Simpson family

Clockwise from top left: Marge, Homer, Bart, Santa's Little Helper (dog), Snowball II (cat), Lisa, and Maggie in the center.

The Simpson family is a family of fictional characters featured in the animated television series The Simpsons. The Simpsons are a nuclear family consisting of the married couple Homer and Marge and their three children Bart, Lisa and Maggie. They live at 742 Evergreen Terrace in the fictional town of Springfield, U.S. and they were created by cartoonist Matt Groening who conceived the idea while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office. He named the characters after his own family members, substituting "Bart" for his own name. The family debuted April 19, 1987 in the The Tracey Ullman Show show short "Good Night" and were later spun off into their own series which debuted on December 17, 1989.

Alongside the five main family members, there are a number of other major and minor characters in their family. The most commonly recurring characters are Homer's father Abraham Simpson; Marge's sisters Patty and Selma Bouvier; and the family's two pets, Santa's Little Helper and Snowball II. Other family members include Homer's mother Mona Simpson, Homer's "Vegas wife" Amber, Marge's mother Jacqueline Bouvier, and a whole range of minor relatives.

Main family

The Simpsons are a family who live in at 742 Evergreen Terrace in the town of Springfield in the United States.^[1] Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Simpson, a stereotypical American housewife and mother. They have three children: Bart, a ten-year-old troublemaker; Lisa, a precocious eight-year-old activist; and Maggie, a baby who rarely speaks, but communicates by sucking on a pacifier. The family owns a dog, Santa's Little Helper, and a cat, Snowball II. Both pets have had starring roles in several episodes. Despite the passing of yearly milestones such as holidays or birthdays, the Simpsons do not physically age and still appear just as they did at the end of the 1980s. Although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another.^[2]

Creation

The Simpson family as they appeared in The Tracey Ullman Show shorts.

Groening conceived of the idea for the Simpsons in the lobby of James L. Brooks's office. Brooks had asked Groening to pitch an idea for a series of animated shorts, which Groening initially intended to present as his Life in Hell series. However, when Groening realized that animating Life in Hell would require the rescinding of publication rights for his life's work, he chose another approach and formulated his version of a dysfunctional family.^[3] He named the characters after his own family members — his father Homer, his mother Margaret, and his younger sisters Lisa and Maggie. He substituted "Bart", an anagram of "brat", for his own name,^[4] and modeled the character after his older brother, Mark.^[5][6]

The five family members were given simple designs so that their facial emotions could easily be changed with almost no effort^[7] and so that they would be recognizable in silhouette.^[8] Groening submitted only basic sketches to the animators and assumed that the figures would be cleaned-up in production. However, the animators merely re-traced his drawings, which led to the crude appearance of the characters in the initial short episodes.^[4]

The Simpson family made their debut on April 19, 1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short "Good Night".^[9] In 1989, the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons, a half-hour series airing on the Fox Broadcasting Company. The Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show.^[10]

Casting

Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, and Yeardley Smith all began voicing their characters on The Tracey Ullman Show. Nancy Cartwright was the only one of the group who had been trained to be a voice actor^[11] while Castellaneta had done some voice over work in Chicago. Castellaneta and Kavner had been part of the regular cast of The Tracey Ullman Show and voices were needed for the shorts, so the producers decided to ask them to voice Homer and Marge rather than hire more actors.^[12][13] The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Yeardley Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting director Bonita Pietila believed her voice was too high. Smith later recalled, "I always sounded too much like a girl. I read two lines as Bart and they said, 'Thanks for coming!'"^[14] Smith was given the role of Lisa instead.^[15] On March 13, 1987, Nancy Cartwright went in to audition for the role of Lisa. After arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the "middle child" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart who she found more fascinating because he was described as "devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever."^[16] Matt Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.^[17]

Homer Simpson

Main article: Homer Simpson

Homer Jay Simpson, voiced by Dan Castellaneta, is the father of the Simpson family. He embodies several American working class stereotypes: he is crude, overweight, incompetent, clumsy, thoughtless and a borderline alcoholic.^[18] He has occasionally displayed flashes of great intellect and fitness whenever the situation calls for it, and an integrity reflecting his own values, including a fierce devotion to and protectiveness of his family. His voice started out as an impression of Walter Matthau but eventually evolved into a more robust voice during the second and third season of the half-hour show, allowing Homer to cover a fuller range of emotions.^[13] Homer has since become one of the most influential fictional characters and has been described by the UK newspaper The Sunday Times as the greatest comedic creation of modern time.^[19] He has inspired an entire line of merchandise and his catchphrase, the annoyed grunt "D'oh!", has been included in the Oxford English Dictionary.^[20]

