2011 Chilean protests

2011 Chilean protests
Sign reading 'Education is not for sale'
Date May 2011 - present Location Throughout Chile Goals The end of the Chilean school voucher system, its replacement by a public education system managed by the state. The end of for-profit education. Changes to tax code to better finance education. Characteristics Demonstrations Occupations National strikes Flash mobs Online activism Hunger strikes Barricades
Parties to the civil conflict
• University students CONFECH Secondary students Teachers' union Workers' United Center Supporters: JJ.CC. Communist Party Concert of Parties for Democracy	• Chilean government Sebastián Piñera Ministry of Education Carabiniers Supporters: Coalition for Change
Casualties
Death(s) One student protester Injuries Several hundred protesters[citation needed] 500+ police officers[1] Arrested ~1800 students[1]

The 2011 Chilean protests,Chilean Winter (in particular reference to the massive protests of August 2011) or Chilean Education Conflict (as labelled in Chilean media) are a series of ongoing student-led protests across Chile, demanding a new framework for education in Chile, including more direct state participation in secondary education and an end to the existence of profit in higher education. Currently in Chile, only 45% of high school students study in traditional public schools and most universities are also private. No new public universities have been built since the end of the Pinochet era, even though the number of university students have swelled.

Beyond the specific demands regarding education, there is a feeling that the protests reflect a "deep discontent" among some parts of society with Chile's high level of inequality.^[2] Protests have included massive non-violent marches, but also a considerable amount of violence on the part of a side of protestors as well as riot police.

The first clear government response to the protests was a proposal for a new education fund^[3] and a cabinet shuffle which replaced Minister of Education Joaquín Lavín^[4] and was seen as not fundamentally addressing student movement concerns. Other government proposals were also rejected. Student mobilizations continue to date, with periodic marches, occupations of high schools and universities, and a two-day general strike on August 24–25.^[5][6][7][8]

Student protestors have not achieved their objectives, but they have contributed to a dramatic fall in Piñera's approval rating, which was measured at 26%-30% in August polls by respected Chilean pollsters.^[9][10] August 2011 polls also showed that 72% to 81% of Chileans support the student movement.^[11][12]. However, by November of 2011, a majority of Chileans were no longer supporting the tactics of the movement, although the general goals maintained 2/3 support.^[13]

On August 31, the Education Committee of the Chilean Senate approved 4-1 a bill that would prohibit indirect or direct state support of for-profit educational institutions, a fundamental demand of the student movement.^[14]

Background

See also: Education in Chile and 2006 student protests in Chile

Protest march in Santiago during the 2006 Penguin Revolution

The onset of the 2011 Chilean protests have been attributed to several causes. The Economist explained the protests as being the result of "one of world’s lowest levels of public funding for higher education, some of the longest degrees and no comprehensive system of student grants or subsidised loans" and a flat job market as the detonant.^[15] Historian Gabriel Salazar describes the student conflict as being the continuation of a long strife between popular citizen movements and civic and military dictatorships.^[16] BBC have attributed "students' anger" to "a perception that Chile's education system is grossly unfair - that it gives rich students access to some of the best schooling in Latin America while dumping poor pupils in shabby, under-funded state schools."^[17]

Many newspapers and analysts have traced the protests back to the 2006 Penguin Revolution that occurred during the government of Michelle Bachelet, some claiming that these are the same secondary students who headed the 2006 movement that when in university are heading the 2011 student protests.^[18] Bachelet have defended the legacy of her government and said that in the aftermath of the Penguin Revolution the right-wing opposition prevented them from eliminating for-profit activity in education.^[19] Ruling party politician Cristián Monckeberg responded to this by saying that if Bachelet would have solved the problem in 2006 the students would not be protesting now.^[20] In June 5 it was noted in the Chilean TV discussion show Tolerancia Cero that the Chilean students protests followed a cyclic pattern with major protests every 2 or 3 years.

