2008 Armenian presidential election protests

The 2008 Armenian presidential election protests were a series of mass protests held in Armenia in the wake of the Armenian presidential election of February 19, 2008. Mass protests against alleged electoral fraud were held in the capital city of Yerevan and organized by supporters of unsuccessful presidential candidate and first President of the Republic of Armenia, Levon Ter-Petrossian.

After nine days of peaceful protests at the Opera Square, the national police and military forces tried to disperse the protesters on 1 March. [https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=1265025&Site=CommDH&BackColorInternet=FEC65B&BackColorIntranet=FEC65B&BackColorLogged=FFC679 "Report by the Commissioner for Human Rights, Mr Thomas Hammarberg, on his special mission to Armenia, 12 – 15 march 2008"] , Council of Europe, March 20, 2008.] The protests began on February 20th, lasted for 10 days in Yerevan's Liberty Square, and involved tens of thousands of demonstrators during the day and hundreds camping out overnight. Despite the urges of the government to stop the demonstrations, the protests continued until March 1st. On the morning of March 1, police and army units dispersed the 700-1,000 persons who remained overnight, beating them with truncheons and electric-shock devices. [http://www.armenianow.com "Protestor on scene tells of melee"] , ArmeniaNow.com, March 1, 2008 (noon)Dubious|date=March 2008] [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18189.htm "Armenia: Police Beat Peaceful Protesters in Yerevan"] , Human Rights Watch (NY), March 2, 2008.] [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FFAB3C6D-A75D-4E48-B0D6-5D3A83069160.ASP Ter-Petrosian ‘Under House Arrest,’ Rally Broken Up] , Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 1, 2008.] As of March 4, many protesters are still missing. [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/D816B1BC-CAE4-47EF-9A5B-E55169ADE4BC.ASP "Human Rights Watch Demands Probe Into Armenian Crackdown"] , Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), March 4, 2008.] Since March 1, Ter-Petrossian has placed under "de facto" house arrest. [ [http://www.eurasianet.org/armenia08/news/030108.shtml "Armenia: At Least 2 Dead in Yerevan Violence, as Kocharian Declares State of Emergency"] , Armenia: Vote 2008 (EurasiaNet.org), March 1, 2008.]

At noon on March 1, a crowd of "tens of thousands or more" held a rally in front of the French embassy [ [http://www.armenianow.com/ "Crowd near French Embassy grows to tens of thousands or more"] , ArmeniaNow.com, March 1, 2008 (4 pm).] . Law enforcement pulled away from the area by 4pm, as they were overwhelmed by the growing number of demonstrators. Activists used abandoned police buses to setup barricades. In the evening, clashes broke out between riot police and about 2,000 protesters who barricaded themselves at Miasnikyan Square. At around 10pm, President Robert Kocharyan, with the approval of the Armenian parliament, declared a 20-day state of emergency, banning future demonstrations and censoring the media from broadcasting any political news except those issued by official state press releases. [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/8D6FD2D9-C798-4BF4-8307-1F434344FFC9.ASP At Least Eight Killed In Armenian Post-Election Unrest"] , Armenia Liberty ( [RFE/RL] ), March 2, 2008.] Kocharian justified the decision on the grounds that a minority of demonstrators looted a nearby grocery store on Mashdots Avenue and set fire to a handful of police vehicles and buses(while the riot police, special forces, and army looked on from 1 km away from Shahumyan Square without intervening)Fact|date=March 2008. Opposition leaders say that the looters had nothing to do with the demonstration, and that they were led by government provocateurs.

With the state of emergency in effect, at around 4am March 2, Levon Ter-Petrossian asked the protesters near the French Embassy to go home, thus ending the protests.

The police have "surrounded and sealed off" the opposition news agency A1+.

Human Rights Watch has condemned the Armenian authorities' use of "excessive force and violence" on the peaceful demonstrators who were camping for the 10th day at Liberty Square.

