2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests

2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests
2011 Chinese Protests

A large crowd of protesters, journalists, police and spectators gathered in front of a McDonalds restaurant in Wangfujing, Beijing.
Location China People's Republic of China
Date 20 February 2011 – 20 March 2011
Injured 4 journalists
Arrests 35 dissidents, about 25 journalists

The 2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests[1] refer to weekly street actions in over a dozen cities in mainland China starting on 20 February 2011, inspired by and named after the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia;[2][3] the actions that took and take place at protest sites, and response by the Chinese government to the calls and action.[3][4]

Initially, organisers recommended shouting slogans on 20 February. After participants and journalists having been beaten and arrested, organisers urged a change to "strolling" on 27 February in order to minimize police reactions while sustaining the cycle of actions.[3] On this 2nd protest day, the number of protesters could not be determined. Protest and/or official actions were noted in only two out of the thirteen suggested cities, it was even less clear who were protestors and who were just regular strollers. Notwithstanding, police mounted a "huge"[5] security operation on both 20 and 27 February. Media sources reported that on 27 February, at least four foreign journalists, including Stephen Engle of Bloomberg News and a BBC cameraman, had been beaten by plain-clothes security officers in Beijing.[5][6][6][7] Police arrested protesters. In Shanghai, protestors successfully prevented police from making an arrest and were able to air their slogans with foreign journalists.[8] Since late February, about 35 human rights activists and lawyers were arrested[3] and five people were charged with inciting subversion of state power.[4]

Contents

Protest aims

Initial call

The anonymous call for a 'Jasmine revolution' in China's major cities was made online, first on the Boxun.com website, run by overseas dissidents, and then on Twitter.[1][9] The initial call for protest began on 19 February 2011 when 12 to 13 cities were suggested.[10] The Boxun.com appeal called for protests to take place each weekend,[2] arguing that "sustained action will show the Chinese government that its people expect accountability and transparency that doesn't exist under the current one-party system."[3]

City Province Location[11]
Beijing – McDonald's at Wangfujing
Changchun Jilin Culture Square, West Minzhu Street, front door of Corogo supermarket
Changsha Hunan Wuyi square, Xinda building front door
Chengdu Sichuan Tianfu square, beneath Chairman Mao statue
Guangzhou Guangdong People's park Starbucks
Hangzhou Zhejiang Wulin square, front door of Hangzhou department store
Harbin Heilongjiang Front door of Harbin cinema
Nanjing Jiangsu Drum tower square, Xiushui Street, department store front door
Shanghai – People's square, front door of Peace Cinema
Shenyang Liaoning Nanjing-Bei (North Nanjing) Street, front door of KFC
Tianjin – Beneath the Tianjin drum tower
Wuhan Hubei Liberation road, World trade square Mcdonalds front door
Xi'an Shaanxi Beida Street (北大), front door of Carrefour

Protest strategy and tactics

Rallying cry

We invite every participant to stroll, watch or even just pretend to pass by. As long as you are present, the authoritarian government will be shaking with fear.

Open letter 22 Feb. 2011[3]

A number of slogans were suggested to the protests:[11]

Translation in English Chinese
We want food, we want work, we want housing! 我們要食物、我們要工作、我們要住房!
We want fairness, we want justice! 我們要公平、我們要正義!
Guarantee property rights, protect judicial independence! 保障私有產權、維護司法獨立!
Initiate change in political reform, end one party dictatorship! (or "Terminate one-party rule"[12]) 啟動政治改革、結束一黨專政![11] (or 停止一黨專政)
Lift restrictions, free the press! 開放報禁、新聞自由!
Long live freedom, long live democracy! 自由萬歲、民主萬歲!

On 2 March, organisers declared a three-stage strategy. The first stage would take "a few weeks, a couple of months, a year or even longer"; the second stage would include "holding a jasmine flower and [using] mobile phones or music players to play [the folk song] Such a Beautiful Jasmine". Organisers declared the third stage as "when the street-walking revolution is irreversible"; it would involve people criticising the government openly and without fear.[8]

The media reported a vindication by protest organisers on 2 March saying, "Now China's government clearly shows its horror and fear of the people, as if facing a deadly enemy. A modest amount of people, just by walking, have demonstrated the people's power, and the government's response has revealed its weaknesses to the world."[8][13] For 6 March, protesters were urged to "either gather near fast-food restaurants, take a stroll, or eat at the restaurants, ... [and order] set meal No3 at the McDonald's and the KFC".[12]

February 2011

20 February

The Associated Press, reported only "a handful of people" were known to have actively involved in organizing the staging rallies in 13 cities.[3] The Globe and Mail reported that the 20 February appeal was answered by 200 people at the Beijing rendezvous. There was a similar protest in Shanghai with about 100 participants.[14]

An elderly female demonstrator in Shanghai stated: "Our country has no proper legal system, it's a one-party dictatorship, a tyranny, that suppresses the citizens. There is also land eviction. Many people are beaten to death in many land eviction cases."[15]

