North Eastern Railway (UK)

For the now-defunct train operating company that ran the InterCity East Coast franchise, see Great North Eastern Railway (Also see: National Express East Coast and East Coast).

North Eastern Railway map, c. 1900, York station.

The North Eastern Railway (NER), was an English railway company. It was incorporated in 1854, when four existing companies were combined, and was absorbed into the London and North Eastern Railway at the Grouping in 1923. Its main line survives to the present day as part of the East Coast Main Line between London and Edinburgh.

Introduction

Unlike many other pre-Grouping companies the NER had a relatively compact territory, in which it had a near monopoly. That district extended through Yorkshire, County Durham and Northumberland, with outposts in Westmorland and Cumberland. The only company penetrating its territory was the Hull & Barnsley, which it absorbed shortly before the main grouping. The NER's main line formed the middle link on the Anglo-Scottish "East Coast Mainline" between London and Edinburgh, joining the Great Northern Railway near Doncaster and the North British Railway at Berwick-upon-Tweed.

Although primarily a Northern English railway, the NER had a short length of line in Scotland, in Roxburghshire, with stations at Carham and Sprouston on the Tweedmouth-Kelso route (making it the only English railway with sole ownership of any line in Scotland), and was a joint owner of the Forth railway bridge and its approach lines. The NER was the only English railway to run trains regularly into Scotland, over the Berwick-Edinburgh main line as well as on the Tweedmouth-Kelso branch.^{[citation needed]}

The total length of line owned was 4,990 miles (8,030 km) and the company's share capital was £82 million. The headquarters were at York and the works at Darlington, Gateshead, York and elsewhere.^[1]

Befitting the successor to the Stockton & Darlington Railway, the NER had a reputation for innovation. It was a pioneer in architectural and design matters and in electrification. In its final days it also began the collection that became the Railway Museum at York, now the National Railway Museum.

Constituent parts of the NER

Brompton station on the Leeds Northern line in 1961

Constituent companies of the NER are listed in chronological order under the year of amalgamation.

Their constituent companies are indented under the parent company with the year of amalgamation in parenthesis.

If a company changed its name (usually after amalgamation or extension), the earlier names and dates are listed after the later name.

The information for this section is largely drawn from Appendix E (pp 778–779) in Tomlinson.^[2]

1854

• York, Newcastle and Berwick Railway was York and Newcastle Railway (1846-1847) and Newcastle and Darlington Junction Railway (1842-1846)
  • Durham Junction Railway (1844)
  • Brandling Junction Railway (1845)
  • Durham and Sunderland Railway (1846)
  • Pontop and South Shields Railway (1846)
    • Stanhope and Tyne Railway (1842)
  • Newcastle and Berwick Railway (1847)
    • Newcastle and North Shields Railway (1845)
  • Great North of England Railway (1850)
• York and North Midland Railway
  • Leeds and Selby Railway (1844)
  • Whitby and Pickering Railway (1845)
  • East and West Yorkshire Junction Railway (1852)
• Leeds Northern Railway was Leeds and Thirsk Railway (1845-1849)
• Malton and Driffield Railway

1857

• Deerness Valley Railway
• Hartlepool Dock and Railway

1858

• North Yorkshire and Cleveland Railway

1859

• Bedale and Leyburn Railway

1862

• the "N.E.R. Foss Island BR" railway line, which appears on the 1860 Ordnance Survey map near Elmfield College
• Hull and Holderness Railway
• Newcastle and Carlisle Railway
  • Blaydon, Gateshead and Hebburn Railway (1839)

1863

• Stockton and Darlington Railway
  • Darlington and Barnard Castle Railway (1858)
  • Middlesbrough and Guisborough Railway (1858)
  • Middlesbrough and Redcar Railway (1858)
  • Wear Valley Railway (1858)
    • Bishop Auckland and Weardale Railway (1847)
  • Eden Valley Railway (1862)
  • Frosterley and Stanhope Railway (1862)
  • South Durham and Lancashire Union Railway (1862)

1865

• Cleveland Railway
• West Hartlepool Harbour and Railway
  • Clarence Railway (1853)
  • Stockton and Hartlepool Railway (1853)

1866

• Hull and Hornsea Railway

1870

• West Durham Railway

1872

• Hull and Selby Railway

1874

• Blyth and Tyne Railway

Beal Station in 1965

1876

• Hexham and Allendale Railway
• Leeds, Castleford and Pontefract Junction Railway