Marge Simpson

Main article: Marge Simpson

Marjorie "Marge" Simpson (née Bouvier), voiced by Julie Kavner, is the well-meaning and extremely patient wife of Homer and mother of Bart, Lisa and Maggie. She often acts as the voice of reason, but displays exaggerated behavior traits of stereotypical mothers and takes the blatant dysfunctionality of her family for granted,^[21] unlike the other family members, who are aware that they are eccentric. Her most notable physical feature is her blue hair, styled into an improbably high beehive. Julie Kavner received a Primetime Emmy Award in 1992 for voicing Marge in the episode "I Married Marge".^[22] For her performance in The Simpsons Movie, Kavner received a nomination for "Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature" at the 2007 Annie Awards, but lost to Ian Holm in Ratatouille.^[23][24] Kavner's emotional performance in the movie got positive reviews and one critic said she "gave what must be the most heartfelt performance ever".^[25] Part of Kavner's contract says that she will never have to promote The Simpsons on video because she does not want to "destroy the illusion for children".^[26] In 2008, CityNews published an article entitled "Top 10 Greatest TV Moms of All Time", and placed Marge in eighth spot.^[27]

Bart Simpson

Main article: Bart Simpson

Bartholomew "Bart" JoJo Simpson, voiced by Nancy Cartwright, is the eldest child in the family—at age 10. Bart's most prominent character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness, disrespect for authority and sharp wit. During the first two seasons of The Simpsons, Bart was the show's main character. The name "Bart" is an anagram of the word "brat".^[28] Groening conceived Bart as an extreme version of the typical misbehaving child character, merging all of the extreme traits of characters such as Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn into one person.^[28] Groening's older brother Mark provided most of the inspiration for Bart.^[29][30] Bart's catchphrase "Eat My Shorts" was an ad-lib by Cartwright in one of the original table readings, harking back to an incident when she was at college.^[31] In 1998, Time magazine selected Bart as 46th of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century, and the only fictional character to make the list.^[32] He had previously appeared on the cover of the December 31, 1990 edition.^[33] Bart is rebellious and frequently escapes without punishment, which lead some parents' groups and conservative spokespeople to believe he provided a poor role model for children. This prompted George H. W. Bush to rally, "We're going to keep trying to strengthen the American family. To make them more like the Waltons and less like the Simpsons."^[34] Bart, and other Simpsons characters, have appeared in numerous television commercials for Nestlé's Butterfinger candy bars from 1990–2001, with the slogan "Nobody better lay a finger on my Butterfinger!"^[35]

Lisa Simpson

Main article: Lisa Simpson

Lisa Marie Simpson, voiced by Yeardley Smith, is the eldest daughter and middle child of the family. She is an extremely intelligent eight year old girl, one of the most intelligent characters on the show. Lisa's political convictions are generally socially liberal.^[36] She is a vegetarian, and a supporter of the Free Tibet movement,^[37] and while still supportive of the Christian church in which she was raised,^[38] Lisa became a practicing Buddhist following her decision to follow the Noble Eightfold Path.^[39] In the Tracey Ullman Show shorts, Lisa was more of a "female Bart" and was equally mischievous. As the series progressed, Lisa began to develop into a more intelligent and more emotional character with "Krusty Gets Busted" being one of the first episodes where her true intelligence is fully shown.^[40] Many episodes focusing on Lisa have an emotional nature, the first one being "Moaning Lisa". The idea for the episode was pitched by James L. Brooks, who had wanted to do an emotional episode where Lisa is sad because the show had done a lot of "jokey episodes".^[41] In 2001 Lisa received a special "Board of Directors Ongoing Commitment Award" at the Environmental Media Awards.^[42] "Lisa the Vegetarian", an episode from the seventh season, won both an Environmental Media Award for "Best Television Episodic Comedy"^[43] and a Genesis Award for "Best Television Comedy Series, Ongoing Commitment".^[44] In Japan, the broadcasters of the series found they were able to turn the apparent viewer dislike of the series around by focusing marketing attention on Lisa. Lisa's well-intended but ill-fated struggles to be a voice of reason and a force of good in her family and city struck a chord with the Japanese.^[45]

