New Jersey English dialects

New Jersey is dialectally diverse, with many immigrants and transplants^{[clarification needed]} from other states, but there are roughly two regional varieties discernible, each having features in common with the two metropolises of New York City and Philadelphia that each extend into the state. The dialect of Philadelphia contains distinct features of the New York dialect and to a lesser extent, other regions of the US.

North Jersey English

The northeast quarter of the state is within the New York City metropolitan area, and in some areas near the Hudson River, including Newark and Jersey City, all the main features of the New York dialect are found. Elsewhere in northern New Jersey, the accent shares many features of the New York dialect as well, but differs in a few points. For instance, it is rhotic: a Brooklynite might pronounce "over there" as "ovah deh" [oʊvə dɛə], while a North Jerseyan might say "over deir" [oʊvɹ dɛəɹ], much like a lot of dialects throughout the rest of the United States. Also, it lacks a phonemic short a split, though the Atlas of North American English by William Labov et al. shows that the New York City short a pattern has diffused to r-pronouncing communities in northern New Jersey like Rutherford (Labov's birthplace) and North Plainfield (it has also diffused to other places like Cincinnati, New Orleans, and Albany). However, the system in these communities often loses the function word constraint and/or the open syllable constraint of the NYC system. Still, many pronunciation features are shared with the New York City dialect: for example, the pronunciation of /ɔː/, the vowel in words like coffee, dog, and talk is raised and tensed to [o] or even higher in New Jersey and New York alike.

Regarding vocabulary, New York City shibboleths like hero are less used than the less regionally distinct sub or submarine, but sometimes found:

New York City area

• caddy corner: on an angle to a corner(public use is outdated)^[1]
• dungarees (archaic): jeans^[1]
• egg cream: (archaic) a mixture of cold milk, chocolate syrup, and seltzer^[1]
• Sub: submarine sandwich^[1]
• kill: (from Dutch) a small river or strait, in the name of specific watercourses; e.g. Beaver Kill, Fresh Kills, Kill Van Kull, Arthur Kill^[1]
• Bodega: corner store.
• potsy: (archaic) hopscotch^[1]
• Stickball: a baseball-like game suitable for smaller areas, in which a stick substitutes for the bat and a "spaldeen" is the ball^[1]
• scallion: spring onion^[1]
• seltzer: carbonated water beverage that, unlike club soda, is salt-free.
• sneakers: tennis shoes or other sports footwear.
• stoop: (from Dutch) the multiple exterior steps leading up to the main entrance on the first floor of a brownstone or other low-rise structure, usually residence or residential apartment building.
• wagon: a shopping cart.

South Jersey English

South Jersey is within the Philadelphia dialect region. One recognizable feature of this is the pronunciation of /oʊ/ (the vowel in go) as [ɜʊ], and this can also be found elsewhere in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Delaware.

In South Jersey there are some major difference in word usage and pronunciation.

• Hoagie: This is a very common term for a submarine sandwich.
• Wooder: It is still spelled "water" however it is pronounced as "wooder".

Common usages

Contrary to popular belief, almost no one in New Jersey refers to the state as /dʒɔɪzi/, typically written as Joisey. The pronunciation of /ɝː/ as [ɜɪ] instead of the standard American [ɝ], which this stereotype is based on, is residual in the New York Dialect as described above.

The term Jersey is sometimes used to refer to the state as a whole, or as an adjective as in Jersey Tomatoes.

Notable speakers with North Jersey accents

• Anthony Bourdain
• Anthony Crispino, a fictional character from Weekend Update
• Joe Pesci
• Jon Bon Jovi^[2]
• Danny DeVito^[3]
• James Gandolfini^[4][5]
• Ed Harris^[6]
• Artie Lange^[7]
• William Labov (founder of variationist sociolinguistics) ^[8]
• Ray Liotta^[9][10]
• The Sopranos cast^[11]
• Bruce Springsteen^[12]
• Wendy Williams^[13]
• Bruce Willis^[14]
• James D. Rolfe
• Dov Davidoff
• Chelsea Handler
• Rick Gomez
• Sean Burke
• Connie Francis
• Paul Heyman
• Michael Cole

