- Dawson's Field hijackings
-
Dawson's Field hijackings 
The airliners on the ground during the PFLP-hosted press conferenceLocation Zarka, Jordan Coordinates 32°6′22″N 36°9′36″E / 32.10611°N 36.16°ECoordinates: 32°6′22″N 36°9′36″E / 32.10611°N 36.16°E Date September 6, 1970 Target Release of Palestinian prisoners imprisoned in Israel Attack type 5 aircraft hijackings, another attempted but failed Weapon(s) Firearms and hand grenades Victim 310 hostages Perpetrator(s) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Defender(s) Bar Lev, passengers and sky marshal (Flight 219) In the Dawson's Field hijackings (September 6, 1970) five jet aircraft bound for New York City were hijacked by members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. In the incident one hijacker was killed, and one injury was reported on El Al flight 219.
- TWA Flight 741 from Frankfurt am Main (a Boeing 707) and Swissair Flight 100 from Zürich-Kloten Airport (a Douglas DC-8) landed at Dawson's Field, a remote desert airstrip near Zarka, Jordan formerly used as a British Royal Air Force base.[1][2]
- The hijacking of El Al Flight 219 from Amsterdam (another 707) was foiled: hijacker Patrick Argüello was shot and killed, and his partner Leila Khaled was subdued and turned over to British authorities in London. Two PFLP hijackers who were prevented from boarding the El Al flight instead hijacked Pan Am Flight 93, a Boeing 747, diverting the large plane first to Beirut and then to Cairo rather than the small Jordanian airstrip.
- A fifth plane, BOAC Flight 775, a Vickers VC10 coming from Bahrain, was hijacked on September 9 by a PFLP sympathizer and brought to Dawson's Field in order to pressure the British to free Khaled.
While the majority of the 310 hostages were transferred to Amman and freed on September 11, the PFLP segregated the flight crews and Jewish passengers, keeping the 56 Jewish hostages in custody, while releasing the non-Jews.[3] On September 12, prior to their announced deadline, the PFLP used explosives to destroy the empty planes, as they anticipated a counterstrike.[1] Most of the gathered news media missed the destruction but the explosions were caught by a British television crew from ITN who had been informed by locals who had themselves been informed by members of the PFLP.[citation needed]
The PFLP's exploitation of Jordanian territory in the drama was another instance of the increasingly autonomous Arab Palestinian activity within the Kingdom of Jordan – a serious challenge to the Hashemite monarchy of King Hussein. Hussein declared martial law on September 16, and from September 17 to 27, his forces deployed into Palestinian-controlled areas in what became known as Black September in Jordan, nearly triggering a regional war involving Syria, Iraq, and Israel with potentially global consequences. Swift Jordanian victory, however, enabled a September 30 deal in which the remaining PFLP hostages were released in exchange for Khaled and three PFLP members in a Swiss jail.[1]
Contents
Hijackings
El Al Flight 219
El Al Flight 219 Hijacking summary Date September 6, 1970 Type Attempted Hijacking Site Over the English Channel Passengers 138 Crew 10 Injuries 1 Fatalities 0 Survivors 148 Aircraft type Boeing 707–300 Operator El Al Israel Airlines Tail number 4X-ATB Flight origin Ben Gurion International Airport Stopover Amsterdam Schiphol Airport Destination John F. Kennedy International Airport El Al Flight 219 (type Boeing 707, serial 18071/216, registration 4X-ATB) originated in Tel Aviv, Israel, and was headed to New York City. It had 148 passengers and 10 crew members aboard. It stopped in Amsterdam, Netherlands, and was hijacked shortly after it took off from there by Patrick Argüello,[4] a Nicaraguan American, and Leila Khaled, a Palestinian.
The original plan was to have four hijackers aboard this flight, but two were prevented from boarding in Amsterdam by Israeli security—these two conspirators, traveling under Senegalese passports with consecutive numbers,[5] were prevented from flying on El Al on September 6. They purchased first-class tickets on Pan Am Flight 93 and hijacked this flight instead.
