Colonial mentality

Colonial mentality is an area of study and a conceptual theory in Cultural anthropology that refers to institutionalized or systemic^{[disambiguation needed ]} feelings of inferiority within some societies or people who have been subjected to colonialism, relative to the values of the foreign powers which had previously subjugated them through colonization.^{[citation needed]} The concept essentially refers to the acceptance, by the colonized, of the culture or doctrines of the colonizer as intrinsically more worthy or superior. The subject matter is quite controversial and debated.

Origins

Throughout human history, nations and peoples have continuously colonised and been colonised. It is said that when a foreign colonial or imperial power is too strong to be effectively resisted, the colonised population often has no other immediate option than to accept the rule of the foreigners as an inescapable reality of life. As time progresses, the colonised indigenous people-natives would perceive the differences between the foreigners and themselves, between the foreigners' ways and the native ways. This would then sometimes lead the natives to mimic the foreigners that are in power as they began to associate that power and success with the foreigners' ways. This eventually leads to the foreigners' ways being regarded as the better way and being held in a higher esteem than previous indigenous ways.

In much the same fashion, and with the same reasoning of better-ness, the colonised soon equates the foreigners' racial strain itself as being responsible for their superiority. The native soon strives to that strain to give their children a better standing in life than just their native genes.

English-speaking societies

The Indian Subcontinent

Some critics claim that Rudyard Kipling's portrayals of Indian characters generally supported the colonialist view that the Indians and other colonized people were incapable of surviving without the help of Europeans, claiming that these portrayals are racist.^[1] Examples of this alleged racism are mentioning "lesser breeds without the Law" in "Recessional" and referring to colonised people in general as "half-devil and half-child" in the poem "The White Man's Burden".

The term Macaulay's Children is used to refer to people born of Indian ancestry who adopt Western culture as a lifestyle. The term is usually used in a derogatory fashion, and the connotation is one of disloyalty to one's country and one's heritage. It derives from Thomas Macaulay, the 19th century British historian and colonial administrator who regarded British culture as inherently superior to the Indian one, and who was the prime mover in replacing Sanskrit and Persian with English as the medium of instruction.^[2] This attitude is often referred to as Macaulayism.

Canada

In areas where the indigenous nations were decimated by epidemics and their cultures, suffered generations of set-back the settler societies quickly outnumbered the colonized. In these cases, including much of North America, and Oceania, decolonization is now taking the form of indigenous decolonization in bringing back traditional cultural knowledge in the new society.

United States; Black America

The race-conscious society of the United States is often cited as a prime example of colonial mentality. Numerous examples included the one drop rule and practice of the "Paper Bag Test", where African Americans were allowed or denied entry in Black-only social institutions (bars, night clubs, cinemas, sororities, fraternities, etc.) based on how light the skin tone was when compared to a brown paper bag. Those African Americans with skin tones the same or lighter than the paper bag were allowed entry. This practice of institutionalized colorism, favoring degrees of "whiteness", was exemplified more so by "The Blue Vein Society".

The "Blue Vein Society"

When U.S. slavery was at its zenith, a mulatto society known as "The Blue Vein Society" came into being.

The original "Blue Veins" were organized in New England. Their primary objective was to establish and maintain "correct" social standards amongst a people whose social condition, by virtue of their white bloodlines, was almost unlimited.^{[citation needed]}

An outsider suggested that one must show "Blue Veins" to be eligible for membership. This suggestion was readily adopted by those who were not of the favored few; and "The Blue Vein Society" has been known as such ever since.

Black is Beautiful

In the late 20th century, the "Black is Beautiful" movement successfully counteract most of the colonial mentality among African Americans by promoting dark skin and African features as ideals of high fashion.

The Spanish Empire

The former subjects of the Spanish Empire in Hispanic America and the former Spanish East Indies are the most commonly cited examples where the phenomenon of colonial mentality may be found. Spanish conquistadors, the first European settlers in the New World, divided the conquered lands among themselves and ruled as feudal lords, treating their Amerindian subjects as something between serfs and slaves. Many Spaniards, however, objected to this encomienda system, notably Bartolomé de Las Casas, who insisted that the American indígenas (natives) were human beings with souls and rights and were, in the words of Queen Isabella I, "to be treated with justice and fairness".^[3] Serfs stayed to work the land and imported African slaves were exported to the mines, where large numbers of them died. Largely due to the efforts of Bartolomé de Las Casas, the New Laws were adopted in 1542 to protect the Amerindians, but the abuses were not entirely or permanently abolished.

