ^ Naval Air Systems Command. Warfighters Encyclopedia. EA-6B Prowler.
2. ^ ^{a b} Frawley, Gerald (2002). "Grumman EA-6B Prowler". The International Directory of Military Aircraft, 2002/2003. Aerospace Publications. ISBN 1-875671-55-2. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} Eden, Paul (2004). "Grumman EA-6B Prowler". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. Amber Books. ISBN 1904687849. 
4. ^ Paul Eden and Soph Moeng, ed (2002). The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. London: Amber Books Ltd. p. 1152. ISBN 0-7607-3432-1. 
5. ^ Harvill, Brian (29 April 2005). "VAQ-141 ‘FrankenProwler’ rejoins the fleet". Northwest Navigator. http://www.northwestnavigator.com/index.php/navigator/whidbey/vaq_141_frankenprowler_rejoins_the_fleet/. 
6. ^ "U.S. Navy Awards Northrop Grumman $125 Million Contract to Produce Fourth Lot of Airborne Electronic Attack Systems" (Press release). Northrop Grumman. 29 September 2008. http://www.irconnect.com/noc/press/pages/news_releases.html?d=151114. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} "EA-6B Prowler electronic warfare aircraft". USN Fact File. United States Navy. 5 August 2003. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=1100&tid=900&ct=1. Retrieved 1 January 2009. 
8. ^ "Navy Takes Aim at Roadside Bombs". Military.com. Associated Press (Military Advantage). 12 June 2007. http://www.military.com/NewsContent/0,13319,138857,00.html. 
9. ^ "Planes on the prowl for roadside bombs". CNN. 13 June 2007. http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/06/12/prowler.ap/index.html. ^{[dead link]}
10. ^ "E/A-6B Prowler". Northrop Grumman. Archived from the original on 17 March 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070317094150/http://www.is.northropgrumman.com/products/navy_products/ea6b/ea6b.html. Retrieved 26 March 2007. 
11. ^ ^{a b} "EA-6B Prowler". Naval Historical Center. United States Department of the Navy. http://www.history.navy.mil/planes/ea6.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009. 
12. ^ "EA-6B Prowler". Intelligence Resource Program. Federation of American Scientists. http://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/ea-6b_prowler.htm. Retrieved 26 March 2007. 
13. ^ "Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 1". United States Marine Corps. http://www.2maw.usmc.mil/MAG14/vmaq1/default.asp. Retrieved 16 March 2007. 
14. ^ "Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 2". United States Marine Corps. http://www.2maw.usmc.mil/MAG14/vmaq2/default.asp. Retrieved 16 March 2007. 
15. ^ "Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 3". United States Marine Corps. http://www.2maw.usmc.mil/MAG14/vmaq3/default.asp. Retrieved 16 March 2007. 
16. ^ "Marine Tactical Electronic Warfare Squadron 4". United States Marine Corps. http://www.2maw.usmc.mil/MAG14/vmaq4/default.asp. Retrieved 16 March 2007. 
17. ^ JOINT STRIKE FIGHTER (JSF) TRANSITION PLAN^{[dead link]}
18. ^ Trains both Marine and Navy in the EA-6B and the EA-18G
19. ^ "VAQ-129 Vikings". United States Navy. http://vaq-129.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/. Retrieved 6 August 2008. 
20. ^ "History". Electronic Attack Squadron 130. United States Navy. http://vaq-130.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/history/history.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009. 
21. ^ "VAQ-131 Lancers Command History". VAQ-131 Lancers. United States Navy. Archived from the original on 17 July 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080717061754/http://vaq131.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/lancer_home_page.htm. Retrieved 1 January 2009. 
22. ^ "VAQ-131 Lancers Command History". VAQ-131 Lancers. United States Navy. http://vaq132.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/lancer_home_page.htm. Retrieved 11 April 2011. ^{[dead link]}
23. ^ "VAQ-133 Official Website". United States Navy. http://vaq133.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/. Retrieved 6 August 2008. 
24. ^ "VAQ-134 Official Website". United States Navy. http://vaq-134.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/. Retrieved 6 August 2008. 
25. ^ "VAQ-135 Official Website". United States Navy. http://vaq135.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/. Retrieved 6 August 2008. 
26. ^ "VAQ-136 Official Website". United States Navy. https://www.atsugi.navy.mil/VAQ136/. Retrieved 6 August 2008. 
27. ^ "VAQ-137 Official Website". United States Navy. http://vaq137.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/. Retrieved 6 August 2008. 
28. ^ "VAQ-138 Official Website". United States Navy. http://vaq138.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/. Retrieved 11 April 2011. 
29. ^ "VAQ-139 Official Website". United States Navy. http://vaq-139.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/. Retrieved 6 August 2008. 
30. ^ "VAQ-140 Official Website". United States Navy. http://vaq140.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/. Retrieved 6 August 2008. 
31. ^ "VAQ-142 Official Website". United States Navy. http://vaq-142.ahf.nmci.navy.mil/. Retrieved 6 August 2008. 
32. ^ "VAQ-209 Official Website". United States Navy. http://navyreserve.navy.mil/Public/Staff/Centers/Forces+Command/Centers/Commander+Tactical+Support+Wing/Centers/VAQ-209/WelcomeAboard/MissionAndHistory/default.htm. Retrieved 6 August 2008. ^{[dead link]}
33. ^ Arendes, Ahron (29 May 2003). "Nimitz Remembers Lives Lost During 1981 Flight Deck Crash". USS Nimitz (CVN 68) Navy NewsStand (United States Navy). http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=7637. 
34. ^ Anderson, Kurt; Beaty, Jonathan (8 June 1981). "Night of Flaming Terror". TIME in partnership with CNN (Time). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922544-1,00.html. Retrieved 2 October 2008. 
35. ^ Gero, David (1999). Military Aviation Disasters. Yeovil: Haynes. pp. 131-132. ISBN 185260574X. 
36. ^ Offley, Ed (28 August 1998). "Memorial honors 44 EA-6B Prowler crewmen". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-64598602.html. 
37. ^ "Navy Flying Accident Leaves at Least 1 Dead". The New York Times. 10 November 1998. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C01EFDD1E3EF933A25752C1A96E958260. 

Bibliography

• Donald, David ed. "Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler", Warplanes of the Fleet. AIRtime, 2004. ISBN 1-880588-81-1.
• Miska, Kurt H. "Grumman A-6A/E Intruder; EA-6A; EA6B Prowler (Aircraft in Profile number 252)". Aircraft in Profile, Volume 14. Windsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1974, p. 137–160. ISBN 0-85383-023-1.

External links

• EA-6B Prowler Fact File and EA-6B history on Navy.mil
• Grumman EA-6B Prowler on NASA Langley site, discussion of ADCAP VEP and cooling modifications.
• EA-6B Prowler on GlobalSecurity.org
• EA-6B Gondola Mishap, Cavalese, Italy, 3 February 1998, Aviation Safety Consulting Services,
• "Navy pilots honor philanthropic locals", East Oregonian News, 29 April 2006.
• "Navy Making Significant Investment To Keep Prowlers Flying", Defense Daily, 16 October 2007.