Posing as a married couple, Argüello and Khaled boarded the plane using Honduran passports—having passed through a security check of their luggage—and were seated in the second row of tourist-class. Once the plane was approaching the British coast, they drew their guns and approached the cockpit, demanding entrance. According to Khaled, in an interview in 2000,
"So half an hour (after take off) we had to move. We stood up. I had my two hand grenades and I showed everybody I was taking the pins out with my teeth. Patrick stood up. We heard shooting just the same minute and when we crossed the first class, people were shouting but I didn't see who was shooting because it was behind us. So Patrick told me 'go forward I protect your back.' So I went and then he found a hostess and she was going to catch me round the legs. So I rushed, reached to the cockpit, it was closed. So I was screaming 'open the door.' Then the hostess came; she said 'she has two hand grenades,' but they did not open (the cockpit door) and suddenly I was threatening to blow up the plane. I was saying 'I will count and if you don't open I will blow up the plane.'"[6]
After being informed by intercom that a hijacking was in progress, Captain Uri Bar Lev decided not to accede to their demands:
"I decided that we were not going to be hijacked. The security guy was sitting here ready to jump. I told him that I was going to put the plane into negative-G mode. Everyone would fall. When you put the plane into negative, it's like being in a falling elevator. Instead of the plane flying this way, it dives and everyone who is standing falls down."[4]
Bar Lev put the plane into a steep nosedive which threw the two hijackers off-balance. Argüello reportedly threw his sole grenade down the airliner aisle, but it failed to explode, and he was hit over the head with a bottle of whiskey by a passenger after he drew his pistol. Argüello shot steward Shlomo Vider and according to the Israeli account, was then shot by a sky marshal.[5] Khaled was beaten up by security and passengers, while the plane made an emergency landing at London Heathrow Airport; she claimed that Argüello was shot four times in the back after being beaten and bound. Vider underwent emergency surgery and recovered from his wounds, while Argüello died in the ambulance taking both him and Khaled to Hillingdon Hospital. Khaled was then arrested by the British government.
Nationalities on Flight 219
Nationality Passengers Crew Total 
Israel118 10 128 
Netherlands10 0 10 
United States10 0 10 Total 138 10 148 TWA Flight 741
TWA Flight 741 Hijacking summary Date September 6, 1970 Type Hijacking Site Over Brussels, Belgium Passengers 144 Crew 11 Injuries 0 Fatalities 0 Survivors 155 Aircraft type Boeing 707–331B Operator Trans World Airlines Tail number N8715T Flight origin Ben-Gurion International Airport Stopover Ellinikon International Airport (1)
Frankfurt International Airport (2)Destination John F. Kennedy International Airport 
A TWA 707 at the gate.
TWA Flight 741 (type Boeing 707, serial 18917/460, registration N8715T) was an around-the-world flight carrying 144 passengers and a crew of 11. The flight on this day was flying from Tel Aviv, Israel to Athens, Frankfurt am Main and then to New York City, and was hijacked on the Frankfurt-New York leg. In an interview for the film Hijacked, Flight 741's purser, Rudi Swinkles, recalled, "I saw a passenger running toward first class. I ran after him, and when he came to first class to the cockpit, he turned around, had a gun in his hand, and pointed the gun at me, and said, 'Get back, get back.' So right away, I dove behind the bulkhead first class divider, and I hid behind it, over here."[7]
It landed at Dawson's Field in Jordan at 6:45 p.m. local time.[8]
Hijackers gained control of the cockpit and stated, "This is your new captain speaking. This flight has been taken over by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. We will take you to a friendly country with friendly people."[3]
Among the passengers was Yitzchok Hutner.[citation needed]
Nationalities on Flight 741
Nationality Passengers Crew Total 
Germany16 2 18 
Greece2 0 2 Israel55 0 55 
Italy1 0 1 Netherlands1 0 1 
United Kingdom18 0 18 United States51 9 60 Total 144 11 155 Swissair Flight 100
Swissair Flight 100 Hijacking summary Date September 6, 1970 Type Hijacking Site Over Dijon, France Passengers 145 Crew 8 Injuries 0 Fatalities 0 Survivors 152 Aircraft type Douglas DC-8 Aircraft name Nidwalden Operator Swissair Tail number HB-IDD-{{{2}}} Flight origin Zurich Kloten Airport Destination John F. Kennedy International Airport Pan Am Flight 93 Hijacking summary Date September 6, 1970 Type Hijacking Site Over Scotland Passengers 136 Crew 17 Injuries 0 Fatalities 0 Survivors 153 Aircraft type Boeing 747–100 Aircraft name Clipper Fortune Operator Pan American World Airways Tail number N752PA Flight origin Brussels Airport Stopover Amsterdam Schiphol Airport Destination John F. Kennedy International Airport Swissair Flight 100 (type Douglas DC-8, registration HB-IDD, Nidwalden) was carrying 143 passengers and 12 crew from Zürich-Kloten Airport, Switzerland, to New York. It also landed at Dawson's Field.