Maggie Simpson

Main article: Maggie Simpson

Margaret "Maggie" Eve Simpson, is the youngest of the five main family members and is almost always seen as a baby. She was quite prominent in the Tracey Ullman Show shorts, often being featured alongside Bart and Lisa but has since become the least seen and heard of the five main Simpsons. It has been revealed that Maggie has outstanding artistic and academic abilities, much like her sister Lisa.^[46] Maggie rarely speaks, but has been voiced by several different actors including Jodie Foster, Elizabeth Taylor,^[46] James Earl Jones,^[47] Harry Shearer, who used his Kang voice,^[48] Yeardley Smith,^[49] and Nancy Cartwright.^[50]

Pets

Santa's Little Helper

Main article: Santa's Little Helper

Santa's Little Helper, voiced by Frank Welker^[51] and Dan Castellaneta,^[52] is the Simpsons' pet greyhound. He first appeared in the series premiere as a race dog adopted by Homer and Bart and has been in the series ever since.^[51]

Snowball II

Main article: Snowball (The Simpsons)

Snowball V is the Simpsons' pet cat. There have been several different Snowballs throughout the series. Snowball I has only appeared briefly during flashbacks and dream sequences, but has been mentioned numerous times. Snowball II is the second cat in the Snowball lineage, but is killed in "I, D'oh-Bot". Lisa attempts to replace Snowball II with Snowball III and Coltrane (Snowball IV), but they are also killed in accidents. The Crazy Cat Lady appears and throws a cat at Lisa, which she quickly adopts and names Snowball V, but decides to call it Snowball II to prevent having to spend money on a new named dish and to pretend that the whole incident never occurred. Snowball V is the current pet cat of the family.^[53]

Extended Simpson family

Abraham Simpson

Main article: Abraham Simpson

"Grampa" Simpson

Abraham J. "Grampa" Simpson, voiced by Dan Castellaneta, is the patriarch of the Simpson family, the father of Homer. He is a World War II veteran who was later sent to the Springfield Retirement Castle by Homer. He is known for his borderline senility, his long rambling (and probably apocryphal) stories and his love of Matlock. He shares his name with one of Matt Groening's relatives, in this case his grandfather. However, Groening says he refused to name him, leaving it to other writers to choose a name. By coincidence, the writers chose the name Abraham.^[54]

Mona Simpson

Main article: Mona Simpson (The Simpsons)

Mona Penelope Simpson (née Olsen), voiced by Glenn Close, is Homer's long-lost mother. Her first major appearance was in "Mother Simpson" where she reveals that she was forced to abandon her family after being caught up in the hippie movement and participated in various acts of political activism. The writers used this episode as an opportunity to solve several little puzzles, such as where Lisa's intelligence came from.^[55] Prior to the seventh season, Mona Simpson had only made two brief flashback appearances, the first being season two's "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" and the second being season six's "Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy" and in both episodes she was voiced by Maggie Roswell.^[56] Mona dies in the episode "Mona Leaves-a", as Homer struggles to come to terms with her death. The character is named after writer Richard Appel's wife, whose maiden name is Mona Simpson.^[55] Mona was designed in a way so that she has little bit of Homer in her face, such as the shape of her upper lip and her nose.^[57] There were several design changes because the directors were trying to make her an attractive older and younger woman, but still be Simpson-esque.^[57] Glenn Close recorded original material for another episode, season fifteen's "My Mother the Carjacker". Mona also has a speaking appearance in season ten's "D'oh-in in the Wind", this time voiced by Tress MacNeille.^[58]