Notable speakers with South Jersey Accents

• Bruce Willis
• Michelle Malkin

See also

• New York dialect
• North American English regional phonology #Northeastern dialects
• Regional vocabularies of American English
• North Jersey
• Central Jersey
• South Jersey

References

• Labov, William (1982) The social stratification of English in New York City Center for Applied Linguistics ISBN 0-87281-149-2
• Labov, William (1994) Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume 1: Internal Factors Blackwell ISBN 0-631-17914-3
• Labov, William, Ash, S. and Boberg, C. (2001) Atlas of North American English DeGruyter ISBN 3-11-016746-8
• Labov, William (2001) Principles of Linguistic Change: Volume 2: Social Factors Blackwell ISBN 0-631-17916-X
• Wolfram, Walt & Natalie Schilling-Estes (2005) American English 2nd edition Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-1265-4
• Wolfram, Walt & Ward, Ben (2005) American Voices: How Dialects Differ from Coast to Coast Blackwell ISBN 1-4051-2109-2

Footnotes

1. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Gomes Cassidy, Frederic and Joan Houston Hall (eds) 2002. Dictionary of American Regional English. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Harvard University Press
2. ^ Morales, Tatiana (2005-09-27). "Backstage With Bon Jovi: 'Have A Nice Day' Tour Officially Kicks Off In November". CBS News. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/09/27/earlyshow/series/summer_concerts/main886410.shtml. Retrieved 2009-01-26. 
3. ^ Flint Marx, Rebecca. "Danny DeVito: Biography". allmovie. http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=2:17602~T1. Retrieved 2008-07-28. 
4. ^ Plotinsky, Benjamin A. (July/August 2007). "At Home with "The Sopranos"". Commentary Magazine. http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/at-home-with--the-sopranos--10905. Retrieved 2008-07-28. 
5. ^ Rose, Lisa (November 2007). "Gandolfini sings". The Star-Ledger. http://www.nj.com/entertainment/tv/index.ssf/2007/11/gandolfini_sings.html. Retrieved 2008-07-28. 
6. ^ Hunter, Stephen (2001-03-16). "'Enemy at the Gates': Mighty Scope, Bad Aim". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/entertainment/movies/reviews/enemyatthegateshunter.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-03. 
7. ^ Gay, Jason (2001-12-02). "Stern und Lange: Comedian Gets Dream Job With Howard". The New York Observer. http://www.observer.com/node/45312. Retrieved 2008-07-28. 
8. ^ Labov, William (1997-10-01). "How I Got Into Linguistics, and What I Got Out of It". University of Pennsylvania. http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~wlabov/HowIgot.html. Retrieved 2008-11-20. 
9. ^ Iley, Chrissy (2007-04-09). "'I'm in tune with my feelings'". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2007/apr/09/usa. Retrieved 2008-07-28. 
10. ^ Phillips, Andrew (2003-01-16). "INTERVIEW: Goodfellas Ray Liotta: and how I learned that you should never steal from a wise guy". GW Hatchet. http://media.www.gwhatchet.com/media/storage/paper332/news/2003/01/16/Arts/Interview.Goodfellas.Ray.Liotta.And.How.I.Learned.That.You.Should.Never.Steal.Fr-346143.shtml. Retrieved 2008-07-28. 
11. ^ Rubin, Sylvia (1999-06-29). "Singing the Praises of `Sopranos': Bay Area fans have their own club". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1999/06/29/DD49866.DTL. Retrieved 2009-01-26. 
12. ^ Holden, Stephen (1992-08-09). "When the Boss Fell to Earth, He Hit Paradise". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7DE133CF93AA3575BC0A964958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2008-07-28. 
13. ^ Weiss, Joanna (2009-07-27). "Williams is doing just fine". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/ae/tv/articles/2009/07/27/williams_is_doing_just_fine/. Retrieved 2009-08-16. 
14. ^ Baum, Dan (2004-08-09). "TWO SOLDIERS". The New Yorker. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-15210651_ITM. Retrieved 2009-07-02. 

External links

• William Labov's webpage—There are links to many sites related to dialects, including references to his early work on New York dialect and the Atlas of North American English.