Nationalities on Flight 100
Nationality Passengers Crew Total 
France3 0 3 Germany25 0 25 Israel20 0 20 
Switzerland57 10 67 United States26 0 26 Total 141 10 151 Pan Am Flight 93
Pan American Flight 93 (type Boeing 747, serial 19656/34, registration N752PA, Clipper Fortune) was carrying 136 passengers and 17 crew. The flight was from Brussels, Belgium, to New York, with a stop in Amsterdam. The two hijackers bumped from the El Al flight boarded and hijacked this flight as a target of opportunity.
Boeing 747–100 (N742PA) at Zürich AirportFlight Director John Ferruggio recalled,
"We were ready for take off in Amsterdam, and the aircraft came to an abrupt stop in the middle of the runway. And Captain Priddy called me up into the cockpit and says, 'I'd like to have a word with you.' I went up to the cockpit, and he says, 'We have two passengers by the name of Diop and Gueye.' He says, 'Go down and try to find them in the manifest, because I would like to have a word with them.' ... So Captain Priddy sat them down at these two seats over here. He gave them a pretty good pat. They had a Styrofoam container in their groin area where they carried the grenade, and the 25-mm pistols. But this we found out much later."[7]
The plane first landed in Beirut, where it refueled and picked up several associates of the hijackers, along with enough explosives to destroy the entire plane. It then landed in Cairo after uncertainty whether the Dawson's Field airport could handle the size of the new Boeing 747 jumbo jet. Flight director John Ferruggio, who led the plane's evacuation, is credited with saving the plane's passengers and crew.[9] The plane was blown up at Cairo seconds after it had been evacuated.[10] An audio transcript of Feruggio's landing instructions to passengers was recorded by one of them and can be heard in a National Public Radio report.[11]
Nationalities on Flight 93
Nationality Passengers Crew Total 
Belgium25 0 25 France25 0 25 Germany10 0 10 
Indonesia2 0 2 Netherlands35 3 38 United Kingdom2 0 2 United States20 14 37 Total 138 17 155 BOAC Flight 775
Vickers VC10 Prototype(G-ARTA) in BOAC colours 1962BOAC Flight 775 Hijacking summary Date September 9, 1970 Type Hijacking Site Persian Gulf Passengers 105 Crew 9 Injuries 0 Fatalities 0 Survivors 114 Aircraft type Vickers VC-10 Operator British Overseas Airways Corporation Tail number G-ASGN Flight origin Sahar International Airport Stopover Bahrain International Airport Destination London Heathrow Airport On September 9, a fifth plane, BOAC Flight 775, a VC-10 (registration G-ASGN), from Bombay to London via Bahrain and Beirut was hijacked after departing Bahrain and forcibly landed at Dawson's Field. This was the work of a PFLP sympathizer who wanted to influence the British government to free Leila Khaled.
Nationalities on Flight 775
Nationality Passengers Crew Total 
Albania5 0 5 
Denmark15 0 15 France25 0 25 Germany5 0 5 
India4 0 4 United Kingdom25 9 34 United States21 0 21 Total 105 9 114 Recounts
Unnamed passengers later recounted their days as hostages.