The Spaniards were committed to converting their Amerindian subjects to Roman Catholicism, and were quick to purge any native cultural practices that hindered this end. However, most initial attempts at this were only partially successful, as Amerindian groups simply blended Catholicism with their traditional beliefs. On the other hand, the Spaniards did not impose their language to the degree they did their religion, and the Roman Catholic Church even evangelized in Quechua, Nahuatl, Guarani, etc., contributing to the expansion of these Amerindian languages and equipping them with writing systems.^[4]

The Philippines

Main article: Filipino mestizos

In the Philippines colonial mentality is most evident in the existence of favoritism for Filipino mestizos (primarily those of mixed native Filipino and white ancestry, but also mixed indigenous Filipino and Chinese, and other ethnic groups) in the entertainment industry and mass media, in which they have received extensive exposure despite constituting a small population in the country.^[5]

The Cádiz Constitution of 1812 automatically gave Spanish citizenship to all Filipinos regardless of race.^[6] The census of 1883 indicated that 95% of the population of the Philippines was Asians (Austronesian Filipinos, indigenous Negrito Filipinos, Japanese Filipinos, Chinese Filipinos, Indian Filipinos, Indonesian Filipinos, Arab Filipinos, etc.), Aztecan Filipinos and African Filipinos (via the Manila Galleons between 1565 and 1815) while 4% comprised the Eurasians. Only 1% of the population was Peninsular Spanish and Insular Spanish Filipinos.^[7]

Of the current demographics of the Philippines, the combined number of all types of Caucasian mestizos or Eurasians is 3.6% of the entire Filipino population, in a recent genetic study by Stanford University.^[8] Of that 3.6%, half are of Spanish ancestral bloodline.^{[citation needed]}

Physical consequences

Many Filipinos believe that the idealization of fair skin had its roots during the Spanish colonization. Actually, fairness of complexion was attested as a characteristic of the upper class women and appears as the standard of beauty among the Austronesian peoples of the pre-Hispanic Philippines. The desire for white skin is definitely not a result of colonial mentality during the Spanish rule.^[9] Besides, the Philippines was a colony of the Majapahit Empire (1293–1527) based in Indonesia prior to Spanish colonization (1565-1898) and the American Empire was the last empire to colonize the Philippines (1898–1946) and it continues to serve as a neocolony of the United States despite its independence in 1946.^[10][11]

One of the more adverse physical consequences in the idealization and acceptance of the racial concepts of colonial mentality can be seen in the high rate of consumer demand for skin bleaching products used by some indigenous women, also with a smaller percentage of indigenous men and brown-skinned mestizas and mestizos, in the Philippines.^[5][12] Skin-whitening creams have for a long time been popular and widely used in much of the Philippines for the lightening of the skin tones in order to achieve the so-called "Mestizo look". The products are believed to be used primarily by women who have succumbed to the Filipino ideal and colonial doctrine of the idealization of mestizo beauty to the greatest extreme. The consumers of these products, whether conscious or subconsciously, are following the dangerous edict on beauty by continuing to use those products despite the extremely hazardous side effects to their health, including a high risk of various cancers due to many of its active ingredients, including mercury, and most important cancer, skin cancer, because of the lack of melanin that is the natural skin protection from the ultraviolet rays. These products have been banned in the USA due to the skin cancer risk and widely opposed by the public for triggering racial controversies, but their sale and demand in the Philippines and in some other tropical countries continues to be widespread.^[13] Another thought to achieve the so-called "Mestizo look", some indigenous Filipino men and women of all classes dye their hair auburn (reddish-brown), golden brown, or blond, and/or changing their noses to aquiline, and/or enlarging their eye shapes.