Herbert Powell

Herbert "Herb" Powell, voiced by Danny DeVito, is Homer's half-brother. He resembles Homer, though is much slimmer, boasts a full head of hair and is more intelligent. His first appearance was in the season two episode "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" when Homer discovered he had a half-brother, the product of a short-lived affair between his father Abe and a carnival prostitute. Homer's mother insisted on keeping his existence secret, so Herb was put up for adoption. He put himself through college by working odd jobs, then founded Powell Motors, a car company based in Detroit. Herb was overjoyed to learn that he had a birth family and bonded with his nieces and nephew, and — in his role as CEO — allowed Homer to design a car. However, the miserable failure of Homer's car bankrupted the company, and Herb became a street vagrant.^[59] The episode was written by Jeff Martin but the idea of having Herb voiced by Danny DeVito had been pitched by Sam Simon.^[60] Some were upset with the sad ending of the episode, and as a result the producers decided to write a sequel.^[50]

Herb re-appeared the next season in "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?". Now broke and homeless, he briefly settled in the Simpson household, despite his intense continuing antipathy toward Homer. Homer loaned Herb $2000, which Herb used to build an invention that translated infantile speech into comprehensible English, based on observations he made of Maggie. He proceeded to mass-produce his new product and regained his fortune. In gratitude, he bought gifts for each member of the family and paid Homer back with his forgiveness.^[61] Herb has not had a speaking appearance since this episode,^[61] although Homer once referenced him as his "seldom seen half-brother".^[62]

Amber Simpson

Amber Simpson is Homer's former "Vegas wife" from the season ten episode "Viva Ned Flanders". Homer and Ned Flanders visit Las Vegas for the weekend, get drunk and unknowingly marry two women.^[63] Amber reappears in "Brawl in the Family", where the Simpson family trick her into marrying Grampa, and in the process forsake all other spouses. Amber is horrified at the deception and runs away back to Vegas, much to Grampa's disappointment.^[64] In "Jazzy and the Pussycats", the Simpsons attend her funeral after she dies from a drug overdose.^[65]

Other Simpson family members

• Chet, voiced by Dan Castellaneta,^[66] owns an unsuccessful shrimp company.^[67]
• Cyrus, voiced by Hank Azaria, is Abraham's older brother from episode "Simpsons Christmas Stories". Cyrus crashed his Corsair at Tahiti in World War II's Pacific Theater of Operations during a kamikaze raid. He never left and now has 15 wives.^[68]
• Dr. Simpson, voiced by Tress MacNeille,^[58] is the chief of complicated surgeries at the invasive care unit; she is first seen in "Lisa the Simpson".^[67]
• Grampa's parents both appear briefly in "Much Apu About Nothing" when Grampa tells the story of how his family emigrated to America.^[69] Their names were given to be Orville J. Simpson and Yuma Hickman in The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album, but have never been mentioned in the series.^[70]
• Stanley, voiced by Dan Castellaneta,^[66] is the Simpson children's second cousin who shoots birds at the airport.^[67]
• Uncle Tyrone, voiced by Hank Azaria, is a cynical elderly Simpson relative who lives in Dayton, Ohio. The family intends to visit him during his birthday in the episode "Catch 'Em if You Can".^[71]
• Abbie is hinted to be Abraham's illegitimate daughter and Homer's half sister from a relationship he had with a British woman named Edwina during World War II.^[72]
• A group of unnamed relatives show up in the episode "Lisa the Simpson", when Homer tries to prove to Lisa that not all Simpsons are failures.^[67]
• Mabel Simpson, an ancestor of the Simpson family who was part of the underground railroad. She appeared in "The Color Yellow". She was married to Hiram before divorcing him and fleeing to Canada to marry Virgil.
• Virgil, an African American slave owned by Mr Burns' father, Colonel Burns and rescued by Eliza. He was betrayed by Hiram but escaped with Mabel who he later married, from whom the Simpson family are really descended.
• Abraham Simpson, son of Mabel and Virgil, half-brother of Eliza and great-grandfather of Grandpa Simpson.
• Hiram Simpson, a distant relative of the Simpson family who was bribed into revealing Virgil’s whereabouts with a new pair of shoes.
• Eliza Simpson, a distant relative of the Simpson family and daughter of Mabel and Hiram. She was part of the underground railroad with her mother and helped Virgil evade capture.
• Jessica Simpson, a supposed cousin of Lisa, Bart, and Maggie as Lisa picks up a Magazine and says aloud "I wonder how cousin Jessica is doing," in the episode The Blue and the Gray