Background

Levon Ter-Petrossian was the President of Armenia from October 16, 1991 to February 3, 1998. He was forced to step down in February 1998 on allegations of defeatism in connection to the ongoing negotiations with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh. He was succeeded by his then Prime Minister Robert Kocharyan who opposed Ter-Petrossian's concessions to Azerbaijan. Kocharyan was re-elected for a second term as president on March 5, 2003 amid allegations of electoral fraud. In early 2004 there were demonstrations by opposition-led protestors and calls for Kocharyan's resignation. Kocharyan completed his second term as president on February 2008 and under the Armenian constitution was not eligible for a third term. Kocharyan's Prime Minister Serge Sargsyan had Kocharyan's backing for his candidacy as the next president. Ter-Petrossian was also a candidate for this election, having announced his candidacy during a speech in Yerevan on October 26, 2007, in which he controversially alleged Kocharyan's government of massive corruption involving the theft of "at least three to four billion dollars" over the previous five years. [Emil Danielian and Liz Fuller, [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/fc64b5fb-efac-4463-8e9f-13b3d6fd1714.html "Armenian Ex-President Confirms Comeback Plans"] , Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 1 November 2007.] The election was held on February 19, 2008 and Sargsyan won the election with 53% of the vote, according to official results, with Ter-Petrossian in second place with 22% of the vote. Under Armenia's electoral law, if neither candidate wins at least 50% of the votes, the top two contenders have to face each other in a second round of the elections. International observers from the OSCE, PACE and the European Parliament had said that "the presidential election in Armenia satisfied the international standards". [ [http://www.regnum.ru/english/armenia/960206.html International observers: Armenian presidential election mostly in accordance with international standards] Regnum, February 20, 2008]

Timeline

The protests began on February 20; about 25,000 opposition supporters were reportedly present on February 21. Ter-Petrossian said that the army would not act against the protesters, claiming to have the support of two deputy defense ministers. An aide to Ter-Petrossian vowed that the protests would continue "nonstop" and demanded that the government agree to holding a new election by February 22. [ [http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/21/europe/EU-POL-Armenia-Presidential-Election.php "Thousands challenge victory of Armenian PM in presidential vote in 2nd day of protests"] , Associated Press ("International Herald Tribune"), February 21, 2008.] On February 21, two members of the Central Election Commission who are representatives of the opposition said that they did not accept the results, and on the next day, Vahan Hovhannisian resigned from his position as deputy speaker of National Assambly of Armenia due to his disapproval of the handling of the election and said that the mechanism of falsifications were put in operation in 1996 by Ter-Petrossian [ [http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=25117 "RA parliament accepts Vahan Hovhannisian resignation"] ] . Protests continued on February 22, and Deputy Prosecutor-General Gagik Jhangirian condemned the election, urging the people to act immediately to defend their votes, rather than complaining later about the government's behavior. A spokesperson for Prosecutor-General Aghvan Hovsepian asked Kocharyan to dismiss Jhangirian because prosecutors cannot be members of any party or to be involved in politics in any way [ [http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=25013 "RA Prosecutor General petitioned President for Jahangiryan dismissal"] ] The Defense Ministry denied Ter-Petrossian's claim that the two deputy defense ministers had said that they would prevent the army from being used against the protesters, but the veterans' group Yerkrapah disputed this denial.Fact|date=March 2008 Protests were held without an official permission.Matthew Collins, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7251983.stm "Armenian leader warns protesters"] , BBC News, 23 February 2008.] Part of the cause for the protest were oppositions claim that there were widespread violations, [ [http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/428323.html "Protesters challenge Armenian vote"] , Associated Press (MiamiHerald.com), 21 February 2008.] .

February 22

On the third day of the protests, 22 February, the number of protesters was reported as about 20,000. Sarkisyan called the protests "blackmail' and said that if they violated the law, order would be restored through force. The opposition's Alexander Arzoumanian, however, said that the government did not have the courage to attempt to break up the protests. [Matthew Collins, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7259553.stm "Thousands occupy Armenia square"] , BBC News, 22 February 2008.] On 23 February, the number of protesters was reported as about 30,000. Kocharyan accused the opposition of trying to seize power in a revolution and warned that the government would act to preserve order. Meanwhile, the police released a statement saying that they were "prepared to resolutely respond to any attempts to disturb public order and destabilize the situation, prevent extremist manifestations, and protect people's constitutional rights". The statement denied the rumored resignation of police chief Aik Arutyunian. [ [http://www.interfax.ru/e/B/politics/28.html?id_issue=11975854 "Armenian police ready to respond to attempts to disturb public order - statement"] , Interfax, 23 February 2008.]