Pedigree and forgery

Colonial mentality is also at the root of a long established indigenous/European Filipino tradition of ancestral ethnicity forgery used in the attempt to conform to the idealized "mestizo pedigree" dictated by the former colonial rulers Spanish-Filipino socio-racial hierarchy. This racial ancestral forgery is characterized by the habit of some modern-day indigenous Filipino families of no European ancestry, and claiming mestizo ancestry. It is often accompanied by handed-down oral accounts of a presumed Spanish great-great-grandfather and grandmother with no evidence of Spanish blood in their genes, other than a Spanish surname. Most mestizo Filipinos have Spanish-names and surnames inherited from their Spanish ancestors, whereas most indigenous Filipinos with Spanish names and surnames acquired them as a result of the Catálogo Alfabético de Apellidos ["Alphabetic Catalogue of Surnames"] decreed to be imposed on the entire indigenous Filipino population by the Spanish royal courts in order to facilitate record-keeping and tax collecting. Take note that a number of mestizo Filipinos with Spanish birth surnames have no Spanish blood, by having other white ancestors, including those of American blood through intermarriage with indigenous Filipino ancestors with Spanish surnames.

Latin America

Colonial mentality can also be seen in somewhat the same form across Latin America. The demographic reality of Latin America is that around 36% is white and over 50% of its population is of part-white mixed race, either Mestizo (mixed white and Native American/Amerindian) or Mulatto (mixed White and black) or triracial (of mixed white, black and Native American).^[14] The percentages vary widely by country. Argentina, Uruguay, Puerto Rico, and Costa Rica have large White majorities, and Cuba and Chile are majority-White per some sources. Brazil has a white plurality. Many other countries in the region have large white minorities, and a few have small white minorities. Amerindians, Asians, blacks, and Zambos (mixed Black and Amerindian) make up the remaining 14% of Latin America's population. In the Latin American context, the "Ideal of Beauty" is not to be of mixed European and other ancestry, as most Latin Americans already are of that ancestry, but rather to be purely of European ancestry. The same ideal is prevalent among Hispanic and Latino Americans, Latin American Australians, Latin American Canadians, and Latin American Britons.

The Latin American entertainment industry is saturated with white actors, with some mestizos, few mulattos, and almost no blacks or Amerindians. Many white actors have Nordic features: pale-skinned, blond and blue-eyed.^{[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]} An occasional actor of Asian ancestry can be seen as well. The same situation happens in U.S. Hispanic entertainment industry.

This European idealisation of beauty has also led to a condition of racial forgery among many Latin Americans. However, in contrast to the Filipino experience where the majority is composed of unmixed native Filipinos of whom some attempt to claim mixed European blood, in Latin America the norm is for some within the mix-blooded majority to concentrate on attempting to diminish, hide or deny any non-European admixture. These people will then often claim to be pure Spanish or other European ancestry in their attempts to conform to the idealized pedigree dictated by their Spanish-Latin American socio-racial hierarchy. To achieve the "pure European look", many mixed-race people in the middle and upper classes use skin whitening products^[12] and dye their hair blond, golden brown, auburn (reddish-brown), or red. Some members of the non-mixed races and non-white race engaged is similar practices, dyeing their hair, use skin whitening products,^[12] and/or enlarging their eye shapes, in the case of Native Americans, black Africans, and Asians to claim pure white race or partial-white mixed race.

Racial forgery in Latin America is often accompanied by handed-down but unproven oral accounts of a presumed Spanish great-great-grandparent and a Spanish surname. Most mixed-white race and white people in Latin America have Spanish surnames inherited from Spanish ancestors, while most other Latin Americans who have Spanish names and surnames acquired them through Christianization and Hispanicization of the indigenous and African slave populations by the Spanish friars, especially in order to ease record-keeping and tax collection, in the case of the Native Americans and Afro-Latin Americans. Racial forgery in Latin America was inherited from Spaniards, who some of themselves have non-European (more specifically native African) blood they deny^[15]. The preference for fair skin in Latin America is seen as more attractive and more related to higher social status.^[22][23]

A common joke in the United States, among both Hispanics and non-Hispanics alike, is the presence of more blonde and blue-eyed presenters and actors on US-based Spanish language television networks such as Telemundo and Univision than on the English-language networks such as NBC, CBS, ABC, or Fox; but many Americans are critical of having predominance of blond and blue-eyed presenters and actors on US-based Spanish language television networks.^{[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]} These issues are also addressed in White Hispanic and Latino Americans and Race in the United States.

