Enterobacter sakazakii

Enterobacter sakazakii
Enterobacter sakazakii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Enterobacteriales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Enterobacter
Binomial name
Enterobacter sakazakii
(Farmer et al. 1980)[1]

Enterobacter sakazakii is a Gram-negative rod-shaped pathogenic bacterium. It is a rare cause of invasive infection with historically high case fatality rates (40–80%) in infants.[2][3][4]

It can cause bacteraemia, meningitis and necrotising enterocolitis. E. sakazakii infection has been associated with the use of powdered infant formula[2][4], with some strains able to survive in a desiccated state for more than 2 years.[5]

Taxonomy

E. sakazakii was defined as a species in 1980 by Farmer et al. 1980. DNA-DNA hybridization showed that E. sakazakii was 53–54% related to species in two different genera, Enterobacter and Citrobacter. However diverse biogroups were described and Farmer et al. suggested that these may represent different species.[1]

The taxonomic relationship E. sakazakii strains has since been clarified using f-AFLP, automated ribotyping, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and DNA-DNA hybridization. This has resulted in the classification of E. sakazakii as a new genus, Cronobacter, comprising five species.[6][7]

References

  1. ^ a b Farmer JJ III, Asbury MA, Hickman FW, Brenner DJ, the Enterobacteriaceae Study Group (USA) (1980). "Enterobacter sakazakii: a new species of "Enterobacteriaceae" isolated from clinical specimens". Int J Syst Bacteriol 30 (3): 569–84. doi:10.1099/00207713-30-3-569. 
  2. ^ a b Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2002). "Enterobacter sakazakii infections associated with the use of powdered infant formula--Tennessee, 2001". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 51 (14): 297–300. PMID 12002167.  Free full text
  3. ^ Lai KK (2001). "Enterobacter sakazakii infections among neonates, infants, children, and adults. Case reports and a review of the literature". Medicine (Baltimore) 80 (2): 113–22. doi:10.1097/00005792-200103000-00004. PMID 11307587. 
  4. ^ a b Bowen AB, Braden CR (2006). "Invasive Enterobacter sakazakii disease in infants". Emerging Infect Dis 12 (8): 1185–9. PMID 16965695. 
  5. ^ Caubilla-Barron J & Forsythe S (2007). "Dry stress and survival time of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enterobacteriaceae in dehydrated infant formula". Journal Food Protection 13: 467–472. 
  6. ^ Iversen C, Lehner A, Mullane N, et al. (2007). "The taxonomy of Enterobacter sakazakii: proposal of a new genus Cronobacter gen. nov. and descriptions of Cronobacter sakazakii comb. nov. Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. sakazakii, comb. nov., Cronobacter sakazakii subsp. malonaticus subsp. nov., Cronobacter turicensis sp. nov., Cronobacter muytjensii sp. nov., Cronobacter dublinensis sp. nov. and Cronobacter genomospecies 1". BMC Evol Biol 7: 64. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-64. PMC 1868726. PMID 17439656. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1868726.  Free full text
  7. ^ Iversen C, Mullane N, Barbara McCardell, et al. (2008). "Cronobacter gen. nov., a new genus to accommodate the biogroups of Enterobacter sakazakii, and proposal of Cronobacter sakazakii gen. nov. comb. nov., C. malonaticus sp. nov., C. turicensis sp. nov., C. muytjensii sp. nov., C. dublinensis sp. nov., Cronobacter genomospecies 1, and of three subspecies, C. dublinensis sp. nov. subsp. dublinensis subsp. nov., C. dublinensis sp. nov. subsp. lausannensis subsp. nov., and C. dublinensis sp. nov. subsp. lactaridi subsp. nov". IJSEM. 

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