February 23

Jhangirian was dismissed as Deputy Prosecutor-General by Kocharyan on 23 February and detained later that day. [ [http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=25030 "Gagik Jahangiryan dismissed from post of deputy prosecutor general"] , PanARMENIAN.Net, 23 February 2008.] On February 27 Gagik Jahangiryan was arrested and charged with violating the article 235.1 of the Armenia Penal Code (illegal purchase, traffic and storage of weapons, explosive assemblies) and article 316.1 (application of force against a public agent). [ [http://www.panarmenian.net/news/eng/?nid=25103 "Former deputy prosecutor general accused of illegal storage of weapons and violence against public agent"] PanARMENIAN.Net, 27 February 2008]

February 25

Ter-Petrossian made several appearances, and in each called for a peaceful rally, frequently alluding to the late-1980s when the Karabakh Committee was arrested by the Soviets. Ter-Petrossian said that he does not fear arrest nor assassination, and that if the ruling party had him killed, it would only accelerate its own demise. Also on February 25, Sarkis Chaghatzbanian, a diasporan Armenian from France, spoke twice, and alluded to the participation of Armenians in revolutionary movements in France and Germany, and how the turn has come for Armenia. Around 5,000 people continued to participate in the rally well into midnight, some staying overnight in tents.

February 26

On February 26, there were widespread reports that high school administrators had been directed by the ruling party to have their students participate in a pro-Sargsyan rally held in Republic Square. Many e-mail services had been blocked since the morning of February 26, including Hotmail, Gmail, and thick-client email programs using the IMAP protocol.

Several prominent supporters of Ter-Petrossian were arrested on February 26. On that day competing rallies were held, with Sargysan's supporters reported to number up to 100,000. Ter-Petrossian claimed that the numbers attending his rally had doubled because people were leaving Sargysan's rally to come to his. Meanwhile, the National Security Service said that it had prevented an opposition plot to seize a television broadcasting tower in Yerevan; it said that the purpose of this alleged plot, for which several people were arrested, was to enable Ter-Petrossian to make a live broadcast. An opposition spokesman dismissed this as "psychological pressure". Also on February 26, Kocharyan suggested that his government's patience with the protests had "a limit" and urged people to "come to their senses". [ [http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/26/europe/EU-GEN-Armenia-Election-Protest.php "Armenian police detain more activists as gov't, opposition supporters hold dueling rallies"] , Associated Press ("International Herald Tribune"), February 26, 2008.]

February 27

On February 27, an even larger group of protesters than previous days marched on the streets along Abovian and Mashdots Avenue. [ [http://www.a1plus.am/en/?page=issue&iid=58468 "Ralliers 'Thanked' the Police"] , A1+, February 27, 2008.Dubious|date=March 2008] The evening again saw protester numbers in the tens of thousands, with an increasing number of tents. The crowd was mixed, there were groups of villagers (tens in each), students, families with children, government workers, in addition to opposition leaders. At around 11:30 pm some protesters started to rush towards the cafe adjacent to Liberty Square named "Karapi Lij" (Swan Lake). Secret police would not allow journalists to take pictures, however some were able to (despite their threats of impending danger to journalists' personal safety or destruction of their cameras). The rally later continued without interruption.

February 28

On February 28, starting from the morning, police cars surrounded the streets around Liberty Square, not allowing passengers to be dropped off or picked up, let alone to park. [ [http://www.a1plus.am/en/?page=issue&iid=58485 "Cars Are Taken Away"] , A1+, February 28, 2008.Dubious|date=March 2008]

February 29

As of the night of February 29, there were 132 tents set up in Liberty Square and occupied by 24-hour protesters. During the day, another march around town attracted an even larger group of ralliers, with 5,000 participants.

March 1

, March 7, 2008.] [http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=2900&lng=eng&IID=1179 Bloody Saturday: A breakdown of the day that broke a nation] , ArmeniaNow.com, March 21, 2008.] As a result, some protestors attacked the ranks of the police with bottles and rocks, and a grenade thrown at the police resulted in the death of police officer Hamlet Tadevosyan. Levon Ter-Petrossian was captured at Liberty Square and placed under house arrest. Hundreds of unruly and some drugged protestors attacked shops and markets in looting and breaking and burning cars and vans and attacking any opposing person to their vandalism. Dozens were reported to have sustained severe injuries and more than 100 protesters were arrested. A witness told Human Rights Watch that several rows of Special Forces in riot armor, with helmets, plastic shields and rubber truncheons, started approaching from the left and right sides of Freedom Square. The witness said that police, sprayed water and descended on the demonstrators, using rubber truncheons.