Extended Bouvier family

Jacqueline Bouvier

Jacqueline Ingrid Bouvier (née Gurney), voiced by Julie Kavner,^[52] is the mother of Marge Simpson, Patty and Selma Bouvier, and the widow of Clancy Bouvier. She was first referenced in a flashback in the episode, "Moaning Lisa" and made her first appearance in the episode "Bart vs. Thanksgiving".^[73] She also had a sister named Gladys, who is now deceased. Like all Bouvier women, she is voiced by Julie Kavner, and has large, unique hair, closely resembling Marge's, only a light gray color due to her old age. In her younger days she smoked heavily but now has quit, although she still speaks more raspily than Patty and Selma. Mr. Burns and Abe Simpson once battled for her affections; she became engaged to Burns, but eventually decided not to marry either man.^[74] She also seems to disapprove of Marge's marriage to Homer, such as stating that Homer is to never address her as "Mom".^[75] However, in the character's most recent appearance on season 21's Moe Letter Blues, she sided with Homer over her own two daughters when he got into an argument with Patty and Selma; Marge, upon finding out about the incident, assumed Homer instigated it and was mad at him, but Jacqueline came to his defense.

Clancy Bouvier

Clancy Bouvier, voiced by Harry Shearer,^[52] is the deceased father of Patty and Selma Bouvier and Marge Simpson and the husband of Jacqueline Bouvier. His first appearance was in the episode "The Way We Was".^[76] He did not appear again until "Fear of Flying" where it was revealed that he was one of the earliest male flight attendants. Marge initially believed he was a heroic pilot and was somewhat traumatized when she discovered he was a flight attendant instead. The cause or time of his death is undetermined, but Homer reveals that he got Marge a "white-noise machine" to help her deal with her father's death.^[77]

Patty and Selma Bouvier

Main article: Patty and Selma Bouvier

Patty and Selma Bouvier, both voiced by Julie Kavner,^[52] are Marge's older twin sisters. They work at the Springfield Department of Motor Vehicles, and possess a strong dislike for their brother-in-law, Homer. Selma is the elder by two minutes, possesses a strong desire for family, and has been married and sought to have a child on numerous occasions. Her sister, Patty, is the show's only openly gay recurring character^[78] although for the most part she has avoided relationships. Kavner voices them as characters "who suck the life out of everything".^[79] Kavner makes Patty's voice more masculine and a lower register, while Selma's voice is a little sweeter.^[80] The origins of their names are unknown, Matt Groening has a sister named Patty, but unlike the other Simpson relatives, this has not been explicitly revealed.^[81]

Ling Bouvier

Ling Bouvier

Ling Bouvier, voiced by Nancy Cartwright, is Selma Bouvier's adopted daughter. In "Goo Goo Gai Pan", Selma discovers that she has reached menopause and adopts Ling in China, after lying that she is married to Homer Simpson, to fool the Chinese authorities into thinking that Ling would be part of a traditional family as opposed to being raised by a single mother. The authorities briefly reclaim Ling, but the adoption agent relates on her experiences of her childhood with her single mother and allows Selma to adopt Ling.^[82] Ling has since become a recurring character and has appeared in several episodes.^[83]

Gladys Gurney

Gladys Gurney, voiced by Julie Kavner,^[52] is Marge's aunt and the sister of Jacqueline. Her death was noted in the episode "Selma's Choice", in which she died of a bowel obstruction. Her final words to Patty and Selma during a video will is a plea that they not end their lives old and alone like herself, prompting Selma to become more intent on having a family.^[84]