Unknown speaker 1: "I was held hostage in the front of the plane by the Arabs. They wouldn't believe that I was an American citizen, because they saw my passport that I was in Israel two weeks before. They thought I was connected with the Israeli military, and I was held at gunpoint in front of the ship."
Unknown speaker 2: "Well, then they were told that we were being hijacked to Beirut, which we, we originally were, and everyone was to remain calm and do exactly what they said."
Unknown speaker 3: "I landed at the airport, we got off, and like they told the captain that we had three minutes to evacuate; but like I didn't, I think there were still a couple of people on board when they blew the, they blew the front part of the plane up. They had dynamited the they had dynamite all over the front and the back of the plane. They brought on 20 kilos of plastic dynamite or something in Beirut."[12]
Days in the desert
On September 7, 1970, the hijackers held a press conference for 60 members of the media who had made their way to what was being called "Revolution Airport." About 125 hostages were transferred to Amman, while the American, Israeli, Swiss, and West German citizens were held on the planes.[13] Jewish passengers were also held. Passenger Rivke Berkowitz of New York, interviewed in 2006, recalled "the hijackers went around asking people their religion, and I said I was Jewish." Another Jewish hostage, 16-year-old Barbara Mensch, was told she was "a political prisoner."[3]
As groups of the remaining passengers and crew were assembled on the sand in front of the media, members of the PFLP, among them Bassam Abu Sharif, made statements to the press. Sharif claimed that the goal of the hijackings was "to gain the release of all of our political prisoners jailed in Israel in exchange for the hostages."[7][14]
United States President Richard Nixon advised a direct military response to the hijackings.In the United States, President Richard Nixon met with his advisors on September 8 and ordered United States Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird to bomb the PFLP positions in Jordan. Laird refused[citation needed] on the pretext that the weather was unfavorable, and the idea was dropped. The 82nd Airborne Division was put on alert, the Sixth Fleet was put to sea, and military aircraft were sent to Turkey in preparation for a possible military strike.[15] In contrast, British Prime Minister Edward Heath decided to negotiate with the hijackers, ultimately agreeing to release Khaled and others in exchange for hostages. This was bitterly opposed by the United States:
"Tensions between London and Washington are reflected in a bitterly acrimonious telephone conversation between top Foreign Office official Sir Denis Greenhill and senior White House aide Joseph Sisco... 'I think your government would want to weigh very, very carefully the kind of outcry that would occur in this country against your taking this kind of action.' Greenhill replied: 'Well, they do, Joe, but there is also an outcry in this country,' expressing concern that 'Israel won't lift a bloody finger and... our people get killed. You could imagine how bad that would look, and if it all comes out that we could have got our people out but for the obduracy of you and other people so to speak... I mean people say, why the bloody hell didn't you try?'"[16]
On September 9, the United Nations Security Council demanded the release of the passengers, in resolution 286. The following day, fighting between the PFLP and Jordanian forces erupted in Amman at the Intercontinental Hotel, where the 125 women and children were being kept by the PFLP, and the Kingdom appeared to be on the brink of full-scale civil war.[7] The destruction of the aircraft on September 12 highlighted the impotence of the Jordanian government in Palestinian-controlled areas, and the Palestinians declared the city of Irbid to be "liberated territory," in a direct challenge to Hussein's rule.
On September 13, the BBC World Service broadcast a government announcement in Arabic saying that the UK would release Khaled in exchange for the hostages.[17]
According to United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, "At this point, whether because [American] readiness measures had given [King Hussein] a psychological lift or because he was reaching the point of desperation, Hussein resolved on an all-out confrontation with the fedayeen."[18]
Complicating the international crisis was the fact that Syria and Iraq, which had links with the USSR, had already threatened to intervene on behalf of Palestinian groups in any confrontation with the Kingdom of Jordan. In an astounding turn of events, according to British documents declassified under the "thirty year rule," an anxious King Hussein asked the US and UK to pass a request to Israel to bomb Syrian troops if they entered Jordan in support of the Palestinians.[17] When a Syrian tank crossed the border, Israeli aircraft overflew the area in warning.