At about 11:30 am, a peaceful march of about 1,000 people from near Liberty Square, down North Avenue, and to the French Embassy at Miyasnikyan Square (where riot police were quickly redeployed to). By that time there were about 3,000 riot police and special police forces present. The sheer number of protesters outnumbered the police, who were forced by the peaceful protesters to retreat. By 5pm, all armored personnel carriers and all other military special vehicles as well as troops had been evacuated from the square. Protesters gradually confiscated the remaining buses setting some ablaze and moved them to strategic locations to block incoming traffic to the square.

Around 10:30 pm, Kocharyan declared a 20-day state of emergency. [ [http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-03-01-armenia-elections_N.htm "Armenia declares state of emergency after violence"] , Associated Press ("USA Today"), March 1, 2008.] Clashes between the police and security forces and agitated protesters seem to have occurred on at least three occasions during the course of 1 March: The first in the morning hours, the second at around 9:15pm, and the third late night. In the meantime, a unit of riot troops charged towards one of the barricades but fled the scene after unsuccessful pitched battles with opposition supporters who were armed with sticks, stones and Molotov cocktails. [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/06/1259EEEF-280A-4F0E-9B1B-6CEB56B26137.ASP "Sarkisian Defends Use Of Force Against Opposition"] , Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, June 27, 2008.]

Shortly after the event, [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8e6XR8TXGWA a controversial independent video] appeared on YouTube showing special forces firing automatic weapons directly into the crowd, directly followed by a clip in which the Prosecutor General's press secretary (Sona Truzyan) claims that police did not fire any weapons into the crowd. Government sources claim that the video footage is a fake and that it has been digitally doctored.

March 2

Midnight and early morning

By 12:00am, the area around the French embassy had only about 200 activists left. The police stood about 1/2 km north at Shahumyan Square, passively watching as anarchy reigned on the area below. Miyasnikyan square to Mashdots Avenue was completely devoid of any law enforcement, and authorities watched passively as some of the crowd looted some stores. Despite calls from opposition leaders throughout the demonstrations to restrain the use of violence, some in the crowd (allegedly encouraged by provocateurs ) resorted to property destruction (of cars, windows, public places) and looting of a grocery store and a shoe store . (ArmeniaNow reports that the 2 pharmacies and 4 electronics and computer stores were not looted.) By 1:00am, several buses and cars had been destroyed, set ablaze, or turned over near Miyasnikyan square. By 2:30 am, some of the bus loads of army soldiers were bused into Shahumyan square to join rows of riot police. Demonstrators were seen armed with metal bars (removed from park gates) and Molotov cocktails made from water bottles.

Official reports say that eight people died on the night of March 1 [ [http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=47070 Death toll in March 1-2 clashes in Yerevan reaches 10 ] ] ; A police officer died trying to prevent a hand grenade from going off. Three civilians died from teargas cartridge and four from bullets. The Prosecutor General stated that the ammunitions had penetrated the bodies, which appears to indicate that they must have been fired at a very close range. Some protesters were armed with grenades, guns, wooden sticks, iron sticks and "hedgehogs".

Day time

As of 9am, Ter-Petrossian urged his supporters to go home from the protest, citing Kocharian's state of emergency. Witnesses saw some protesters with firearms. However, other than metal bars and some Molotov cocktails, some reporters said they also had seen arms in the possession of protesters. [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/19E3AAAC-BCED-459C-90B4-02A3594DA122.ASP "Armenian Opposition Ends Protests After Ter-Petrosian Appeal"] , Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 2, 2008.]

The National Assembly confirmed Kocharyan's state of emergency, with 81 of the 131 members of parliament present voting in favor of it. [ [http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2008/03/7D25D2BD-9268-4233-A631-BF5F29FD5BCE.html "Armenia: Eight Killed After Clashes Between Police, Protesters"] , Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, March 2, 2008.]

March 21

Following the end of the state of emergency, thousands of people in Yerevan held a candlelight vigil for the victims of March 1 and a silent protest on 21 March 2008 to protest the 106 protesters who had been arrested in the original protests. [ [ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7308860.stm "Armenian opposition stage protest"] , BBC, March 21, 2008.] [http://hetq.am/eng/politics/7853/ "A Candlelight Vigil and Silent Protest Procession"] , Hetq Online, March 22, 2008.] Their plan was to assemble at Liberty Square at 3pm and hold a candlelight vigil there for those who died on March 1, followed by a silent protest from 5pm to 7pm of a single line stretching from Liberty Square, down Northern Avenue, to Myasnikian Square.

