American Gothic House

Dibble House
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Location:	Burton and Gothic Sts., Eldon, Iowa
Area:	504 sq ft (46.8 m2) (house) .92 acres (0.37 ha) (lot)[1]
Built:	1881–1882
Architect:	Busey and Herald (local carpenters)[2]
Architectural style:	Carpenter Gothic
Governing body:	State Historical Society of Iowa
NRHP Reference#:	74002291
Added to NRHP:	October 1, 1974

The American Gothic House, also known as the Dibble House, is an iconic Carpenter Gothic house in Eldon, Iowa. It was the backdrop of the 1930 painting American Gothic by Grant Wood. Generally considered Wood's most famous work and among the most recognized paintings in twentieth century American art, the painting is the model for hundreds of parodies across every creative medium. Grant Wood, who observed the house only once in his lifetime, made only an initial sketch of the house—he completed American Gothic at his studio in Cedar Rapids.

First owned by Eldon resident Charles Dibble after its construction in 1881 and 1882, the home was (with one 1897 exception) a private residence until the late twentieth century. After a thirty-year preservation effort culminated with the donation of the house in 1991 to the State Historical Society of Iowa, the site now includes the original house in its 1930 form and a visitors center. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. From 1991 to 2008, various caretakers continued to rent the home privately.^[3]

Early history and architecture

Charles A. Dibble (born 1836 in Saratoga County, New York), by various accounts a railroad man,^[4] livery stable owner,^[5] and Civil War veteran,^[6] lived in Eldon in the late nineteenth century. He and his wife, Catharine, began building the house in 1881 for themselves and their eight children. Its relatively simple board-and-batten siding, white color, and moderate size—just 504 square feet (46.8 m²)—were extremely common in nineteenth century Iowa architecture. Similar style can be observed in the birthplace of President Herbert Hoover in West Branch, built a decade before the American Gothic House, which features board-and-batten siding, a simple shingled roof, a central chimney, white color, and a moderate size as well. The house's most unique and unusual exterior feature are its two Gothic windows placed in the gable and its steep-pitched roof. Both features would later be exaggerated by Grant Wood in American Gothic. The lower floor of the house contains three rooms and a bathroom, while the upper floor has two bedrooms.^[7] The house has been called the best-known example of a Carpenter Gothic cottage in the United States.^[2]

This side view evinces the modest size of the house; it also obscures most of the home's addition to give a glimpse of the original design.

There is no conclusive evidence explaining why the Dibbles chose to place Gothic windows on the upper level. The windows are believed to have been purchased through the Sears catalog. There are two commonly accepted theories: the Dibbles may have wanted the windows to beautify their home at a time when rural life in Iowa was a struggle, or they could have been following a trend in which extravagant details were desirable in residences in the late nineteenth century, and the Dibbles chose windows whose costs would have been relatively reasonable at the time.^[5]

The Dibbles' house was foreclosed around 1897 after they were unable to pay their taxes, and they moved to Portland, Oregon by 1900.^[8][9] It exchanged hands several times until 1917, when Gideon and Mary Hart Jones purchased it. The Jones family owned the house until 1933 (and notably added a kitchen which created the west wing of the house); thus, it was the Jones family who allowed Grant Wood to use their home as a backdrop for American Gothic.^[5]

American Gothic

See also: American Gothic

During the summer of 1930, Edward Rowan, a young gallery director from Cedar Rapids, a large city approximately 80 miles (130 km) to the northeast of Eldon, attempted to promote fine arts in the rural town by opening a gallery and library and leading art classes in Eldon. Rowan's attempts were met with success—the Eldon Forum called the exhibitions "an unusual treat."^[10] This, along with an indebtedness Wood felt toward Rowan, drew the painter (himself a native of Anamosa, Iowa) to come to Eldon.^[11]

In August, Wood was driven around the town by a young painter from Eldon, John Sharp, looking for inspiration. Sharp's brother suggested in 1973 that it was on this drive that Wood first sketched the house on the back of an envelope. Wood did not immediately regard the house as beautiful, but he did find it captivating. His earliest biographer, Darrell Garwood, noted that Wood "thought it a form of borrowed pretentiousness, a structural absurdity, to put a Gothic-style window in such a flimsy frame house."^[12] At the time, Wood classified it as one of the "cardboardy [sic] frame houses on Iowa farms" and considered it "very paintable."^[11] After obtaining the permission of the Jones family, Wood made a sketch the next day in oil on paperboard from the house's front yard. This sketch displayed a steeper roof and a longer window with a more pronounced ogive than the actual house, features which eventually adorned the final work; however, Wood did not add figures to the sketch until he returned to Cedar Rapids.^[13] He would not return to Eldon again before his death in 1942, although he did request a photograph of the home in order to complete his painting.^[5]

Later history and current status

Decades after American Gothic was regarded as an American icon, the house continued to serve as a private residence, usually for rent, transferring ownership only once more from the Jones family to the Seldon Smith family at a "distress sale" in 1942.^[14] A grassroots movement to preserve the house was started as early as 1945 by Nan Wood, Grant Wood's sister and the female figure depicted in American Gothic. A visit in 1960 to the house (which was beginning to fall into disrepair) by Des Moines architect and historian William J. Wagner, A.I.A capped these early efforts. He was among the first to suggest preservation of the house as a historic site:

The visit to your American Gothic House was very interesting and enjoyable. I will probably seem a little too enthusiastic, but I do feel you have a 'First' in Eldon. It was the painting 'American Gothic' that made Grant Wood internationally known. Phil Strong wrote that Grant Wood was the first Iowa painter to bring fame to Iowa.