The United States Ambassador to China, Jon Huntsman, Jr., was seen at the protest rendezvous point. Huntsman exchanged a few words with people in Chinese and then his entourage departed the site immediately. US Embassy spokeman Richard Buangan said that Huntsman and family were on their way to a museum and "they immediately left" once they realized what was going on. The Atlantic Wire reports: "that hasn't stopped nationalist Chinese bloggers from using Huntsman's appearance to drum-up conspiracies of a U.S. plot to destabilize China".[16][17][18][19]

Crowd in front of a McDonald's in Wangfujing on 20 February 2011

27 February

After the police response to the protests on 20 February, the organizers urged the participants not to shout slogans any more, but simply to stroll silently at the respective protest sites. The call to use "strolling" tactics for the 27 February gatherings was made on the Boxun.com website on 22 February.[3] Prior to the planned 27 February gathering in front of a McDonald's restaurant in Beijing, authorities installed metal corrugated fencing outside the restaurant and outside the home of Nobel laureate and dissident Liu Xiaobo.[4] Hundreds of uniformed and plain-clothed security staff and volunteers wearing red armbands were pre-emptively stationed at Wangfujing. Their presence disrupted normal shopping and attracted onlookers.[5] Police began to clear the rendezvous area half an hour after the designated assembly time.[20]

On 27 February, activists in 2 cities – Beijing and Shanghai – out of the 23 originally suggested responded. Seven people were reportedly arrested in Shanghai and police kept reporters, participants and strollers moving. Since the organisers proposed for protesters to just walk by silently to protest, it was impossible to tell who were protesting and who were just regular strollers on the streets.[21] The Wall Street Journal stated, "while several Chinese people were seen having altercations with the police, there were no signs of actual protests."[5][22]

Beijing

Several foreign journalists were physically beaten by the police, with many others physically pushed by the police, their cameras confiscated and footage deleted.[7] The Wall Street Journal gave an eyewitness account of an incident in Beijing in which Bloomberg reporter Stephen Engle was "grabbed by several security officers, pushed to the ground, dragged along by his leg, punched in the head and beaten with a broom handle by a man dressed as street sweeper."[5] The Foreign Correspondents' Club of China denounced the attack on Engle, and called for journalists' physical safety to be guaranteed by the authorities.[5]

BBC reporter Damian Grammaticas accused state security of roughing up his crew. He said that they tried to grab equipment from the cameraman and took him 50 yards away into a police van. Grammaticas alleged the police officers then set on him, pulled him by the hair and generally treated him roughly. He also alleged that the police officers then threw the crew into a van and threatened them during their transport to a government office.[6]

CNN reporter Eunice Yoon reported that a policeman in Wangfujing knocked a camera out of her colleague Jo Ling Kent's hand and six police officers physically forced them into a bank, where they were detained for half an hour.[7] Yoon remarked after the incident that "there had been no protests for us to cover", and that the incident "show[ed] how incredibly terrified and paranoid the Chinese authorities are".[23] ATV journalists and a TVB cameraman were also reportedly briefly detained. ATV News reported that their footage at the rally site was deleted by officers.[24] Chinese security forces also visited a few Western journalists in their apartments with nighttime visits asking to behave "cooperatively." Otherwise, they warned, the authorities would refuse to extend their work permits at the end of the year.[25]

Shanghai

In Shanghai on 27 February, protestors prevented police from arresting an elderly man, when they "reacted instantly and angrily, emitting a guttural roar and surging forward almost as one", according to the South China Morning Post. Protestors included elderly people and youths documenting the protest with cameras and phones. Some of the core participants appeared to be "deliberately obstructing police efforts to keep the crowd flowing". Other protestors spoke to foreign journalists and joked to each other about police difficulties in stopping "demonstrations that were not actually happening".[8]

Hong Kong

Some Hong Kong people participated the related protests on 20 February 2011.

27 people participated in a "Jasmine Revolution" demonstration in Hong Kong on 27 February, including activists from the Young Civics, they held placards that read "Long live people's power, long live democracy." 40 more participated in another protest outside the offices of the Central Government Liaison Office in Sheung Wan, for the second time in a week. Participants included Legco member Leung Kwok Hung aka Long Hair and activists from the League of Social Democrats.[26]

March 2011

6 March

Beijing was under tight security due to a session of the National People's Congress, and some 180,000 police and 560,000 security volunteers were already on patrol.[27] There was a heavy police presence on Sunday in parts of Beijing, Shanghai,[28][29][30] Guangzhou and Shenzhen to which protests had been called.[31] In Beijing, journalists saw no obvious sign of protesters.[28] Large contingent of plain-clothed security personnel were reported in and around Wangfujing, Xidan and Zhongguancun.[31] In Shanghai, most news outlets reported an absence of obvious protestors.[28][29][30] However, Deutsche Presse-Agentur (DPA) reported around a hundred protestors[32] "surrounded by hundreds of uniformed and plain-clothes police."[33]