Liberty Square was occupied by busloads of police and interior troops who prevented citizens to enter Liberty Square; [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/6B313019-A13B-430A-A03E-EB19AC9C7C29.ASP "Protests Resume In Yerevan Amid Heavy Security"] , Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), March 21, 2008.] Shahumyan Square and Myasnikian Square similarly had rows of riot police who prevented a public assembly in the area. At 7 p.m. the assembled crowds of silent protesters dispersed as planned. Although the state of emergency has been lifted by law, the ban on public rallies is de facto still in place.

On the same day, the following campaign team members of Levon Ter-Petrosian were taken into custody: Vardan Galstyan, Davit Tzaghikyan, Onik Hakobyan, Suren Sujyan, Edvard Sarajanyan and Hakob Semirjyan.

March 22

Riot police continue to block public access to Liberty Square, Shahumyan Square, and Myasnikian Square; they were also in formation at Republic Square. Police dispersed a growing crowd -- mostly composed of women -- that was assembling at Northern Avenue.

Government response

The President Elect Sargsian, during his meeting with EU special envoy for the South Caucasus Peter Semneby, said "We are ready to cooperate with all those who wants Armenia to develop, its citizens to prosper, the country to be stable and strong, and we are ready for an open, straightforward and honest discussion". He also said that "those who incited recent riots had committed a crime and should be punished". The Incumbent President Kocharian said that "Armenian authorities were seeking to normalise the situation as soon as possible and restore stability". [ [http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=12442184&PageNum=0 Armenian authorities conduct talks on cooperation with opposition - Sarkisyan] Itar-tass, March 3, 2008]

Government officials have portrayed the events of March 1 purely as an attempted coup by the opposition. [http://www.eurasianet.org/armenia08/news/031308.shtml "Armenia: Officials, Opposition Take Tentative Steps Toward Conciliation"] , Eurasianet.org, March 13, 2008.] At least 97 Ter-Petrosian supporters have been jailed by authorities since the election, and have been charged with organizing “mass riots” and attempting to overthrow the government. [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/FAEECFAB-9200-49BA-A55F-C68293515198.ASP "Fugitive Opposition MP Arrested"] , Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), March 13, 2008.] The government-controlled National Assembly stripped four deputies allied to Ter-Petrosian of their legal immunity from prosecution.

On March 3, the Human Rights Defender of the Republic of Armenia, Armen Harutyunyan, issued a report critical of President Kocharyan's order of force. [http://www.ombuds.am/main/en/0/18/1281 "Human rights defenders position on the existing situation in the country"] , Human Rights Defender of the Republic of Armenia, March 3, 2008.]

New law banning rallies

The President and the Prime Minister expressed their wish to have the State of Emergency ended on 21 March. They were however concerned over the possibility of new demonstrations, rallies and riots in the streets. In this context, on 17 March, the Parliament initiated a first reading of proposed amendments to the law on holding meetings, rallies, marches, and demonstrations in an extraordinary session.

On March 18, President Robert Kocharian signed into law a parliament bill that will make it easier for the Armenian authorities to ban fresh anti-government demonstrations planned by opposition leader Levon Ter-Petrosian. [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/0EDC9A1F-46FD-4919-B0FF-FECD4D1607EB.ASP "Government Signals Ban On Ter-Petrosian Rallies"] , Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), March 18, 2008.]

The existing law had until then allowed authorities to ban those demonstrations which they believed were aimed, among other things, at a "violent overthrow of constitutional order." One of the amendments of the new law complements the clause with cases where authorities have "reliable information" that street protests would pose a threat to "state security, public order, public health and morality," and that any such information coming from the Armenian police and the National Security Service (NSS) will be automatically deemed "reliable."

Also, a more significant amendment to the existing law allows the authorities to "temporarily" ban rallies for an unspecified period of time after street gatherings resulting in casualties. The ban shall remain in force until the end of the official investigation into a particular case of deadly street violence. Furthermore, the amendments also stipulate that a responsible agency examine a request for holding a public event for 72 hours. Requests are to be submitted 5 days prior to the date of holding a public event.

According to the Council of Europe, these amendments entail "important changes and serious restrictions on the current national regime of freedom of assembly." Previously the municipal authorities only needed to be notified of the intent to hold rallies, demonstrations or manifestations. According to the Council of Europe, the amendments full conformity with article 11 paragraph 2 (the right to freedom of assembly and association) of the European Convention can be questioned.