Víctor Lobos, intendant of Biobío Region attibuted the protests to the increasing number of children born outside matrimony claiming that this condition made them susceptible to anarchism.^[21]

Demands

University students

University students are represented by CONFECH, the Confederation of Chilean Student Federations, a national body made up of student governments at Chilean universities and led by Camila Vallejo of the University of Chile and Giorgio Jackson of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. The CONFECH's proposal, known as the "Social Agreement for Chilean Education" (Acuerdo Social por la Educación Chilena), demands:

• Increased state support for public universities, which currently finance their activities mostly through tuition
• More equitable admissions process to prestigious universities, with less emphasis on the Prueba de Selección Universitaria standardized test
• Free public education, so access to higher education doesn't depend on families economic situation.
• Creation of a government agency to apply the law against profit in higher education and prosecute those universities that are allegedly using loopholes to profit. The students oppose direct (fellowship and voucher) and indirect government aid (government-backed loans) to for-profit schools.
• A more serious accreditation process to improve quality and end indirect state support for poor quality institutions
• Creation of an "intercultural university" that meets the unique demands of Mapuche students
• Repeal of laws forbidding student participation in university governance^[22]

High school students

High school students are more loosely organized than the university students, with no national federation. However, their demands have also been included in CONFECH's proposal and include:

• Central government control over secondary and primary public schools, to replace the current system of municipal control which allegedly leads to inequalities
• The application of Chile's school voucher system in pre-school, primary and secondary levels be applicable only to nonprofit schools. The Chilean system, although defended by researchers linked to the conservative Heritage Foundation, is criticized by researchers like Martin Carnoy,^[23] blaming it for the tremendous inequalities across all the Chilean educational system, measured by OECD's standards.
• Increases in state spending. Chile only spends 4.4% of GDP on education, compared to the 7% of GDP recommended by the UN for developed nations.^[24] Additionally, Chile ranks behind only Peru in educational segregation among the 65 countries that take the PISA test. Prominent Chilean education researcher Mario Waissbluth has called the Chilean system "educational apartheid"^[25]
• Use of student bus pass throughout the year
• Development of more vocational high schools
• Reconstruction of schools damaged during the 2010 Chilean earthquake
• Moratorium on the creation of new voucher/charter schools
• Higher pay for teachers and a national plan to attract the best talent to the profession and raise its social stature.^[22]

Additionally, some segments of the student movement have called for additional changes, such as a constitutional amendment guaranteeing quality education, an increase in the tax rate of higher earners (which is low in comparison to OECD countries),^[26] higher taxes for foreign extractors of or renationalization of Chile's copper resources.

First wave of protests

Liceo Andres Bello currently occupied by students, commune of San Miguel, Chile, from on June 13, 2011.

The 2011 student protests in Chile began gradually in May, and can be traced to the so-called "penguin revolution", or 2006 student protests in Chile. It is also important to note that the student protests began on the heels of other national protests, over the HidroAysén dam project and gas prices in Magallanes Province. The protests are commonly portrayed as a new social movement loosely based on Spain's 15-M Movement or even the Arab Spring.

The protests were triggered in part by the initiative of the then Minister of Education Joaquín Lavín to increase government funding of non-traditional Universities. Although, officially nonprofit, some of these institutions were known to use legal loopholes to turn profits. Lavín had invested in several firms that render services to Universidad del Desarrollo.^{[27] [28]}

According to students cited by El Mercurio on June 13, there were 100 schools being occupied by students as a form of protest,^[29] of which 80 were in the Santiago Metropolitan Region^[30] Sources differ; Chilean police listed on June 13 only 50 schools as occupied.^[30]

On June 30, there was a massive demonstration that mobilized between one hundred and two hundred thousand demonstrators.^[24]

The student protests have included several creative acts which received foreign media attention, such as flash mobs^[31] and kiss-ins.^[32]

July 2011 Government proposal

Chilean president Sebastián Piñera announcing with then- Education Minister Joaquín Lavín a series of proposals in a televised speech

On July 5 Chilean President Sebastián Piñera announced in a televised speech educational reforms that his government planned to do in order to satisfy the student demands. The plans announced revolved mainly around a project labelled "GANE" (Spanish acronym for Grand National Accord of the Education making up the word win), which would cost 4.000 million dollars.^[3] The project is to be, if implemented, financed from the Funds of Economical and Social Stabilization (Fondo de Estabilización Económica y Social or FEES) with which a fund named Fund for the Education (Fondo por la Educación) will be created from which the dividends and interest (under 300 million dollars) will be used annually to support public education.^[33]