There were yet more reports of foreign journalists being detained in Shanghai,[31][34] leading to sharp objections from the Foreign Ministries of Germany[32] and Australia.[35]

Members of the League of Social Democrats tried to place a branch of jasmine in front of the Central Government Offices in Hong Kong.[36]

13 March

According to Deutsche Presse-Agentur, there were several hundred police in the Wangfujing and Xidan districts in Beijing, including uniformed police with dogs, paramilitary police, plain-clothes police, special forces units and security guards.[37] More than 40 police were present at the Peace Cinema in Shanghai.[37] According to Agence France-Presse, "there was no massive police presence [at Wangfujing] as seen on previous Sundays."[27]

20 March

In Beijing, hundreds of police were present at some of the eight proposed "strolling" protest locations in commercial areas and some police cars were present at entries to some of the 20 university sites proposed for protests.[38]

Government reaction

Arrests

See also: 2011 crackdown on dissidents in the People's Republic of China
Jiang Tianyong (Chin. 江天勇), a human rights activist and lawyer, detained for a few hours on 20 February.[3]
Blogger Ran Yunfei charged with inciting subversion of state power

About 35 leading Chinese activists have been arrested or detained by authorities[27] including a leading Sichuan human rights activist Chen Wei (Chinese: 陈卫),[4] Tiananmen Square protest student leader, Ding Mao (Chinese: 丁矛),[4] well-known blogger Ran Yunfei (Chinese: 冉云飞), and Teng Biao (Chinese: 滕彪) of Open Constitutional Initiative.[3][39][40] Chengdu-based activist and legal advisor Li Shuangde (Chinese: 李双德), who was sentenced to four months in prison in on charges of credit card fraud, is considered the first to have been sentenced on "jasmine" related charges.[41][42] Since the 19 February protest announcement, more than a hundred people have been summoned or questioned by police,[43] and up to 200 people are subject to reinforced supervision or house arrest.[44]

The highest-profile arrest is Ai Weiwei, who was taken into police custody on 3 April in Beijing.[45] Amid Boxun's online campaign, Ai had posted on his Twitter account on 24 February: "I didn’t care about jasmine at first, but people who are scared by jasmine sent out information about how harmful jasmine is often, which makes me realize that jasmine is what scares them the most. What a jasmine!"[46][47] Ai's studio was raided by police, who took away computer equipment; a number of his entourage were also arrested by police.[48] Analysts and other activists said Ai had been widely thought to be untouchable, but Nicholas Bequelin from Human Rights Watch suggested that his arrest, calculated to send the message that no-one would be immune, must have had the approval of someone in the top leadership.[49] While state media originally reported on 6 April that Ai was arrested at the airport because "his departure procedures were incomplete,"[50] the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs said on 7 April that Ai was under investigation for 'economic crimes'.[51]

Censorship

See also: Censorship in the People's Republic of China and Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China

China Mobile and China Unicom blocked the word "jasmine".[52] Searches for "jasmine" were also blocked[53] on China's largest microblog, Sina Weibo, and status updates with the word on Chinese social networking site Renren were met with an error message and a warning to refrain from postings with "political, sensitive ... or other inappropriate content."[54]

Since the word "Jasmine" was forbidden in the Chinese blogosphere, millions of netizens used the term "two conferences" instead, a widely used expression in the official news originally pointing to the two conferences "Fourth Session of the Eleventh National People's Congress" and "Fourth Session of the Eleventh CPPCC" happening in March in Beijing.[55]

On 25 February, several foreign journalists were contacted by police and told that they could not conduct interviews without applying for permission.[4] Regulations issued by the Chinese government forbid entry by foreign reporters into the Wangfujing shopping district in Beijing or the People’s Park in central Shanghai without a special permit. Enforcement of the new rules on Sunday 28 February resulted in beating of one camera operator and detention of several reporters for several hours before their release and confiscation of their materials.[56][57]

Following calls for a "Jasmine Revolution" on Twitter, Chinese users of Twitter began to notice a number of new accounts, sometimes using the names or images of Chinese democracy activists. Tweets by the new accounts took a hostile position to calls for demonstrations.[58]

In late March, Google stated that intermittent problems with Gmail in the PRC constitute "a government blockage carefully designed to look like the problem is with Gmail". PC Mag attributed the blockage to the calls for a "Jasmine Revolution" in the PRC.[59]

Other security measures

More than 20 Chinese cities, including Tianjin, Chengdu and Guangzhou, stepped up security measures, with state security, police and armed forces ordered to stand by in case of emergency.[60] CPC General Secretary and President Hu Jintao delivered a speech in the Central Party School on 19 February instructing senior management to better manage social problems and internet incitement.[54][61]

Chinese artist Ai Weiwei said that there were tight controls on university students to prevent students from participating in protests. He alleged that teachers had received "a certain note ordering them to do their duty, otherwise they will be in trouble, or their school will be in trouble."[62]