In addition to Sarkisian's Republican Party (HHK), parliamentary leaders of the Prosperous Armenia, Dashnaktsutyun and Orinats Yerkir parties supported the new bill; Only members of Zharangutyun, the sole opposition party represented in the parliament, and independent lawmaker Victor Dallakian voted against the legislation.

Response of coalition government parties

Artur Baghdasarian, leader of the Rule of Law party and former opposition leader who switched sides after the election, [http://www.armenianow.com/?action=viewArticle&AID=2893&lng=eng&IID=1179 From “traitor” to Secretary: The curious ups and downs of Artur Baghdasaryan] , ArmeniaNow.com, March 21, 2008.] and Gagik Tsarukian, leader of the Prosperous Armenia Party made a joint statement with Sarkisian where they blamed the deadly clashes on Ter-Petrossian, claiming that they had been "methodically and cruelly" planned by Ter-Petrosian beforehand as part of his plan to illegally seize power. [ [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/C1358A35-354B-4F18-A630-125670EE1200.ASP Baghdasarian Blames Ter-Petrosian For Unrest] Armenianlibery.org March 4, 2008]

Opposition response

Opposition leaders who organized the rally disavowed and condemned March 1's looting of dozens of supermarkets, shops, homes and burning of parked cars, blaming them on government "provocateurs." “We have nothing to do with that,” said Nikol Pashinian, an opposition leader. “The authorities themselves are destabilizing the situation.” During his March 11 news conference, Ter-Petrosian alleged that government agents provoked the unrest.

During the weekend of March 15-16, Ter-Petrosian and his opposition allies remaining at large held a meeting for the first time since the March 1 government attack, and said they will continue to work for regime change in Armenia by "legal and democratic means." [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/3EFA0A17-5263-4C70-942C-829FE124FFB7.ASP "Ter-Petrosian, Allies Discuss Next Steps"] , Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), March 17, 2008.] Ter-Petrosian's office said that the participants of the meeting "reaffirmed their determination to fight against the kleptocratic system." During the week of March 10, the Ter-Petrosian's representatives requested permission from Yerevan mayor's office to hold a rally on March 21 (the day after the anticipated end of emergency rule); this request has been rejected.

Raffi Hovannisian's Zharangutyun party said in a statement that "the schism between the Armenian people and its government continues to expand," that the presidential ballot was fraudulent and that Armenians had a legitimate right to dispute its official results in the streets. It said the March 1 bloodshed resulted from the break-up of non-stop protests in Yerevan’s Liberty Square staged by the Ter-Petrosian camp. "The unconscionability displayed on February 19 and the brutality used to protect it on March 1 remain unresolved issues," said the statement. "No state of emergency, accompanied as it is by an aggressive, one-sided ‘public information’ vertical which deepens the public divide rather than healing it, will succeed in securing the collective amnesia of state and society."

Response to new law banning rallies

On March 18, Levon Ter-Petrossian rejected as unconstitutional the new amendments to Armenia's law (passed at an emergency session of the National Assembly on March 17) that will make it easier for authorities to ban new anti-government demonstrations. In a statement, his office said that the enacted amendments "blatantly violate" Armenians’ constitutionally guaranteed freedom of assembly and can therefore be ignored by citizens. "In these circumstances, it is the people’s legitimate right to ignore the illegal ban and reaffirm their freedom to hold rallies which is guaranteed by the constitution and international law."

International reaction

The European Union and some Western governments have demanded from the Armenian government a lifting of the 20-day state of emergency. [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/71AC7F9F-7191-4853-85DF-3156639C92EA.ASP "U.S. Official Discusses Post-Election Unrest In Yerevan"] , Armenia Liberty, March 6, 2008.]

On March 2, Holly Cartner, Europe and Central Asia director at Human Rights Watch said in a statement: "The Armenian government should refrain from using violence and make clear that it won’t tolerate excessive use of force by police... A political crisis doesn’t give the government carte blanche in how it responds to demonstrators." "The Armenian government prides itself on having a democratic image," said Cartner. "Beating peaceful demonstrators is inconsistent with that image and violates its obligations under human rights law." In a second statement, Cartner said, "The Armenian government should swiftly investigate whether the police and army used lethal force against protesters in accordance with international standards. While the government has a duty to maintain civic order, lethal force may only be used when strictly necessary to protect life." [http://hrw.org/english/docs/2008/03/02/armeni18190.htm "Armenia: Civilians Die as Police Suppress Demonstrations and Riots"] , Human Rights Watch, March 2, 2008.]