Resolution and consequences
King Hussein declared martial law on September 16 and initiated the military actions later known as the Black September conflict. Hostage David Raab described the Jordanian military actions:
"We were in the middle of the shelling since Ashrafiyeh was among the Jordanian Army's primary targets. Electricity was cut off, and again we had little food or water. Friday afternoon, we heard the metal tracks of a tank clanking on the pavement. We were quickly herded into one room, and the guerrillas threw open the doors to make the building appear abandoned so it wouldn't attract fire. Suddenly, the shelling stopped."[13]
About two weeks after the start of the crisis, the remaining hostages were recovered from locations around Amman and exchanged for Leila Khaled and several other PFLP prisoners. The hostages were flown to Cyprus and then to Rome's Leonardo da Vinci Airport, where on September 28 they met President Nixon, who was conducting a State visit to Italy and the Vatican.[19] Speaking to reporters that day, Nixon noted he had told the released captives that
"[A]s a result of what they had been through... the possibility of reducing hijackings in the future had been substantially increased, because the international community was outraged by these incidents. Now we have not only mobilized guards on our planes, but we are developing facilities... for the purpose of seeing that people who might be potential hijackers do not get on planes with weapons or explosive material."[20]
During the crisis, on September 11, President Nixon initiated a program to address the problem of "air piracy," including the immediate launch of a group of 100 federal agents to begin serving as armed sky marshals on U.S. flights.[5] Nixon's statement further indicated the U.S. departments of Defense and Transportation would determine whether X-ray devices then available to the military could be moved into civilian service.[21]
The PFLP officially disavowed the tactic of airline hijackings several years later, although several of its members and subgroups continued to hijack aircraft and commit other violent operations.[22]
Documentary film
In 2006, Ilan Ziv described the Dawson's Field hijackings in Hijacked, an hour-long episode of PBS's program American Experience, which he wrote and directed and which originally aired on February 26, 2006. Ziv included archival footage of the events and interviewed hijackers, hostages, members of the media, and politicians.
See also
References
- ^ a b c BBC News, On This Day: 12 September. "Hijacked jets destroyed by guerrillas.". BBC News. September 12, 1970. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/12/newsid_2514000/2514929.stm. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
- ^ Dawson's Field was named after Air Chief Marshal Sir Walter Dawson Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation – Air Chief Marshal Sir Walter Dawson refers
- ^ a b c Tugend, Tom (2006-02-24). "The Day a New Terrorism Was Born". The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles (Los Angeles, California: Jewish Publications). ISSN 0888-0468. OCLC 13450863. http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=15456. Retrieved 2007-11-10.
- ^ a b Public Broadcasting Service website for Hijacked, "The American Hijacker". http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hijacked/sfeature/sf_american_04.html. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
- ^ a b c Public Broadcasting Service, Hijacked website, "Flight crews and security.". http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hijacked/peopleevents/p_crews.html. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
- ^ Baum, Philip. Aviation Security International September, 2000. "Leila Khaled: In her own words.". Archived from the original on 2006-03-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20060324074350/http://www.asi-mag.com/editorials/leila_khaled.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
- ^ a b c d Hijacked "Transcript". http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hijacked/filmmore/pt.html. Retrieved 2006-05-02.
- ^ Hijacked "Timeline and map.". http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hijacked/maps/map_txt_01.html. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
- ^ Marquard, Bryan (2010-06-22). "John Ferruggio, at 84; hero of 1970 Pan Am hijacking". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2010/06/22/john_ferruggio_of_milton_hero_of_1970_pan_am_hijacking_dies_at_84/. Retrieved 2010-06-27.