Jasmine flower ban

On 10 May 2011, The New York Times reported that Beijing police had banned the sale of jasmine flowers at various flower markets, causing wholesale prices to collapse. Some vendors stated that Beijing police wanted written assurances that no jasmine flowers shall be sold in their stalls. The Guangxi Jasmine Development and Investment Company, organisers of the China International Jasmine Cultural Festival, said that officials cancelled the 2011 summer festival.[63]

Reactions

Domestic

Zhao Qizheng said 'No Jasmine Revolution'

A high level Chinese government official Zhao Qizheng said, on 23 February, that the probability of China having a "Jasmine Revolution" is "absurd and unrealistic". He also said that "although there are many problems in China right now, the government is doing the best it can to try and combat these problems instead of ignoring them. The government reveals its own problems to the public and tries to deal with it. This type of government is strong and will move forward."

Premier Wen Jiabao participated in a web chat on 27 February that France 24 described as an "apparent bid to defuse" the call for weekly gatherings.[20] In the webchat, he promised to deal with inflation, corruption, lack of housing, property speculation.[20][43] The Financial Times (FT) claimed that the web chat was "announced abruptly late on [26 February] and appeared to be timed to coincide with the planned protests."[64] It added that with the web chat, "state media blanketed the nation over the internet, television and radio on Sunday morning with two hours of remarks by Wen Jiabao".[64] China News said that the webchat had been planned in advance; similar webchats had taken place on 20 June 2008 and 27 February 2010.[65]

"Political reform offers a guarantee for economic reform. Without political reform, economic reform cannot succeed, and the achievements we have made may be lost," he said yesterday. "It is only with reform that the party and the country will enjoy continuous vigour and vitality."[66]

Wen Jiabao at NCPCC on 14 March 2011

Wu Bangguo's five "No"

Addressing the meeting of the National People's Congress, its chairman Wu Bangguo dismissed any notion of political reform, saying that Western-style democracy would have dire consequences, and that any loosening of the Party's hold on power could undermine stability and risk domestic strife, and he also:"advocated the five noes: no multi-party election; no diversified guiding principles, no separation of powers, no federal system and no privatization".[67][68]

Wu, who belongs to the conservative faction of the leadership, said: "We have made a solemn declaration that we will not employ a system of multiple parties holding office in rotation; diversify our guiding thought; separate executive, legislative and judicial powers; use a bicameral or federal system; or carry out privatisation." Analysts said the warnings were aimed at consolidating the party's power, in reaction to calls for liberal democracy in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya.[67] On the other hand, the more liberal Wen Jiabao said that economic and political reform, safeguarding social equity and justice were major factors behind China's success. He also rejected comparisons with Egypt and Tunisia, and reiterated his support for greater democracy and public supervision, saying economic development alone could not solve the problems of the mainland's development.

International

Time suggested that though there are many similarities between the complaints voiced by the people in the Middle East and North Africa and those voiced by the Chinese people, the state's tighter grip on the country's media, Internet and other communication forums pose difficulties for anyone trying to organise mass demonstrations.[69]

The Wall Street Journal said that the online protest appeal could compound apparent concern among Chinese Communist Party leaders that the recent uprisings against authoritarian governments in the Middle East and North Africa could inspire similar unrest in China.[70]

CNN journalist Eunice Yoon and her news crew headed out to Wangfujing to cover the "response to anonymous calls on the Internet to stage protests and begin a Tunisia-style "Jasmine Revolution" in China",[23] was physically handled by police in Beijing on 27 February at arrival near the protest site. She wrote: "What makes China's treatment of the international press so bewildering is that there had been no protests for us to cover here..... My own experience and those of my colleagues show how incredibly terrified and paranoid the Chinese authorities are of any anti-government movement forming in China."[7]

Following the arrests of approximately 15 foreign journalists on 6 March, The Australian described the attempts at organising a "Jasmine Revolution" in China as "the biggest showdown between Chinese authorities and foreign media in more than two decades."[35]

The Atlantic reported that Hillary Clinton thinks the Chinese government is "scared" of the Arab rising. "They're worried, and they are trying to stop history, which is a fool's errand. They cannot do it. But they're going to hold it off as long as possible."[71]

about Leadership dispute It is said that this event was taken advantage of some oversea acitivists who want to say they are the leader of this event and get benefit from this leadership position, like funding from American anti-Chinese groups.Some people claimed that this event is not initiated by those oversea people who made a website about Jasmine revolution of China. They criticized them in trying to grasp the effort to their own. [72] [73]

