Newell's Shearwater

Newell's Shearwater
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Procellariiformes
Family:	Procellariidae
Genus:	Puffinus
Species:	P. newelli
Binomial name
Puffinus newelli Henshaw, 1900
Synonyms
Pufinus auricularis newelli Puffinus puffinus newelli

Newell's Shearwater or Hawaiian Shearwater (Puffinus newelli) is a seabird belonging to the genus Puffinus in the family Procellariidae. It belongs to a confusing group of shearwaters which are difficult to identify and whose classification is controversial. It was formerly treated as a subspecies of the Manx Shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) and is now often placed in Townsend's Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis). It is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands as a breeding bird. Its population is declining and it is classed as an endangered species by BirdLife International.^[2] It is named after Brother Matthias Newell, a missionary who worked in Hawaii from 1886 to 1924.^[3] It is known in Hawaiian as the ʻaʻo.

Description

It is a fairly small shearwater, 33 centimetres (13 in) in length. The wing is 223–249 millimetres (8.8–9.8 in) long and the tail is 78.9–88.8 millimetres (3.11–3.50 in). The bird weighs 0.340–0.425 kilogram (0.75–0.94 lb).^[4] The upperparts are black with a brown tinge while the underparts are white. The dark coloration on the face extends below the eye and is sharply separated from the white throat. There is a white patch on the flanks, extending onto the sides of the rump. The underwings are mainly white with a dark border. The undertail-coverts have a black and white pattern and appear white in the field. The bill is dark grey or brown and the legs and feet are mainly pale pink. The bird flies low over the water on stiff wings with a mixture of short glides and periods of rapid flapping. It utters a donkey-like braying call around the breeding areas. Townsend's Shearwater (P. auricularis) is very similar but has dark undertail-coverts, a shorter tail and a less sharp boundary between the black and white on the face.

Systematics

It was described as a new species Puffinus newelli in 1900 by the American ornithologist Henry Wetherbee Henshaw using specimens obtained by Brother Matthias Newell from residents of Maui. It was later included by some authors in the Manx Shearwater (Puffinus puffinus) as was Townsend's Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis).^[5] Later, Townsends's Shearwater was raised back to species status with Newell's Shearwater as a subspecies of it. This taxonomy was followed by the American Ornithologists' Union from the sixth edition of its checklist onwards. However Newell's differs from Townsend's Shearwater in various measurements and has a different breeding season and marine habitat.^[6] It is now often treated as a separate species, e.g. by BirdLife International following Brooke (2004).^[2] In 2004, a study of mitochondrial DNA sequences suggested a close relationship between Rapa Shearwater and Newell's Shearwater and the authors proposed that Rapa Shearwater be treated as a subspecies of P. newelli pending further study.^[7] The Rapa Shearwater is usually treated as a subspecies of Little Shearwater (Puffinus assimilis) and named Puffinus assimilis myrtae. It breeds on the island of Rapa in the Austral Islands of French Polynesia where it is known locally as the kaki kaki.^[8]

Distribution

It breeds in at least 20 colonies on mountain slopes in the Hawaiian Islands. The main colonies are on Kauaʻi, on slopes around the Alakaʻi Plateau and probably in the Mokolea Mountains.^[9] Its distribution on the other islands is uncertain but it is known to breed on Molokaʻi and the island of Hawaiʻi and may breed on Oʻahu, Maui and Lānaʻi.^[10] From April to November it can be seen in the waters around the Hawaiian Islands, particularly around Kauaʻi. Outside the breeding season it disperses into the tropical Pacific Ocean. Its distribution at sea is little known but many move south and east into the waters of the Equatorial Counter Current. It has been recorded as far west as the Mariana Islands. In the south there are records from Samoa in September 1977 and American Samoa in January 1993.^[11]

Behaviour

Feeding

It feeds far from land, in areas of deep water (at least 2000 metres). Its diet is little known but includes squid and small fish. It dives into the water to catch its prey, swimming down to a depth of up to 10 metres using its wings to move forward. It is attracted to schools of tuna and gathers in flocks with other seabird species to catch prey driven to the surface by the tuna.^[12]

Reproduction

By 1908, it was thought to be extinct but was rediscovered in 1947 and found breeding on Kauaʻi in 1967. The nest site is a burrow dug into a steep slope, usually sheltered by uluhe (Dicranopteris linearis ferns). A single white egg is laid during the first two weeks of June. Both parents incubate the egg and an incubation period of 62 days has been recorded. The young birds leave the nest in October, 88-100 days after hatching. They fly out to sea and are no longer dependent on their parents.^[13]

Conservation

It was formerly a much commoner bird with a wider breeding distribution in the islands. It has declined due to habitat loss and predation by introduced species such as mongooses, rats and Barn Owls. Young birds in particular are attracted to the lights of urban areas at night and many die in collisions with power lines and buildings. The population was estimated at 84,000 birds in the mid-1990s. A severe decline has occurred in recent years which may be associated with the effects of Hurricane Iniki in 1992.^[2]

Footnotes

1. ^ BirdLife International (2008). "Puffinus newelli". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/144888. Retrieved 31 January 2010. 
2. ^ ^{a b c} BirdLife International (2007)
3. ^ Beolens & Watkins (2002)
4. ^ Ainley et al. (2007), "Measurements"
5. ^ Murphy (1952)
6. ^ Ainley et al. (2007), "Systematics"
7. ^ Austin et al. (2004)
8. ^ The Ornithological Society of Polynesia
9. ^ Melgar (2002)
10. ^ Ainley et al. (2007), "Distribution"
11. ^ Watling (2001)
12. ^ Ainley et al. (2007), "Food Habits
13. ^ Ainley et al. (2007), "Breeding"

References

• Ainley, D. G., T. C. Telfer, and M. H. Reynolds (1997). Townsend’s and Newell’s Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis). In The Birds of North America, No. 297 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists’ Union, Washington, D.C. Accessed 20/09/07. [subscription required]
• Austin, Jeremy J., Bretagnolle, Vincent & Pasquet, Eric (2004). A global molecular phylogeny of the small Puffinus shearwaters and implications for systematics of the Little-Audubon's Shearwater complex., Auk, 121(3):847-864.
• Beolens, Bo & Watkins, Michael (2003). Whose Bird?: Men and women commemorated in the common names of birds, Christopher Helm, London.
• BirdLife International (BLI) (2007). Species factsheet: Puffinus newelli. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 20/9/2007
• Melgar, Christian (2002) Newell's Shearwater (Puffinus newelli). Accessed 20/09/07.
• Murphy, Robert Cushman (1952). The Manx Shearwater, Puffinus puffinus, as a species of world-wide distribution. American Museum Novitates, 1586:1-21.
• Pratt, H. Douglas; Bruner, Philip L. & Berrett, Delwyn G. (1987). A Field Guide to the Birds of Hawaii and the Tropical Pacific, Princeton University Press, Chichester.
• The Ornithological Society of Polynesia. Birds of Rapa. Accessed 20/09/07.
• Watling, Dick (2001) A Guide to the Birds of Fiji & Western Polynesia, Environmental Consultants (Fiji), Suva.