- ^ "Hijackings: 1970 Year in Review, UPI.com"
- ^ "The Skyjacking of 1970". NPR. 2003-09-09. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1426387. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ "Hijackings: 1970 Year in Review, UPI.com
- ^ a b Raab, David. The New York Times Magazine, August 22, 2004. "Remembrance of terror past.". http://www.terrorinblackseptember.com/nytimes.html. Retrieved 2006-05-02.. Reprinted at http://www.terrorinblackseptember.com
- ^ Public Broadcasting Service, American Experience, "Hijacked:Journalists and the Hijacking.". http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hijacked/peopleevents/p_press.html. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
- ^ Hijacked "People and events.". http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/hijacked/peopleevents/e_us.html. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
- ^ Davis, Douglas. The Jerusalem Post, January 2, 2001. "Declassified documents show how UK gave in to terrorists.". http://www.gamla.org.il/english/article/2001/jan/post1.htm. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
- ^ a b UK Confidential, January 1, 2001 "Black September: Tough negotiations.". BBC News. January 1, 2001. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/uk/2000/uk_confidential/1089694.stm. Retrieved 2006-05-02.
- ^ Kissinger, Henry. "Crisis and Confrontation". http://time-proxy.yaga.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,916938,00.html. Retrieved 2006-05-02.. Time Magazine, October 15, 1979.
- ^ The Richard M. Nixon Library & Birthplace, "Nixon Papers, 1970". http://www.nixonfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=papers_1970. Retrieved 2006-05-05., PDF transcript "Exchange of remarks with released American hostages."
- ^ The Richard M. Nixon Library & Birthplace, "Nixon Papers, 1970". http://www.nixonfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=papers_1970. Retrieved 2006-05-05., PDF transcript Exchange of remarks with reporters at Leonardo da Vinci Airport about released American hostages. September 28, 1970.
- ^ The Richard M. Nixon Library & Birthplace, "Nixon Papers, 1970". http://www.nixonfoundation.org/index.php?src=gendocs&link=papers_1970. Retrieved 2006-05-05., PDF transcript "Statement announcing a program to deal with Airplane hijacking" September 11, 1970.
- ^ "On This Day, 1972-02-23: Hijackers surrender and free Lufthansa crew". bbc.co.uk. February 23, 1972. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/23/newsid_2518000/2518731.stm. Retrieved 2011-04-11. "It later emerged the hijackers belonged to the PFLP (the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) and had been paid $500m in ransom."
Further reading
- Arey, James A. The Sky Pirates. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1972.
- Carlton, David. The West's Road to 9/11. Resisting, Appeasing and Encouraging Terrorism since 1970. Palgrave Macmillan. April 3, 2006. ISBN 1-4039-9608-3 Cites the Western capitulation to the Dawson's field hijackings as the rise of modern terrorism.
- Phillips, David. Skyjack: The Story of Air Piracy. London: George G. Harrap, 1973.
- Raab, David. Terror in Black September: The First Eyewitness Account of the Infamous 1970 Hijackings. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. ISBN 1-4039-8420-4.
- Snow, Peter, and David Phillips. The Arab Hijack War: The True Story of 25 Days in September, 1970. New York: Ballantine Books, 1971.
External links
- Website of Hijacked, Ilan Ziv's hour-long episode of PBS's The American Experience, originally aired February 26, 2006.
- Hijacked at the Internet Movie Database
- BBC story on secret documents on this affair released after 30 years
- Aviation Security interview with Leila Khaled
- Terror in Black September website
- Bassam Abu Sharif's website with pictures of hijacked planes
- Time Magazine Cover, September 21, 1970 "Pirates in the Sky"
- BBC report from Amman, September 1970
- Walter Cronkite's recollections, audio program at NPR
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Feb 15 Dominicana DC-9 disaster
Feb 21 Swissair Flight 330
Mar 17 Eastern Airlines Flight 1320
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Apr 21 Philippine Airlines Flight 215May 02 ALM Flight 980
May 15 Dymshits–Kuznetsov hijacking affair
Jul 05 Air Canada Flight 621
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Aug 12 China Airlines Flight 206Sep 06 Dawson's Field hijackings
Oct 02 Wichita State Univ football team
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