Taiwan protests

On 24 February, whilst visiting Kaohsiung to discuss economic ties between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan (ROC), Chen Yun-lin, Chairman of Mainland China's Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits,[74] was mobbed by about 200 protesters at Kaohsiung Harbor. Some protesters threw chrysanthemum flowers at him (as Jasmine flowers were not in season), while others tried to deliver plastic jasmine flowers and juice to him.[74][75] Earlier, at Kaohsiung Station, Chen had already encountered two groups of demonstrators, one supporting Taiwanese independence and another Chinese unification. Police claimed that the groups both numbered about 50 people.[74] About 300 Falun Gong followers also staged a protest.[74] On 8 March, the Democratic Progressive Party released a strongly worded statement condemning the use of force against participants of the “Jasmine Revolution” in China. The statement urged the government to incorporate values of democracy and human rights into agreements with Beijing when promoting cross-strait ties to encourage “China’s democratic transformation.”[76]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Ramzy, Austin (21 February 2011). "China Cracks Down After 'Jasmine Revolution' Protest Call". TIME. http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2052860,00.html. Retrieved 22 February 2011. 
  2. ^ a b Hille, Kathrin (23 February 2011). "'Jasmine revolutionaries' call for weekly China protests". The Financial Times. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/3ac349d0-3efe-11e0-834e-00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F3ac349d0-3efe-11e0-834e-00144feabdc0.html&_i_referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2Fd4fcf4e6-3f6d-11e0-a1ba-00144feabdc0%2CAuthorised%3Dfalse.html%3F_i_location%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.ft.com%252Fcms%252Fs%252F0%252Fd4fcf4e6-3f6d-11e0-a1ba-00144feabdc0.html%26_i_referer%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.ft.com%252Fhome%252Fuk. Retrieved 23 February 2011. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Organizers urge sustained street protests in China". AP. Mercury News. 23 February 2011. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. http://www.mercurynews.com/breaking-news/ci_17457973?nclick_check=1. Retrieved 26 February 2011. 
  4. ^ a b c d e f Pierson, David (26 February 2011). "Online call for protests in China prompts crackdown". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 26 February 2011. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fgw-china-crackdown-20110227,0,4764714.story?track=rss. Retrieved 26 February 2011. 
  5. ^ a b c d e f Page, Jeremy; James T. Areddy (27 February 2011). "China Takes Heavy Hand to Light Protests". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703933404576170152436754150.html?mod=googlenews_wsj. Retrieved 27 February 2011. 
  6. ^ a b c Grammaticas, Damian (28 February 2011). "Calls for protests in China met with brutality". BBC. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12593328. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 
  7. ^ a b c d Yoon, Eunice (28 February 2011). "Getting harassed by the Chinese police". CNN. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/28/getting-harassed-by-the-chinese-police/. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 
  8. ^ a b c d Clem, Will (3 March 2011). "The flowering of an unconventional revolution". South China Morning Post (Hong Kong). Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. http://topics.scmp.com/news/china-news-watch/article/The-flowering-of-an-unconventional-revolution. Retrieved 3 March 2011. 
  9. ^ AFP via Google. "China web users call for 'Jasmine Revolution'." China web users call for 'Jasmine Revolution'. Retrieved on 21 February 2011.
  10. ^ Dw-world.de. "Dw-world.de." 网传"茉莉花革命"，中国当局全线戒备 . Retrieved on 21 February 2011.
  11. ^ a b c "網民發動中國茉莉花革命解放軍嚴陣以待". Apple Daily. Hong Kong. 2011-02. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. http://hkm.appledaily.com/Home/ShowArticle/d2e01556-bca4-4d6d-bf1d-aef9c3a2f61d. Retrieved 21 February 2011. 
  12. ^ a b Jiangtao, Shi (1 March 2011). "Fresh call goes out for Beijing 'jasmine' rallies". South China Morning Post (Hong Kong). Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. http://topics.scmp.com/news/china-news-watch/article/Fresh-call-goes-out-for-Beijing-jasmine-rallies. Retrieved 3 March 2011. 
  13. ^ Ford, Peter (3 Mar 2011) "Report on China's 'Jasmine Revolution'? Not if you want your visa.", Christian Science Monitor, Yahoo! News
  14. ^ Canada. "China halts online call for a ‘jasmine revolution’". The Globe and Mail (Toronto). http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-pacific/china-halts-online-call-for-a-jasmine-revolution/article1914553/. Retrieved 22 February 2011. 
  15. ^ "The Chinese authorities have cracked down on a small pro-democracy rally apparently modelled on the protests sweeping the Arab world", ITN News London 2/20/2011
  16. ^ Hudson, John (23 February 2011). "Spotted: Jon Hunstman Goes Revolutionary Chic". The Atlantic Wire. http://www.theatlanticwire.com/features/view/feature/Spotted-Jon-Hunstman-Goes-Revolutionary-Chic-3247/. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 
  17. ^ "BBC 中文网 – 两岸三地 – “洪博培在茉莉花示威地点属巧合”". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/zhongwen/simp/china/2011/02/110223_us_ambassador_beijing.shtml. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 
  18. ^ Lizza, Ryan (7 January 2009). "The Huntsman Walk". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/newsdesk/2011/02/the-huntsman-walk.html. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 
  19. ^ Burr, Thomas (24 February 2011). "Huntsman at China rally – by accident". The Salt Lake Tribune. http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/home/51307448-76/huntsman-china-rally-ambassador.html.csp. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 