I feel it would be a mistake to move the home to another location. The greatest advantage for leaving the house as is, is the vacant piece of ground across the road. This offers you a place for parking autos and a picnic area, which is a good adjunct to a historic site.

Bill Wagner, letter to Robert Weidenbach, February 2, 1960.^[15]

Center staff assist in dressing up visitors and taking their photograph outside the house.

In the early 1970s, a series of letters between Eldon businessmen and Carl E. Smith, the newly-inherited owner of the house, revealed differing opinions on continued use of the house: Smith wanted to renovate the house and protect it from vandalism only; the Eldon leaders were more in favor of making the house a historic site.^[16] The house was abandoned for much of the 1970s—a bullet was fired in an upstairs bedroom; weather and vandalism took their toll as well.^[17] Only in the late 1980s did the owner of the property consider turning the house over to the state. Indeed, many southern Iowans were conflicted on the issue—the owner wanted to keep the house only because he believed the current renters would have nowhere else to go if they were forced to leave.^[18]

After the home was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 (the result of an application by an Eldon farmer), the owner refurbished the house, installing an indoor bathroom and electricity and restoring the windows and wallpaper.^[8] Local politicians believed such work coupled with a new museum and education center could provide a major boost to local tourism—one state senator hoped for as many as 100,000 visitors per year.^[19] After the house's owner eventually turned over the property to the State Historical Society of Iowa in 1991, an effort was made to move the house to Living History Farms outside Des Moines, but Eldonians fought to keep it within their city limits. The house was renovated in 1992, with boosters hoping to see the house become a pop-culture tourism attraction, much like the Field of Dreams site in similarly rural Dyersville. However, tourism to the area remains much more modest; although no official tourism figures are maintained, around 18,000 guests signed the visitors center guestbook during the center's first two years of operation.^[20][21]

The State Historical Society of Iowa does not permit visitors inside the home, citing its small interior size and fragility.^[7] Visitors are encouraged to view the house from the outside and have their photo taken—in fact, the visitors center provides many sizes of similar aprons and jackets worn by the original painting's models. The adjacent American Gothic House Center, completed in 2007, contains exhibits about the painting, artist Grant Wood, and the community around the house. Each June, the city of Eldon holds its Gothic Days festival, a celebration of the painting and rural life in Eldon in the 1930s.

Notes

1. ^ "General Parcel Info". Wapello County Assessor. http://wapello.iowaassessors.com/parcel.php?gid=82328. Retrieved 2009-07-05. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Loth and Sadler, p. 104
3. ^ A timeline of residents is maintained on a placard at the American Gothic House Center.
4. ^ Page 235 of the Iowa portion of the 1880 United States Census indicates a Chas. A. Dibble of Eldon is employed in "Railroading."
5. ^ ^{a b c d} "American Gothic House Center". Wapello County Conservation Board. http://www.wapellocounty.org/americangothic/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-14. 
6. ^ Irving B. Richman, ed (1911). History of Muscatine County, Iowa. Chicago: J. S. Clarke. pp. 162. OCLC 42207488. 
7. ^ ^{a b} The interior of the home is described on a sign posted outside the house and qtd. in Biel, pp. 18–9.
8. ^ ^{a b} Caba, Susan (June 20, 1976). ""Gothic" House Being Refurbished". The Cedar Rapids Gazette. 
9. ^ Indicated in the 1900 United States Census are a Charles A. and Catharine Dibble of Michigan Ave., Portland, Oregon. Subsequent census records seem to indicate that the Dibbles spent the remainder of their lives there.
10. ^ Qtd. in Biel, p. 21
11. ^ ^{a b} Qtd. in Hoving, p. 36
12. ^ Garwood, p. 119
13. ^ Qtd. in Biel, p. 22
14. ^ Richards, Bill (June 27, 1986). "Plan to Brave the Crowds at Eldon? Better Take Along a Sleeping Bag". Wall Street Journal: p. 1. 
15. ^ Quoted on a placard at the American Gothic House Center.
16. ^ Letter of November 7, 1970 from Robert Weidenbach to Seldon Smith; letters of November 22, 1971 and December 10, 1971 between Robert Weidenbach and Carl E. Smith. All three are on display at the American Gothic House Center.
17. ^ Biel, p. 32
18. ^ "An Iowa Town Debates the Fate of Grant Wood's Gothic Backdrop". People: p. 111. September 7, 1987. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20097059,00.html. Retrieved 2009-06-09. 
19. ^ "'Gothic' house promotion eyed". Des Moines Register. October 5, 1986. 
20. ^ Biel, pp. 29–36
21. ^ American Gothic House Center guestbook, as viewed July 9, 2009.

References

• Biel, Steven (2005). American Gothic: A Life of America's Most Famous Painting. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05912-X. 
• Corn, Wanda M. (1983). Grant Wood: The Regionalist Vision. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03103-3. 
• Garwood, Darrell (1944). Artist in Iowa: A Life of Grant Wood. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. OCLC 518305. 
• Hoving, Thomas (2005). American Gothic: The Biography of Grant Wood's American Masterpiece. New York: Chamberlain Bros. ISBN 1-59609-148-7. 
• Loth, Calder; Sadler Jr., Julius Trousdale (1975). The Only Proper Style: Gothic Architecture in America. Boston: New York Graphic Society. ISBN 0-8212-0693-1. 

External links

• American Gothic House Center
• Grant Wood and Frank Lloyd Wright Compared
• Art Institute of Chicago: American Gothic
• State Historical Society of Iowa: American Gothic House

Coordinates: 40°55′17″N 92°12′49″W / 40.92139°N 92.21361°W / 40.92139; -92.21361