Cronobacter

Cronobacter
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Gamma Proteobacteria
Order:	Enterobacteriales
Family:	Enterobacteriaceae
Genus:	Cronobacter (Iversen et al. 2008) [1]
Species
C. sakazakii C. malonaticus C. turicensis C. muytjensii C. dublinensis

Cronobacter is a genus of Gram-negative, facultatively-anaerobic, oxidase negative, catalase positive, rod-shaped bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae. They are generally motile, reduce nitrate, utilize citrate, hydrolyze esculin and arginine, and are positive for L-ornithine decarboxylation. Acid is produced from D-glucose, D-sucrose, D-raffinose, D-melibiose, D-cellobiose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, L-rhamnose, L-arabinose, D-trehalose, galacturonate and D-maltose. Cronobacter are also generally positive for acetoin production (Voges–Proskauer test) and negative for the methyl red test indicating 2,3-butanediol rather than mixed acid fermentation. The type species of the genus Cronobacter is Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov.

Clinical significance

Cronobacter are recognised as causative agents of neonatal bacteraemia, meningitis and necrotising enterocolitis. Although rare, some cases have been linked to the consumption of contaminated reconstituted infant formula.

Taxonomy

Cronobacter was first proposed as a new genus in 2007 as a clarification of the taxonomic relationship of the biogroups found among strains of Enterobacter sakazakii ^[2]. This proposal was validly published in 2008 with 5 species and 3 subspecies named ^[1].

Etymology

Cronobacter (Cro.no.bac'ter. Gr. n. Cronos (Κρόνος), one of the Titans of mythology who swallowed each of his children as soon as they were born; N.L. masc. n. bacter, a rod; N.L. masc. n. Cronobacter, a rod that can cause illness in neonates).

Cronobacter sakazakii (sak.a.zaki.ī. N.L. gen. n. sakazakii, of Sakazaki) is named in honour of the Japanese microbiologist Riichi Sakazaki ^[3].

Cronobacter malonaticus (mă.lō.nă.tĭ'cŭs. N.L. n. malonas -atis, malonate; L. suff. -icus, suffix used with the sense of belonging to; N.L. masc. adj. malonaticus, pertaining to the utilisation of malonate). The type strain, CDC 1058-77T, was isolated from a breast abscess ^[3].

Cronobacter turicensis (tŭ.rĭ.sĕn'sĭs. L. masc. adj. turicensis, pertaining to Turicum, the Latin name of Zurich, Switzerland) ^[4].

Cronobacter muytjensii (mœ.tjәn.sĭ.ī. N.L. gen. n. muytjensii, of Muytjens) is named in honour of the Dutch microbiologist Harry Muytjens who performed much of the early work on Enterobacter sakazakii ^{[5][6][7][8][9]}.

Cronobacter dublinensis (dŭb.lĭn.ĕn'sĭs. N.L. masc. adj. dublinensis, pertaining to Dublin, Ireland, the origin of the type strain) ^[2].

C. dublinensis subsp. lausannensis (lô.săn.ĕn'sĭs. L. masc. adj. lausannensis, pertaining to Lausanne, Switzerland, the origin of the type strain for this subspecies) ^[2].

C. dublinensis subsp. lactaridi (lăkt.ărĭd.ī. L. n. lac lactis, milk; L. adj. aridus, dried; N.L. gen. n. lactaridi, of a dried milk) ^[2].

See Also

• List of bacterial genera named after mythological figures

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Iversen C, Mullane N, Barbara McCardell, et al. (2008). "Cronobacter gen. nov., a new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii, and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov. comb. nov., C. malonaticus sp. nov., C. turicensis sp. nov., C. muytjensii sp. nov., C. dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, C. dublinensis sp. nov. subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., C. dublinensis sp. nov. subsp. lausannensis subsp. nov., and C. dublinensis sp. nov. subsp. lactaridi subsp. nov.". IJSEM 58 (Pt 6): 1442–1447. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65577-0. PMID 18523192. 
2. ^ ^{a b c d} Iversen C, Lehner A, Mullane N, et al. (2007). "The taxonomy of Enterobacter sakazakii: proposal of a new genus Cronobacter gen. nov. and descriptions of Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov. and Cronobacter genomospecies 1". BMC Evol Biol 7: 64. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-64. PMC 1868726. PMID 17439656. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1868726.  Free full text
3. ^ ^{a b} Farmer JJ III, Asbury MA, Hickman FW, Brenner DJ, the Enterobacteriaceae Study Group (USA) (1980). "Enterobacter sakazakii: a new species of "Enterobacteriaceae" isolated from clinical specimens". Int J Syst Bacteriol 30 (3): 569–84. doi:10.1099/00207713-30-3-569. 
4. ^ Essers B, et al. (2006). "Neonatal sepsis with Enterobacter sakazakii in premature twins". Swiss Medical Weekly 136: 22S Suppl 151. 
5. ^ Muytjens HL, van der Ros-van de Repe J, van Druten HAM (1984). "Enzymatic profiles of Enterobacter sakazakii and related species with special reference to the alpha-glucosidase reaction and reproducibility of the test system". J Clin Microbiol 20 (4): 684–6. PMC 271411. PMID 6386874. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=271411.  Free full text
6. ^ Muytjens HL, et al. (1983). "Analysis of eight cases of neonatal meningitis and sepsis due to Enterobacter sakazakii". J Clin Microbiol 18 (1): 115–20. PMC 270753. PMID 6885983. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=270753.  Free full text
7. ^ Muytjens HL, Van der Ros van De Repe J (1986). "Comparative in vitro susceptibilities of eight Enterobacter species, with special reference to Enterobacter sakazakii". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 29 (2): 367–70. PMC 176414. PMID 3636109. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=176414. 
8. ^ Muytjens HL, Roelofs-Willemse H, Jaspar GH (1988). "Quality of powdered substitutes for breast milk with regard to members of the family Enterobacteriaceae". J Clin Microbiol 26 (4): 743–6. PMC 266435. PMID 3284901. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=266435.  Free full text
9. ^ Muytjens HL, Kollee LAA (1990). "Enterobacter sakazakii meningitis in neonates: causative role of formula". Pediatric Infectious Disease 9 (5): 372. doi:10.1097/00006454-199005000-00016. 

External links

• 1st International Conference on Cronobacter