  20. ^ a b c "China's Wen addresses concerns amid protest call". France 24. 27 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. http://www.france24.com/en/20110227-chinas-wen-addresses-concerns-amid-protest-call. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 
  21. ^ "China protest call smothered in police blanket". Reuters. 9 February 2009. http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE71Q0TR20110227?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 
  22. ^ "Chinese police detain German journalists covering protests". Deutsche Welle. 24 February 2011. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14877405,00.html. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 
  23. ^ a b Posted by: CNN Beijing correspondent, Eunice Yoon (9 March 2011). "Getting harassed by the Chinese police – Business 360 – CNN.com Blogs". Business.blogs.cnn.com. http://business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/02/28/getting-harassed-by-the-chinese-police/. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  24. ^ "Novel ploys keep 'Jasmine' protesters at bay". The Standard. Hong Kong. http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?pp_cat=10&art_id=108559&sid=31459309&con_type=3. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  25. ^ "An Unwelcome Scent of Jasmine – Chinese Leadership Fears Its Own People". Der Spiegel International. Hamburg. http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,751467,00.html. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
  26. ^ "Jasmine Revolution 'sluggish' in Hong Kong". CNN. 28 February 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. http://www.cnngo.com/hong-kong/life/jasmine-revolution-sluggish-hong-kong-803484. Retrieved 6 March 2011. 
  27. ^ a b c "China arrests more activists for urging protests". AFP. Emirates24. 13 March 2011. http://www.emirates247.com/news/world/china-arrests-more-activists-for-urging-protests-2011-03-13-1.367480. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 
  28. ^ a b c Blanchard, Ben (6 March 2011). "Beijing says jasmine protest calls doomed to fail". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/06/us-china-unrest-idUSTRE7222RA20110306. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  29. ^ a b From Jaime FlorCruz, CNN (7 March 2011). "Chinese official: Protests will 'never happen' in Beijing". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/03/06/china.no.protests/. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  30. ^ a b France, Agence (6 March 2011). "Chinese state media slams calls for protests – Latest news around the world and developments close to home – MSN Malaysia News". News.malaysia.msn.com. http://news.malaysia.msn.com/regional/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4692291. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  31. ^ a b c Staff Reporters (7 March 2011). "Police out in force again to stop 'jasmine' rallies flowering", South China Morning Post
  32. ^ a b dpa/bk (6 March 2011). "Stern journalist detained in China". The Local Germany's news in English. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. http://www.thelocal.de/national/20110306-33535.html. Retrieved 7 March 2011. 
  33. ^ "Scores gather for Shanghai 'stroll'; Beijing quiet". 6 March 2011. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. http://www.sify.com/news/scores-gather-for-shanghai-stroll-beijing-quiet-news-international-ldgqOiaggcc.html. Retrieved 6 March 2011. 
  34. ^ "China detains 15 more foreign journalists". The Times of India (India). 6 March 2011. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/china/China-detains-15-more-foreign-journalists/articleshow/7639722.cms. Retrieved 7 March 2011. 
  35. ^ a b Sainsbury, Michael (7 March 2011). "Australian government condemns violent crackdown on media". The Australian. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/media/australian-government-condemns-violent-crackdown-on-media/story-e6frg996-1226016763337. Retrieved 7 March 2011. 
  36. ^ "More than 1,000 march to protest Hong Kong's rich-poor divide". Monsters and Critics/DPA. Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1623976.php/More-than-1-000-march-to-protest-Hong-Kong-s-rich-poor-divide. Retrieved 6 March 2011. 
  37. ^ a b "China keeps heavy security on fourth "Jasmine" day". DPA. Monsters and Critics. 13 March 2011. http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1625668.php/China-keeps-heavy-security-on-fourth-Jasmine-day. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  38. ^ "Beijing screens more "jasmine" sites but no sign of protest". Deutsche Presse-Agentur. Monsters and Critics. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/asiapacific/news/article_1627420.php/Beijing-screens-more-jasmine-sites-but-no-sign-of-protest. Retrieved 21 March 2011. 
  39. ^ "Chinese police snuff out planned 'Jasmine Revolution'". News.asiaone.com. http://news.asiaone.com/News/Latest%2BNews/Asia/Story/A1Story20110221-264556.html. Retrieved 22 February 2011. 
  40. ^ Bbc.co.uk. "bbc.co.uk." 逾百中国维权人士被捕失踪. Retrieved on 21 February 2011.
  41. ^ John Kennedy," China: First ‘Jasmine' Sentence Handed Down," Global Voices Online, June 1, 2011
  42. ^ Human Rights in China, "Sichuan Barefoot Lawyer Speaks Out against Trumped-up Charge," July 22, 2011
  43. ^ a b Branigan, Tania (27 February 2011). "China's jasmine revolution: police but no protesters line streets of Beijing". The Guardian (UK). Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/feb/27/china-jasmine-revolution-beijing-police. Retrieved 27 February 2011. 
  44. ^ "China warns not to interfere with detention of Ai Weiwei". Tagesschau. 7 April 2011. http://tagesschau.vo.llnwd.net/d3/audio/2011/0407/AU-20110407-1518-2501.ogg. Retrieved 9 April 2011. 
  45. ^ "Chinese artist Ai Weiwei arrested in ongoing government crackdown". The Washington Post. 3 April 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/chinese-artist-ai-wei-wei-arrested-in-latest-government-crackdown/2011/04/03/AFHB5PVC_story.html. Retrieved 6 April 2011. 