1882

• Tees Valley Railway

1883

• Hylton, Southwick and Monkwearmouth Railway
• Scotswood, Newburn and Wylam Railway

1889'

• Whitby, Redcar and Middlesbrough Union Railway

1893

• Wear Valley Extension Railway

1898

• Scarborough & Whitby Railway

1900

• Cawood, Wistow and Selby Light Railway

1914

• Scarborough, Bridlington and West Riding Junction Railway

1922

• Hull and Barnsley Railway

Dock Companies

1853

• Hartlepool West Harbour and Dock

1857

• Hartlepool Dock and Railway

1893

• Hull Dock Company

Principal stations

Having inherited the country's first ever great barrel-vault roofed station, Newcastle Central, from its constituent the York Newcastle & Berwick railway, the NER during the next half century built by finer set of grand principal stations than any other British railway company, with examples at Alnwick, North Shields, Gateshead East, Sunderland, Stockton, Middlesbrough, Darlington Bank Top, York and Hull Paragon; the rebuilding and enlargement of the last-named resulting in the last of the type in the country. Thankfully the four largest, at Newcastle, Darlington, York and Hull survive in transport use, and Alnwick in non-transport use as (currently) a second hand book warehouse, the others having been demolished during the 1950s/60s state-owned railway era, two (Sunderland and Middlesbrough) following World War 2 blitz damage, the others through sheer wanton disregard for the industrial North East region's architectural heritage.^{[citation needed]}

• York station (York) was the hub of the system, and the headquarters of the line was located here. The basis for the present station was opened on June 25, 1877. Until the advent of modern signalling, the 295-lever box was the largest manually-worked signal box in Britain.

• Newcastle Central station (Newcastle), opened August 29, 1850, became the largest on the NER.

Other principal stations were located at Sunderland, Darlington and Hull. The station at Leeds was a joint undertaking with the London and North Western Railway.

Its architects

The NER was the first railway company in the world to appoint a full-time salaried architect to work with its chief engineer in constructing railway facilities. Some of the men appointed were based in, or active in, Darlington.

• Thomas Prosser held the position from 1854 to 1874. He worked in Newcastle
• his successor, Benjamin Burleigh, died after only two years in post.
• William Peachey, who followed Burleigh for an equally brief period of office, was based in Darlington and his work had more impact in the town. Peachey had been architect to the Stockton and Darlington Railway, and when this merged into the NER in 1863 was made Darlington section architect. Most of his work was to extend and improve railway buildings, though elsewhere he built the Zetland Hotel at Saltburn (1861-3), and the Royal Station Hotel at York (1877-82). He also practised privately and designed a few nonconformist chapels including Grange Road Baptist Chapel in Darlington, 1870-1.
• William Bell worked for the NER for fifty years and was chief architect between 1877 and 1914. He designed a few buildings in Darlington as a private practitioner, especially for the Methodists, but his major contribution was as NER architect. Bank Top (1884-7) is one of the best examples of his station designs, for which he developed a standard system of roof building, and he added various elements to the North Road Engineering works between 1884 and 1910. He also designed the offices of the Mechanical Engineer's Department in Brinkburn Road in 1912. While not quite as splendid as the Headquarters Offices in York, which he designed with Horace Field in 1904, it shows that Bell could adapt his usual style to accommodate the new influences of the Queen Anne revival.
• Arthur Pollard and Stephen Wilkinson then each filled the position of chief architect briefly, before the merger of 1923 into the LNER led to the abolition of the department.

Professional design was carried through to small fixtures and fittings, such as platform seating, for which the NER adopted distinctive 'coiled snake' bench-ends. Cast-iron footbridges were also produced to a distinctive design. The NER's legacy continued to influence the systematic approach to design adopted by the grouped LNER.

Electrified lines

NER No.1, an electric shunting locomotive introduced to the Quayside electrification, now at Locomotion museum, Shildon

The NER was almost the first main line rail company in Britain to adopt electric traction - the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway opened its first electrified line between Liverpool and Southport one week earlier. The Tyneside scheme commenced public operation on 29 March 1904. The scheme was known as Tyneside Electrics and totalled about 30 miles^[1]:

• Newcastle Central via Wallsend, Whitley Bay, Gosforth and New Bridge Street (the Newcastle terminus of the former Blyth & Tyne Railway)
• Heaton to Benton or Backworth via the East Coast Main Line
• Riverside Branch from Byker to Percy Main
• Newcastle Quayside Branch

The latter was electrically operated from June 1905 and was a 3/4 mile freight-only line from Trafalgar Yard, Manors to Newcastle Quayside Yard.