Piñera also announced the shaping of a new legal framework for universities which will allow higher education providers to legally engage in for-profit activity and rejected the public ownership of education proposed by students as a "serious mistake and something that damages deeply the quality as well as the freedom of education".^[3]

The announcement was received with skepticism by students, some of whom criticized harshly the announcements. Camila Vallejo, one of the movement's spokespersons and the president of the University of Chile student federation said that the presidential discourse "was a great disappointment and a backward step" and emphasized that the proposal to legalize for-profit activity in education, which is currently illegal but widely practised in private institutions, goes against the Chilean state of law and that the government rejected categorically the main point presented by the secondary students which was to place public secondary and primary education under state management instead of being under municipalities.^[34]

Additionally, some opposition senators from the center-left Concertación criticized the speech, signaling that the proposal was not "in tune with the student movement"^[35] After the televised speech students of the University of Chile went out from the university to protest against the proposal blocking transit in Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins before confrontations with special forces of the police.^[36]

Continued protests

The front of the University of Chile, which is currently occupied by students. The sign reads La lucha es de la sociedad entera / Todos por la education gratuita, which means "The fight is of the whole society / Everybody for free education".

Students marched on July 14 together with contractors from El Teniente mine that were on strike in one of the largest protests since the return to democracy in Chile two decades prior.^[29] Although the protests were downplayed by the Chilean government, they were described as a complete success by the organizers. On July 18, Chilean Minister of Education Joaquín Lavín was replaced by Felipe Bulnes, as President Sebastián Piñera opted for a cabinet shuffle in response to the months of protest.^[4] The change came two weeks without any clear movement on the issues, Lavín received a new ministerial role as Minister of Development and Planning.^[4] Meanwhile, the Chilean student federation insists that it will continue its occupations and other mobilizations, as well as attempt to broaden the movement into other political areas.^[37] On July 19, La Tercera reported that 148 high schools remain occupied, but some universities such as the Universidad Austral de Chile and the Universidad de Santiago de Chile were ending their occupations^[38]

August 2011 government proposal and subsequent protest

An allegory of Uncle Sam represented by Sebastián Piñera, asking for student grants at street protests.

On August 1, the government of Sebastian Piñera introduced a new 21-point proposal to reorganize Chilean education from pre-school to higher education and thus reach an agreement with the student movement. The proposal included many of the students' demands, such as:

• a constitutional guarantee to a quality education
• allowing student participation in university governance
• the end of local control over public secondary education
• increase university scholarships and provide help for people with unpayable student debt^[5]

However, student leaders did not accept the proposal and signalled that the student movilizations would continue with a national strike and march on August 4 and an official written response on August 5. In interviews, they noted that the proposal did not criminalize profiteering in education, did not seek to provide free or equitable access to higher education, and was not specific. Using the same language that was used to describe the July proposal, the August proposal was called "a backward step" and "a band-aid solution."^[39]

The protests of August 4 were the most confrontational of the movement to date. 874 protestors were detained, and the center of Santiago was called a "state of siege" by University of Chile student federation president Camila Vallejo. Police cordoned off the streets and used tear gas. Protesters destroyed signs and set small fires in the street. Additionally, 90 carabineros (militarized police) were injured and a La Polar department store was burnt down. The evening saw a cacerolazo protest, where protesters bang pots and pans, often from their homes.^[40][41][42]

Third government proposal

On August 18, the government offered a third proposal for ending the conflict; primary among the new means was a reduction of government-backed student loan rates to 2% APR.^[43] However, this proposal still has not placated the students, who held a massive march (100,000 marchers) on that date and another massive (estimates of attendance from 100,000 to 1,000,000) concert/protest on August 21.^[44][45]

August 24—25 protests

March for free education in Pichilemu on August 25. Large sign says "We teachers that are marching, are also educating." Sign at the right says "No more profit [in education]"