Notes

1. ^ Turner, p. 28
2. ^ Oakley, Bill (2005). The Simpsons season 7 DVD commentary for the episode "Home Sweet Homediddly-Dum-Doodily" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
3. ^ Groening, Matt (2003-02-14). Fresh Air. Interview with David Bianculli. National Public Radio. WHYY. Philadelphia. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1162008. Retrieved 2007-08-08. 
4. ^ ^{a b} BBC (2000) (DVD). 'The Simpsons': America's First Family (6 minute edit for the season 1 DVD). UK: 20th Century Fox. 
5. ^ Paul, Alan (1999-09-30). "Matt Groening" (Interview). Flux Magazine Issue #6. 
6. ^ Groening, Matt. (2006). Commentary for "My Sister, My Sitter", in The Simpsons: The Complete Eighth Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
7. ^ Groening, Matt (2005). The Simpsons season 6 DVD commentary for the episode "Fear of Flying" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
8. ^ Groening, Matt; Al Jean, Mike Reiss (2001). The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode "There's No Disgrace Like Home" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
9. ^ Richmond, p. 14
10. ^ Kuipers, Dean (2004-04-15). "'3rd Degree: Harry Shearer'". Los Angeles: City Beat. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605005153/http://www.lacitybeat.com/cms/story/detail/?id=568&IssueNum=32. Retrieved 2008-09-21. 
11. ^ Turner, p. 21
12. ^ Luaine Lee (2003-02-27). "D'oh, you're the voices". Melbourne: The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/02/27/1046064146568.html. Retrieved 2008-02-07. 
13. ^ ^{a b} Lynn Elber (2007-08-18). "D'oh!: The Voice of Homer Is Deceivingly Deadpan". Associated Press. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,129665,00.html. Retrieved 2008-02-07. 
14. ^ Carroll, Larry (2007-07-26). "'Simpsons' Trivia, From Swearing Lisa To 'Burns-Sexual' Smithers". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1565538/20070725/story.jhtml. Retrieved 2007-07-29. 
15. ^ Miranda, Charles (2007-12-08). "She who laughs last". The Daily Telegraph: p. 8E. 
16. ^ Cartwright, pp. 35–40
17. ^ "Bart's voice tells all". BBC News. 2000-11-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1017238.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-16. 
18. ^ Turner, p. 78
19. ^ "There's nobody like him... except you, me, everyone". The Sunday Times (London). 2007-07-08. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/tv_and_radio/article2042236.ece. Retrieved 2007-07-20. 
20. ^ "It's in the dictionary, d'oh!". BBC News, Entertainment (BBC). 2001-06-14. Archived from the original on 2002-12-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20021203092605/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/1387335.stm. Retrieved 2008-02-07. 
21. ^ Turner, p. 235
22. ^ "Primetime Emmy Awards Advanced Search". Emmys.org. http://www.emmys.org/awards/awardsearch.php. Retrieved 2008-02-09. 
23. ^ "For Your Consideration". Annie Awards. 2007-12-03. http://annieawards.org/foryourconsideration.html. Retrieved 2007-12-03. 
24. ^ Peter Debruge (2008-02-08). "'Ratatouille' nearly sweeps Annies". Variety. http://www.variety.com/awardcentral_article/VR1117980588.html?nav=news&categoryid=1983&cs=1. Retrieved 2008-02-09. 
25. ^ Randy Shulman (2007-07-26). "Homer's Odyssey". Metro Weekly. http://www.metroweekly.com/arts_entertainment/film.php?ak=2879. Retrieved 2007-07-26. 
26. ^ Peter Sheridan (2004-05-06). "Meet the Simpsons". Daily Express. 
27. ^ "June Cleaver Chosen As All Time Top TV Mom". CityNews. http://www.citynews.ca/news/news_22488.aspx. Retrieved 2008-05-11. 
28. ^ ^{a b} Groening, Matt: Jean, Al (2007). The Simpsons Movie: A Look Behind the Scenes (DVD). The Sun. 
29. ^ Groening, Matt (2006). The Simpsons The Complete Eighth Season DVD commentary for the episode "My Sister, My Sitter" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
30. ^ Paul, Alan (1995-09-30). "Life in Hell". Flux Magazine. 
31. ^ Larry Carroll (2007-07-26). "'Simpsons' Trivia, From Swearing Lisa To 'Burns-Sexual' Smithers". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1565538/20070725/story.jhtml. Retrieved 2007-07-29. 