  46. ^ Richburg, Keith B. (3 April 2011). "Chinese artist Ai Weiwei arrested in latest government crackdown", Washington Post
  47. ^ Twitter (8 April 2011). http://twitter.com/aiww/status/40606428100177920
  48. ^ Branigan, Tania; Watts, Jonathan (3 April 2011). "Ai Weiwei detained by Chinese police". The Guardian (UK). http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2011/apr/03/ai-weiwei-detained-chinese-police. 
  49. ^ Clem, Will & Choi Chi-yuk (6 April 2011). "Beijing's silence an ominous signal", South China Morning Post
  50. ^ "Law will not concede before maverick". Global Times. http://en.huanqiu.com/opinion/editorial/2011-04/641187.html. 
  51. ^ "Chinese artist Ai Weiwei held for 'economic crimes'". BBC. 7 April 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12994785. 
  52. ^ WL Central (19 February 2011). "2011-02-19 China calls for a Jasmine Revolution: Summary: It didn't work. #CNJasmine2011 #cn220 #OpChina". Wikileaks. http://wlcentral.org/node/1339. Retrieved 22 February 2011. 
  53. ^ "China Blocks Microblogs for 'Jasmine Revolution'". PC World. 20 February 2011. http://www.pcworld.com/businesscenter/article/220206/china_blocks_microblogs_for_jasmine_revolution.html. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 
  54. ^ a b "China stamps out attempt at Mideast-style protests". AP. Yahoo! News. 21 February 2011. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/as_china_jasmine_revolution. Retrieved 22 February 2011. 
  55. ^ "The 'Jasmine Revolution'". Blogotariat. 10 April 2011. http://www.blogotariat.com/node/213917. Retrieved 13 April 2011. 
  56. ^ Andrew Jacobs (1 March 2011). "Chinese Move to Stop Reporting on Protests". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/world/asia/02china.html. Retrieved 1 March 2011. 
  57. ^ Ananth Krishnan (1 March 2011). "News / International : Chinese government places media restrictions after protest threat". Chennai, India: The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article1501081.ece. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  58. ^ "Remarkable Quotes from the Fifty Cent Party: Anti-Jasmine Revolution Tweets". China Digital Times. 28 February 2011. http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2011/02/fifty-cent-tweets-a-collection-of-anti-jasmine-revolution-messages/. Retrieved 1 March 2011. 
  59. ^ Albanesius, Chloe (21 March 2011). "China Blocks Gmail to Stop Protests". PC Mag. Archived from the original on 21 March 2011. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2382310,00.asp. Retrieved 21 March 2011. 
  60. ^ "Hundreds join 'Jasmine Revolution'". South China Morning Post. 21 February 2011. http://topics.scmp.com/news/china-news-watch/article/Hundreds-join-Jasmine-Revolution. Retrieved 22 February 2011. 
  61. ^ "China Blocks Microblogs for 'Jasmine Revolution; China tries to stamp out ‘Jasmine Revolution’". Allvoices.com. http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/8247574-china-blocks-microblogs-for-jasmine-revolution-china-tries-to-stamp-out-jasmine-revolution. Retrieved 22 February 2011. 
  62. ^ Foster, Peter (7 March 2011). "Ai Wei Wei: 'growing force behind Jasmine Revolution very strong'". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/8366009/Ai-Wei-Wei-growing-force-behind-Jasmine-Revolution-very-strong.html. Retrieved 13 March 2011. 
  63. ^ Jacobs, Andrew; Jonathan Ansfield (10 May 2011). "Catching Scent of Revolution, China Moves to Snip Jasmine". New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 May 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/world/asia/11jasmine.html. Retrieved 28 May 2011. 
  64. ^ a b Hille, Kathrin & Waldmeir, Patti. "China muffles calls for democracy protests". Financial Times. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/e7a66d8a-422d-11e0-8b34-00144feabdc0.html. Retrieved 28 February 2011.  partial archive 27 February 2011
  65. ^ "总理约会网友渐成惯例 网络问政蔚成中国政坛风景" (in Mandarin). China News. 26 February 2011. Archived from the original on 27 February 2011. http://www.chinanews.com/gn/2011/02-27/2870538.shtml. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 
  66. ^ Shi Jiangtao (15 Mar 2011). "Political reform is needed, Wen insists", South China Morning Post
  67. ^ a b Shi Jiangtao (11 Mar 2011). "Beijing slams door on political reform", South China Morning Post
  68. ^ http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/opinion/china-prepares-for-war-without-gun-smoke/435812 The Jakarta Globe China Prepares for 'War Without Gun Smoke' Ching Cheong – Straits Times Indonesia | 16 April 2011
  69. ^ ANITA CHANG (20 Feb. 2011). ime/world/article/0,8599,2052847,00.html "China Suppresses 'Jasmine Revolution'". TIME. AP. http://www.time.com/t ime/world/article/0,8599,2052847,00.html. Retrieved 22 February 2011. 
  70. ^ Page, Jeremy (28 February 2011). "Call for Protests Unnerves Beijing". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703498804576156203874160350.html. Retrieved 22 February 2011. 
  71. ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (10 May 2011). Hillary Clinton: Chinese System Is Doomed, Leaders on a 'Fool's Errand', The Atlantic
  72. ^ anonymous, anonymous. "Back of Jasmine Revolution". Back of Jasmine Revolution. http://bbs.wolfax.com/thread-14137-1-1.html. 
  73. ^ anonymous, anoymous. "Why people are trying to be leader of Jasmine Revolution". http://www.duping.net/XHC/show.php?bbs=11&post=1134650. 
  74. ^ a b c d "Taiwan protesters throw flowers at China envoy". Sinodaily.com. http://www.sinodaily.com/reports/Taiwan_protesters_throw_flowers_at_China_envoy_999.html. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  75. ^ "Protesters throw flowers at Chen Yunlin". Taipei Times. 8 March 2011. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2011/02/25/2003496737. Retrieved 15 March 2011. 
  76. ^ Vincent Y. Chao (10 Mar 2011). "DPP condemns China’s crackdown on protesters", Page 3, Taipei Times