On March 3, the Committee to Protect Journalists said that Armenian authorities "should immediately lift restrictions on independent news reporting and the censorship of independent news Web sites." "We’re alarmed by this blatant attempt to censor news of the disputed election," CPJ Executive Director Joel Simon said. "We call on Armenian authorities to withdraw the ban on independent news gathering and dissemination, and restore access to independent and opposition media." [ [http://www.cpj.org/news/2008/europe/armenia03mar08na.html "ARMENIA: Restrictions imposed as president declares emergency"] , Committee to Protect Journalists, March 3, 2008.]

On March 5, the Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG), which oversees all non-military U.S. international broadcasting, said it "strongly objects to the blackout of independent media in Armenia." "Censorship and harassment of the media are the antithesis of democracy," said James K. Glassman, Chairman of the BBG. [ [http://www.bbg.gov/_bbg_news.cfm?articleID=158&mode=general "Statement of the Broadcasting Board of Governors on Closure of Independent Media in Armenia"] , Broadcasting Board of Governors, March 5, 2008.]

On March 7, Kurt Volker, the US acting assistant secretary of state for European and Eurasian Affairs, said in an interview with Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty: "We don't believe that [a] further crackdown, further arrests, are the right way to go.” He went on to urge the immediate lifting of the state of emergency imposed by Kocharian on March 1. [ [http://www.eurasianet.org/armenia08/news/031108.shtml "Armenia: Authorities Advance Conspiracy Theory"] , Armenia: Vote 2008 (Eurasianet.org), March 11, 2008.]

Before his March 13 trip to Armenia, Thomas Hammarberg, the Council of Europe’s visiting commissioner for human rights, said "I am concerned about the human rights situation in Armenia and the consequences of the declaration of the state of emergency... It is urgent to restore a situation where the activities of the media, political parties and non-governmental organisations are not hindered."

On March 12, the European Union reiterated its calls for the Armenian authorities to lift the state of emergency in Yerevan, release all political prisoners and agree to an "independent investigation" into the country’s deadly post-election unrest. [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/F51B8727-39E0-49C1-AF24-8B3C04322AF8.ASP "EU Concerned About Armenian Crackdown"] , Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), March 13, 2008.] The government of Slovenia, holder of the EU’s rotating presidency, also said on behalf of the block, "The Presidency calls again upon the Armenian authorities to release citizens detained in connection with their political activities and to refrain from further arrests of opposition leaders."

On March 14, Thomas Hammarberg, the Council of Europe’s Commissioner for Human Rights, called for an independent investigation into Armenia’s deadly post-election unrest and said opposition supporters arrested by the authorities in recent weeks have been ill-treated in custody. "There have been cases where there were problems... Some of those arrested have been beaten, which of course is not acceptable" he said after his meetings in Armenian prisons of the political prisoners. Hammarberg "appeared to have serious misgivings about the official version of events." "I really think that there is a need for a professional, independent and impartial inquiry into what happened," he said, adding that it should be conducted by special commission made up of individuals "trusted by the public." Hammarberg also told Kocharian and Sarkisian that the recent day’s easing of civil liberty restrictions stemming from the state of emergency in Yerevan is "not sufficient" and specifically urged them to abolish "censorship" of the Armenian media. [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/033CAEF0-41B0-4542-832B-897C29E92000.ASP "Armenian Oppositionists ‘Tortured In Jail’"] , Armenia Liberty RFE/RL, March 14, 2008.]

On March 18, after a 3-day visit to Armenia, Thomas Hammarberg called on the Armenian government to lift emergency measures, ensure media freedom and initiate an impartial investigation into recent violent acts. "The State of Emergency should be lifted in Armenia and an independent, impartial and transparent inquiry initiated to clarify what actually happened during the confrontations in Yerevan between the police and opposition demonstrators on 1 March," he said. [http://www.coe.am/en/?go=pressreleases&id=401 "Commissioner Hammarberg calls on the Armenian government to lift emergency measures, ensure media freedom and initiate an impartial investigation into recent violent acts"] , Council of Europe [http://www.coe.am Information Office in Armenia] , March 18, 2008.]