32. ^ "Bart Simpson". Time. 1998-06-08. http://www.time.com/time/time100/artists/profile/simpson.html. Retrieved 2007-05-16. 
33. ^ "TIME Magazine Cover: Bart Simpson". Time. 1990-12-31. http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,1101901231,00.html. Retrieved 2007-05-16. 
34. ^ Griffiths, Nick (2000-04-15). "America's First Family". The Times Magazine. pp. 25, 27–28. 
35. ^ "Don't lay a finger on his Butterfinger — Nestle USA Inc. Nestle Chocolate and Confections' television advertisements — Brief Article". Prepared Foods at Find Articles. 1998. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3289/is_n6_v167/ai_20897150. Retrieved 2007-05-17. 
36. ^ Turner, p. 173
37. ^ "I'm Spelling as Fast as I Can". The Simpsons. Fox. 2003-02-16. No. 303, season 14. Lisa yells "Free Tibet!" after winning the school spelling bee.
38. ^ Episode DAB-F02
39. ^ "She of Little Faith". The Simpsons. Fox. 2001-12-16. No. 275, season 13.
40. ^ Reiss, Mike (2001). The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode "Krusty Gets Busted" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
41. ^ Reiss, Mike (2001). The Simpsons season 1 DVD commentary for the episode "Moaning Lisa" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
42. ^ W. Reed Moran (2001-11-15). "Lisa Simpson animates environmental awards". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/spotlight/2001-11-15-simpsons.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-17. 
43. ^ "Awards for "The Simpsons"". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096697/awards. Retrieved 2007-10-17. 
44. ^ "1995 Genesis Awards". hsus.org. Archived from the original on December 22, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071222195011/http://www.hsus.org/about_us/offices_and_affiliates/hsus_hollywood_office/the_genesis_awards/genesis_award_winners_and_memorable_moments/1995_genesis_awards.html. Retrieved 2007-10-21. 
45. ^ Turner, p. 327
46. ^ ^{a b} Face to Face: Maggie Simpson EW.com. Published September 11, 1992, Retrieved on March 27, 2007
47. ^ Richmond, pp. 154-155
48. ^ Gimple, pp. 50-51
49. ^ Smith, Yeardley (2007). Audio commentary for The Simpsons Movie (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
50. ^ ^{a b} Brooks, James L.; Cartwright, Nancy; Groening, Matt; Jean, Al; Moore, Rich (2003). The Simpsons The Complete Third Season DVD commentary for the episode "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
51. ^ ^{a b} McCann, pp. 117–118
52. ^ ^{a b c d e} Richmond, pp. 178-179
53. ^ "I, (Annoyed Grunt)-Bot". Greaney, Dan; Glazier, Allen; MacMullen, Lauren. The Simpsons. Fox. 2004-01-11. No. 322, season 15.
54. ^ Groening, Matt (2002). The Simpsons season 2 DVD commentary for the episode "Old Money".. 
55. ^ ^{a b} Appel, Richard (2005). The Simpsons season 7 DVD commentary for the episode "Mother Simpson" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
56. ^ Goldman, Eric; Iverson, Dan; Zoromski, Brian. "Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances". IGN. http://uk.tv.ign.com/articles/730/730566p1.html. Retrieved 2007-10-06. 
57. ^ ^{a b} Silverman, David (2005). The Simpsons season 7 DVD commentary for the episode "Mother Simpson" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
58. ^ ^{a b} Gimple, pp. 86–87
59. ^ "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?". Martin, Jeff; Archer, Wes. The Simpsons. Fox. 1991-02-21. No. 28, season 2.
60. ^ Groening, Matt; Jean, Al; Martin, Jeff; Reiss, Mike (2002). The Simpsons The Complete second Season DVD commentary for the episode "Oh Brother, Where Art Thou?" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
61. ^ ^{a b} "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?". Swartzwelder, John; Moore, Rich. The Simpsons. Fox. 1992-08-27. No. 59, season 3.
62. ^ "The Heartbroke Kid". Maxtone-Graham, Ian; Moore, Steven Dean. The Simpsons. Fox. 2005-05-01. No. 17, season 16.
63. ^ "Viva Ned Flanders". Stern, David M.; Affleck, Neil. The Simpsons. Fox. 1999-01-10. No. 213, season 10.