The Workers' United Center of Chile organized a nationwide two-day strike on August 24 and 25.^[46] During the strike, four separate marches took place in Santiago, as well as additional protests across the country.^[47] According to union officials, a total of about 600,000 people were involved in protests.^[47] On the 24th, upwards of three hundred people were arrested, with six police officers wounded in Santiago, where protesters constructed roadblocks and damaged cars and buildings.^[46] On the 25th, another 450 people were arrested with several dozen reported injured.^[47] In Santiago, police forces used tear gas and water cannons on protesters at the end of the demonstrations; earlier, some protesters had thrown stones and started fires.^[46] One person, 16-year-old Manuel Gutierrez Reinoso, later died from gunshot wounds to the chest; witnesses claim that he was shot by a police officer.^[48]

According to Claudio Urrutia, an official at the Workers' United Center of Chile, said that the Chilean government "is a right-wing government that has demonized social demonstrations [...] This government doesn't seek dialogue. We have to change the tax regime in this country."^[46] According to Labor Minister Evelyn Matthei, unions had refused to begin discussions with the government, and she was "working actively trying to resolve problems [...] in education and in labor and many problems that come from the past."^[46]

Dialogue and carabineros controversy

Pinochet coup anniversary protests

On the 38th anniversary of Augusto Pinochet's 1973 coup d'état against socialist president Salvador Allende on 11 September 2011, police arrested around 280 people in protests in Santiago. One 15-year-old girl suffered a bullet wound. "There were more than 350 places with barricades and blocked streets, and 130,000 homes suffered power cuts," said Deputy Interior Minister Rodrigo Ubilla.^[49]

A day later on 12 September 2011, 30 people stormed the headquarters of the Communist Party of Chile Central Committee assaulting party workers, and destroying computers and furniture. Carabineros attempted to storm the building on 4 August.^[50]

October breakdown of negotiations

In October the student representatives engaged in negotiations with government representatives headed by education minister Felipe Bulnes. The students withdrew from negotiations October 5 citing that the government had in their words only proposed and improved version of their "GANE" proposal from July, something students considered a "provocation".^[51] Camila Vallejo said that it was government that broke the negotiations by lacking "political will" and "capacity to attend the demands of the majority of the country".^[51] Students reported that minister Felipe Bulnes attacked David Urrea during the negotiations saying to him "you came here to break the negotiations, you are in a hostile position".^[52] In a meeting held in the Isla Teja Campus of the Southern University of Chile the Chilean university students union (CONFECH) representative David Urrea made a call to radicalize the movement and to "prepare for harsh times".^[51]

Government spokesman Andrés Chadwick blamed "the ultras" and "the intransigents" in the student movement as responsible for the breakdown of negotiations.^[52] Giorgio Jackson said of these coments that the label "ultra" form part of a strategy aimed to divide the student movement, a strategy Jackson said the government have been using since the beginning of the conflict.^[53]

18 and 19th October strikes

Congress incidents

See also

2006 student protests in Chile 2008 student protests in Chile 2011 Colombian student protests 2011 Magallanes protests

Education in Chile HidroAysén Leaders of the 2011 Chilean protests

References

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3. ^ ^{a b c} Cadena Nacional de Radio y Televisión: Presidente Piñera anunció Gran Acuerdo Nacional por la Educación Government of Chile. July 5, 2011. Accessdate July 5, 2011
4. ^ ^{a b c} http://www.latercera.com/noticia/politica/2011/07/674-380393-9-pinera-opta-por-mantener-a-hinzpeter-incorporar-a-longueira-y-cambiar-de.shtml Canales, Javier. La Tercera July 18, 2011. Access date July 18, 2011
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16. ^ Perspectivas históricas del movimiento social-ciudadano
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18. ^ De protesterar för att nästa generation ska få en god utbildning ERGO, October 2011
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27. ^ Las tres sociedades que vinculan a Lavín con la Universidad del Desarrollo
28. ^ El lucro: la gran piedra en el zapato de Lavín
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51. ^ ^{a b c} Confech llama a "radicalizar movilización" y a no comenzar el segundo semestre, La Tercera, October 9th of 2011.
52. ^ ^{a b} Gobierno reimpulsa agenda legislativa y sindica a "ultras" como responsables de quiebre
53. ^ Giorgio Jackson: "El Gobierno nos trata de dividir diciendo que somos 'ultra'"