On March 20, the Council of Europe’s Commissioner for Human Rights released a report summarizing his findings during his March 12-15 trip to Armenia. The report is critical of the government's abuse of force, stating, "It seems clear that excessive use of force was used by police and the security forces." According to the report the two sides -- government authorities and opposition protesters -- describe the events of March 1 "very differently." Since it is important in a human rights perspective to establish the basic facts, the report calls for a "comprehensive inquiry" that is "independent, impartial and transparent and perceived as credible by the whole population." Also, it criticized the behavior of riot police, stating, "A review seems necessary of the current riot control measures used by the police as serious mistakes were made."

Arrests

According to article 130 of the Criminal Procedures Code, a person can be held for twenty-four hours without charges. Over 400 persons have been apprehended and asked to give testimony of the events on 1 March.

On 13 March the Prosecutor General informed that over 95 persons had been arrested for having organized or participated in demonstrations and mass disturbances of public order. Information provided by non governmental sources on the 15 March stated that an additional 50 persons had been arrested, mostly outside of Yerevan in major cities of Armenia like Gyumri.

Police brutality

According to the Council of Europe Commissioner of Human Rights, Thomas Hammarberg who visited a number of detainees in Nubarashen Prison, the Temporary holding facility of the National Security Service and the Holding Centre of Yerevan City Police Department, "the number of injured persons and detainees still after fourteen days showing marks of beating is clearly a matter of grave concern." The Commissioner has stated that allegations of police brutality should be investigated.

Azerbaijan and Nagorno-Karabagh Republic

Skirmishes between the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army and the Military of Azerbaijan were reported along the contact line near the Mardakert. These skirmishes were the worst fighting along the contact line since the ceasefire after the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994 and have caused several fatalities. The Armenian side blames Azerbaijan for trying to take advantage of unrest in Armenia. The Azeri side blames Armenia claiming that they are trying to divert attention from problems at home but Azerbaijan's President Ilham Aliyev has also said his country is ready to re-take the region by force, and has been buying the military hardware and ammunition to do so. [ [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/7357504 Armenian and Azerbaijani Forces Clash] The Guardian, AIDA SULTANOVA, March 4, 2008] [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7278483.stm Fatal Armenian-Azeri border clash] BBC News, March 5, 2008] [ [http://www.armenialiberty.org/armeniareport/report/en/2008/03/0B451E54-A917-48C9-93C9-3CC7E9D14A0E.ASP Deadly Fighting Reported In Karabakh] Armenianliberty March 4, 2008]

Constitutional Court decision

On 9 March 2008, the Constitutional Court officially rejected the opposition's claim that the election was rigged. [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7285815.stm BBC NEWS | Europe | Armenian poll challenge rejected ] ]

Gallery

Wednesday, February 20

Thursday, February 21

Opera Square

Friday, February 22

Opera Square

aturday, February 23

Opera Square

unday, February 24

Friday, February 29

This is the last night before the peaceful "camp-in" protest was violently stopped by riot police and special forces early the next morning. This day saw the number of tents rise to 132.

aturday, March 1

Armored Personnel Carrier (a 1966 BTR-60PB with sighting system and KPV heavy machine gun) is brought in

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APC within 10 minutes

Friday, March 21

This is the first day after the removal of the official state of emergency. However, a new amendment to Armenia's law passed by parliament allows the authorities to more easily ban new rallies.

Easter Sunday, March 23

Being Easter Sunday, there was no organized demonstration on this day. Busloads of special forces, riot police, and military continued their illegal occupation of Liberty Square, preventing Armenian citizens of expressing their constitutional right to free assembly. As a member of the Council of Europe, the Armenian authorities are violating Article 11 (freedom of assembly and association) of the European Convention on Human Rights, to which Armenia is a signatory.

References

ee also

*Human Rights in Armenia

External links

* [http://en.rian.ru/video/20080303/100486822.html Relative calm in Armenia] video from RIAN, Accessed March 3, 2008
* [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showthreaded.php/Cat/0/Number/1126230/an/0/page/0 Google Earth map (KML) of March 1 demonstration and police clashes]
* [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/03/04/AR2008030402329_pf.html Levon Ter-Petrossian. "Silence on Armenia", Washington Post, Wednesday, March 5, 2008; A21]
* [http://www.armenianow.com/images/d2008/storm/ombudsmanreport.doc Official Report] of Republic of Armenia Ombudsman (Human Rights Defender), Armen Harutyunyan