NB Further extensions taking the electrification to South Shields were carried out in March 1938 by the London and North Eastern Railway

The lines were originally electrified at 600v DC using the 3rd rail system, although after 1934 the operating voltage was raised to 630v DC. One the Newcastle Quayside Branch overhead line of tramway type was used for upper and lower yards with 3rd rail in the interconnecting tunnels between the yards.

Traffic

The NER carried a larger tonnage of mineral and coal traffic than any other principal railway.

The NER was a partner (with the North British and the Great Northern Railway) in the East Coast Joint Stock operation from 1860.

Docks

The company owned the following docks:

• The Hull Docks Company (Queens dock, Humber Dock, Railway Dock, Victoria dock, Albert dock, William Wright Dock, St Andrews dock): acquired 1893. Dealt with a large variety of cargoes, including grain, seed, wood and fruit
  • King George Dock (opened 1914) - jointly operated with the Hull and Barnsley Railway.
• Hartlepool Docks: acquired 1865. A large timber trade
• Tyne Dock: opened by NER in 1859. Timber and coal exports
• Middlesbrough Dock: Opened in 1842. Iron and steel exports; and a world-wide trade in other goods.

The NER also owned coal-shipping staithes at Blyth and Dunston-on-Tyne. Its steamboats ran between Hull and Antwerp and other places on the Continent.^[1]

Locomotives

A comprehensive list of NER locomotives: Locomotives of the North Eastern Railway.

Coaching stock

The NER originally operated with short four and six wheeled coaches with a fixed wheelbase. From these were developed the standard 32 ft six wheeled, low elliptical roofed coaches which were built in their thousands around the 1880s, one variety alone, the diagram 15, five compartment, full 3rd class, numbered around a thousand. The NER started building bogie stock for general service use in 1894, 52 ft clerestories for general use with a 45 ft variation built for use on the tightly curved line from Malton to Whitby. There were also a series of 49 ft low ark roofed bogie coaches (with birdcage brakes) for use on the coast line north of Scarborough. Coach manufacture moved to high arched roof vehicles but with substantially the same body design in the early 1900s.

The NER had limited need for vestibuled coaches but from 1908 built a series of vestibuled, corridor coaches with British Standard gangways, for their longer distance services. At the same time they built (in conjunction with their partners) similar coaches for the East Coast Joint Stock (GNR/NER/NBR) and the Great Northern and North Eastern Joint Stock.

All NER coach building was concentrated at their York Carriage Works, which went on to be the main LNER carriage works after grouping.

With the introduction of the standard 32 ft 6w coaches NER carriage livery was standardised as 'deep crimson' (a deeper colour with more blue in it than that used by the Midland Railway), lined with cream edged on both sides with a thin vermillion line. For a time the cream was replaced with gold leaf. Lettering ('N.E.R.' or when there was sufficient space 'North Eastern Railway' in full, together with 'First', 'Third' and 'Luggage Compt.' on the appropriate door) and numbering; was in strongly serifed characters, blocked and shaded to give a 3D effect.

The NER's bogie coach building program was such that, almost unique amongst pre-grouping railways, they had sufficient bogie coaches to cover normal service trains; six wheel coaches were reserved for strengthening and excursion trains.

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Harmsworth (1921)
2. ^ W.W. Tomlinson, (1967, reprint of 1914 edition). Tomlinson's North Eastern Railway, Its Rise and Development. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. 

Sources

• The Railway Year Book for 1912 (Railway Publishing Company)
• British Railway Electrics (Ian Allen, 1960 edition)
• The Railway Magazine February & March 1923 editions
• North Eastern Railway, Its Rise and Development , William Weaver Tomlinson , online 1914 version via www.archive.org
• Harmsworth’s Universal Encyclopedia. 1921. 
• Conolly, W. Philip (2004). British Railways Pre-Grouping Atlas and Gazetteer. Hersham: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 0 7110 0320 3. 
• North Eastern Railway, at the LNER Encyclopedia
• North Eastern Railway locomotives: McDonnell, the Tennants, Worsdells and Raven