Prosciutto

Prosciutto di Parma

Prosciutto (English pronunciation: /prəˈʃuːtoʊ/,^[1], Italian ham) or Parma ham is a dry-cured ham that is usually thinly sliced and served uncooked; this style is called prosciutto crudo in Italian and is distinguished from cooked ham, prosciutto cotto.

Commonly associated with Friuli and Emilia, the most renowned and expensive legs of prosciutto come from central and northern Italy, such as those of Parma, and San Daniele, in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It is also well known in Croatia (Dalmatia, Croatian Littoral, Lika and Istria), parts of western Slovenia (Kras, Vipava Valley), Herzegovina, Montenegro (Njeguši) and Serbia (Zlatibor and Užice) where it is known as pršut/a.

Etymology

The word prosciutto derives from the Latin perexsiccatus (perexsicco), which gave way to the modern Italian word prosciugare, meaning "to thoroughly dry"; the Portuguese presunto has the same etymology. The Croatian, Serbian and Slovene word, pršut, comes from Italian.

Manufacture

Sea salt being added

Prosciutto is made from either a pig's or a wild boar's ham (hind leg or thigh). The process of making prosciutto can take anywhere from nine months to two years, depending on the size of the ham.

A writer on Italian food, Bill Buford, describes talking to an old Italian butcher who says:

When I was young, there was one kind of prosciutto. It was made in the winter, by hand, and aged for two years. It was sweet when you smelled it. A profound perfume. Unmistakable. To age a prosciutto is a subtle business. If it's too warm, the aging process never begins. The meat spoils. If it's too dry, the meat is ruined. It needs to be damp but cool. The summer is too hot. In the winter—that's when you make salumi. Your prosciutto. Your soppressata. Your sausages."^[2]

Today, the ham is first cleaned, salted, and left for about two months. During this time, the ham is pressed, gradually and carefully, to avoid breaking the bone, and to drain all blood left in the meat. Next, it is washed several times to remove the salt, and is hung in a dark, well-ventilated environment. The surrounding air is important to the final quality of the ham; the best results are obtained in a cold climate. The ham is then left until dry. The amount of time this takes varies, depending on the local climate and size of the ham. When the ham is completely dry, it is hung to air, either at room temperature or in a controlled environment, for up to eighteen months.

Prosciutto is sometimes cured with nitrites (either sodium or potassium), which are generally used in other hams to produce the desired rosy color and unique flavour. Only sea salt is used in many PDO (Protected Designation of Origin) hams, but not all; some consortia are allowed to use nitrite. Prosciutto's characteristic pigmentation is produced by a direct chemical reaction of nitric oxide with myoglobin to form nitrosomyoglobin, followed by concentration of the pigments due to drying. Bacteria convert the added nitrite or nitrate to nitric oxide.

Use

Sliced prosciutto crudo in Italian cuisine is often served as an antipasto, wrapped around grissini, or accompanied with melon. It is also eaten as accompaniment to cooked spring vegetables, such as asparagus or peas. It may be included in a simple pasta sauce made with cream, or a Tuscan dish of tagliatelle and vegetables. It is used in stuffings for other meats, such as veal, as a wrap around veal or steak, in a filled bread, or as a pizza topping. Prosciutto slices are often difficult to cut in pieces for use in cooking, as they tend to shred and stick to one another. In this case, either using very sharp knives or shredding by hand is best.

Saltimbocca is a famous Italian veal dish, where escalopes of veal are topped with a sage leaf before being wrapped in prosciutto and then pan-fried.

Prosciutto is often served in sandwiches and panini, sometimes in a variation on the Caprese salad, with basil, tomato and fresh mozzarella. A basic sandwich served in some European cafes and bars consists of prosciutto in a croissant.

Culatello

Culatello is a refined variety of prosciutto, made from heavier pigs, cut to a fraction of the normal prosciutto and aged, and may be cured with wine, with culatello di Zibello having PDO status. It is commonly served as a starter along with slices of sweet melon or fresh figs.

It is often served as a dish on New Year's Eve.^[3]

European Union Protected Designations of Origin

Prosciutto di San Daniele at the Central Market in Florence, Italy

Under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union (EU), certain well-established meat products, including some local prosciutto, are covered by a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and other, less stringent designations of geographical origin for traditional specialties. Various regions have their own PDO, whose specifications do not in general require ham from free range pigs.

A complete list of agricultural products with an EU PDO, Protected Geographical Indication (PGI), or Traditional Specialty Guaranteed (TSG), listed alphabetically by nation, is at the EU Agriculture site.

There are two famous types of Italian prosciutto crudo: prosciutto di Parma, from Parma, and prosciutto di San Daniele, from the San Daniele del Friuli area, in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region.^[4] The prosciutto di Parma has a slightly nutty flavour from the Parmigiano Reggiano whey that is sometimes added to the pigs' diet. The prosciutto di San Daniele, on the other hand, is darker in color and sweeter in flavour.

The other EU protected designations for prosciutto, each slightly different in color, flavour and texture, are:

• Prosciutto di Parma, Italy, PDO
• Prosciutto di San Daniele, Italy, PDO
• Prosciutto di Modena, Italy, PDO
• Prosciutto Toscano, Italy, PDO
• Prosciutto Veneto Berico-Euganeo, Italy, PDO
• Prosciutto di Carpegna, near Montefeltro, Italy, PDO
• Prosciutto di Norcia, Italy, PGI
• Speck dell'Alto Adige, Italy, PGI
• Prosciutto di Sauris, Italy, PGI
• Crudo di Cuneo, Italy, PDO

See also

Food portal

• Dry-cured ham
• Coppa or capicola, made in Italy from dry-cured pork shoulder
• Bresaola, made in northern Italy from air-dried beef
• Salo, salted Ukrainian pork
• Country ham, a method of curing pork originating from the Southern U.S., also widely known as "Virginia ham"
• Jamón serrano, a dry cured ham made in Spain
• Jamón ibérico / Presunto pata negra, a dry cured ham made in Spain and Portugal
• Presunto, the generic Portuguese term for dry cured ham
• Elenski but or ham from Elena, a dry cured and air dried ham made traditionally in Bulgaria, Elena region

Notes and references

1. ^ Pronunciation of "Prosciutto". Cambridge dictionaries online.
2. ^ Buford, Bill Heat: An Amateur's Adventures as Kitchen Slave, Line Cook, Pasta-Maker, and Apprentice to a Dante-Quoting Butcher in Tuscany Knopf, 2006 ISBN 1-400-04120-1
3. ^ Made-in-Italy.com
4. ^ S. Irene Virbila (January 29, 1989). "Fare of the Country; The Sweet Prosciutto Of San Danieli, Italy". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/29/travel/fare-of-the-country-the-sweet-prosciutto-of-san-danieli-italy.html?scp=3&sq=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved November 9, 2009. 

Further reading

• McGee, Harold. On Food and Cooking (revised). New York, New York: Scribner, 2004. ISBN 0-684-80001-2

External links

• NYTimes: A Prince of Pork: In Seattle, Recreating the Perfect Ham The craft of Culatelli
• Prosciutto crudo di San Daniele: Perna perexuctus from FineWinePress.com