64. ^ "Brawl in the Family". Cohen, Joel H.; Nastuk, Matthew. The Simpsons. Fox. 2002-01-06. No. 276, season 13.
65. ^ "Jazzy and the Pussycats". Chun, Daniel; Moore, Steven Dean. The Simpsons. Fox. 2006-09-17. No. 380, season 18.
66. ^ ^{a b} Oakley, Bill (2006). The Simpsons season 9 DVD commentary for the episode "Lisa the Simpson" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
67. ^ ^{a b c d} "Lisa the Simpson". Goldreyer, Ned; Dietter, Susie. The Simpsons. Fox. 1998-03-09. No. 195, season 9.
68. ^ "Simpsons Christmas Stories". Payne, Don; Moore, Steven Dean. The Simpsons. Fox. 2005-12-18. No. 365, season 17.
69. ^ "Much Apu About Nothing". Cohen, David S.; Dietter, Susie. The Simpsons. Fox. 1996-05-05. No. 23, season 07.
70. ^ Groening, Matt (1991). The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album. Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-096582-7. 
71. ^ "Catch 'Em if You Can". Maxtone-Graham, Ian; Nastuk, Matthew. The Simpsons. Fox. 2004-04-25. No. 331, season 15.
72. ^ "The Regina Monologues". Swartzwelder, John; Kirkland, Mark. The Simpsons. Fox. 2003-11-23. No. 04, season 15.
73. ^ Brooks, James L.; Groening, Matt; Jean, Al; Reiss, Mike; Silverman, David. (2002) Commentary for "Bart vs. Thanksgiving", in The Simpsons: The Complete Second Season [DVD]. 20th Century Fox.
74. ^ "Lady Bouvier's Lover". Oakley, Bill; Weinstein, Josh; Archer, Wes. The Simpsons. The Blue and the Gray (The Simpsons)Fox. 1994-05-12. No. 21, season 05.
75. ^ "I Married Marge". Martin, Jeff; Lynch, Jeffrey. The Simpsons. Fox. 1991-12-26. No. 12, season 03.
76. ^ "The Way We Was". Jean, Al; Reiss, Mike; Simon, Sam; Silverman, David. The Simpsons. Fox. 1991-01-31. No. 12, season 02.
77. ^ "Jazzy and the Pussycats". Chun, Daniel; Moore, Steven Dean. The Simpsons. Fox. 2006-09-17. No. 02, season 18.
78. ^ Finn, Natalie (2007-11-07). ""Simpsons'" Smithers Part of Shrinking Minority?". E! News. http://www.eonline.com/news//article/index.jsp?uuid=fd0da574-316b-4300-80a7-8662f9a096b2&entry=index. Retrieved 2006-08-22. 
79. ^ Rhodes, Joe. "Flash! 24 Simpsons Stars Reveal Themselves", TV Guide October 21, 2000, via The Simpsons Archive: "[Matt] Groening says: 'My original idea about Marge's family was they were utterly joyless. The original note I gave to Julie was that they suck the life out of everything they see'".
80. ^ Jean, Al (2004). The Simpsons The Complete Fourth Season DVD commentary for the episode "Selma's Choice" (DVD). 20th Century Fox. 
81. ^ "Matt Groening Q&A (1993)". The Simpsons Archive. June 1993. http://www.snpp.com/other/interviews/groening93b.html. Retrieved 2007-01-14. 
82. ^ "Goo Goo Gai Pan". Talbot, Lawrence; Kramer, Lance. The Simpsons. Fox. 2005-03-15. No. 16, season 16.
83. ^ Canning, Robert (2008-09-32). "The Simpsons Flashback: "Goo Goo Gai Pan" Review". IGN. http://tv.ign.com/articles/911/911926p1.html. Retrieved 2008-12-03. 
84. ^ "Selma's Choice". Stern, David M.; Baeza, Carlos. The Simpsons. Fox. 1993-01-21. No. 72, season 04.

References

	The Simpsons portal
	Fictional characters portal

• Cartwright, Nancy (2000). My Life as a 10-Year-Old Boy. New York City: Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-8600-5. 
• Gimple, Scott M.; Matt Groening (1999-12-01). The Simpsons Forever!: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ...Continued. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0060987633. 
• Groening, Matt (1991). The Simpsons Uncensored Family Album. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-096582-7. 
• McCann, Jesse L.; Matt Groening (2005). The Simpsons One Step Beyond Forever!: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family ...Continued Yet Again. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-081754-2. 
• Richmond, Ray; Antonia Coffman (1997). The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family. New York City: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-638898-1. 
• Turner, Chris (2004). Planet Simpson: How a Cartoon Masterpiece Documented an Era and Defined a Generation. Toronto: Random House Canada. ISBN 0-679-31318-4.