Video coverage

External links and further reading

v · d · e21st century unrest in the People's Republic of China
2001–2007
2008
2008 Tibetan unrest • 2008 Lhasa violence • 2008 Sichuan riots • 2008 Uyghur unrest • 2008 Weng'an riot • 2008 Longnan riot
2009
Shishou incident • Shaoguan incident • July 2009 Ürümqi riots • September 2009 Xinjiang unrest
2010
2010 Suzhou workers riot • January 19th incident • 2010 Tibetan language protest
2011
2011 Chinese pro-democracy protests • 2011 Shanghai riot • 2011 Xilinhot incident • 2011 Fuzhou, Jiangxi bombings • 2011 Chaozhou riot • 2011 Zengcheng riot • 2011 Anshun riot • 2011 Lufeng city riot  • 2011 Huzhou riot
See also
Illegal flower tribute • Chinese democracy movement • Liu Xiaobo

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • 2011 crackdown on dissidents in the People's Republic of China — The 2011 crackdown on dissidents in the People s Republic of China refers to the arrest of dozens of mainland Chinese rights lawyers, activists and grassroots agitators in a response to the 2011 Chinese pro democracy protests.[1][2][3][4][5]… …   Wikipedia

  • Chinese New Left — New Leftism (Chinese: 新左派) in the People s Republic of China is an ideological tendency in opposition to capitalism and the Chinese economic reforms and in favour of the restoration of Maoist style socialism. The movement first gained steam… …   Wikipedia

  • 2011 Syrian uprising — Part of the Arab Spring Protest in Hama, a city in northwestern Syria (22 July 2011) …   Wikipedia

  • 2011 Omani protests — Part of the Arab Spring Protesters set ablaze Lulu Hypermarket in Sohar on February 28, 2011 …   Wikipedia

  • Dazhou protests of 2007 — Protest of January 2007 Dazhou, Sichuan gained notoriety for the corruption of Dazhu County (大竹) officials that caused mass a protest in January 2007. The incident involved a 16 year old waitress in the KTV rooms of Laishide (莱仕德) Hotel. Laishide …   Wikipedia

  • 2011 Wisconsin protests — Part of 2011 United States public employee protests Thousands gather inside Madison Wisconsin s Capitol …   Wikipedia

  • 2011 Libyan civil war — For more details on this topic, see Timeline of the 2011 Libyan civil war. 2011 Libyan civil war Part of the Arab Spring …   Wikipedia

  • Protests against the Iraq War — The February 15, 2003 anti war protest in London. Beginning in 2002, and continuing after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, protests against the Iraq War were held in many cities worldwide, often coordinated to occur simultaneously around the world.… …   Wikipedia

  • 2011 Egyptian revolution — For other revolutions, see Egyptian revolution. 2011 Egyptian revolution Part of the Arab Spring …   Wikipedia

  • Chinese Indonesians — For notable Indonesian people of Chinese descent, see List of Chinese Indonesians. Chinese Indonesians Chinese Indonesians pray at a temple in Glodok, Jakar …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”