The Arab world

Nada El-Yassir comments that "in certain areas in the Arab world; the lighter you are, the more beautiful you are considered." She also says that it is common that women in the upper classes dye their hair blond, and MAY use skin-lightening products,^[12] like in some tropical countries. In some countries the implications of this hierarchy go so far as to affect one's social class and job opportunities.

Iman Al-Jazairi says "Looking at Arabic poetry and novels, it is interesting to see that pre-Islamic poetry up until western colonization at the eighteenth century, women were always described as having long, wavy, black hair, brown skin, black eyes with the white of the eyes very white. The body proportions were also bigger. During the later part of the nineteenth century and until very recently, light skinned, blond women have usurped the beauty standard in modern Arabic literature.^[24]

Quebec

The idea that some Quebecers hold a colonial mentality, due to the conquest of Quebec by the British and subsequent domination by English Canada is important in a segment of Québécois intellectual thought, notably within the Quebec nationalist and independence movements. These thinkers portray the relationship of Canada and Quebec as a dominant-dominated relationship and often consider the Quiet Revolution an event of decolonization. Those who are in favour of independence hold that Quebec sovereignty is another necessary decolonizing step. The colonial mentality concept has also been used to criticize the relationship some Québécois have with France, as Quebec was a colony of France in the era of New France.

See also

• Colonialism
  • History of colonialism
  • Category: History of colonialism
• Acculturation
• Colorism
• Creolization
• Cultural assimilation
• Cultural identity
• Cultural Alienation
• Cultural cringe
• Cultural imperialism
• Enculturation
• Ethnocide
• Globalization
• Hamitic theory
• Hellenization
• Intercultural competence
• Language shift
• Macaulay's minutes
• Melting pot
• Passing (racial identity)
• Paper Bag Party
• Race
• Racialism
• Racism
• Romanization (cultural)
• Social interpretations of race
• Syncretism
• Westernization

References

1. ^ "Kipling comes under review". BBC News. 1999-09-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/443889.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-30. 
2. ^ Text of Macaulay's "minute on education" arguing for the use of English in India
3. ^ http://womenshistory.about.com/cs/medrenqueens/p/p_isabella_i.htm
4. ^ Eliane Karp: pasado y presente [Voltaire]
5. ^ ^{a b} American Chronicle | Brown Is Beautiful
6. ^ Gómez Rivera 2000
7. ^ Perdón 2010, p. 6
8. ^ "A Predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" (PDF). Stanford University. http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2001_v68_p432.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-20. 
9. ^ Abrera 2008-2009
10. ^ Schirmer & Shalom 1987
11. ^ García 2009
12. ^ ^{a b c d} Counter, S. Allen, Whitening skin can be deadly, Boston Globe, 16 Dec 2003
13. ^ The Beauty In Me
14. ^ Lizcano Fernández, Francisco; See Latin Americans#Ethnic groups.
15. ^ ^{a b c} Quinonez, Ernesto (2003-06-19). "Y Tu Black Mama Tambien". http://www.newsweek.com/id/58525?tid=relatedcl. Retrieved 2008-05-02. 
16. ^ ^{a b} The Blond, Blue-Eyed Face of Spanish TV
17. ^ ^{a b} Blonde, Blue-Eyed Euro-Cute Latinos on Spanish TV
18. ^ ^{a b} What are Telenovelas? – Hispanic Culture
19. ^ ^{a b} Racial Bias Charged On Spanish-Language TV
20. ^ ^{a b} Black Electorate
21. ^ ^{a b} POV - Corpus Film Description
22. ^ "Documentary, Studies Renew Debate About Skin Color's Impact". Pittsburg Post Gazette. 2006-12-26. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/06360/748295-51.stm. Retrieved 09-08-2010. 
23. ^ "Is Light Skin Still Preferable to Dark?". Chicago Tribune. 2010-02-26. http://newsblogs.chicagotribune.com/race/2009/02/in-many-different-cultures-and-countries-around-the-world-skin-color-plays-a-huge-role-in-the-concept-of-beauty-lighter-ski/comments/page/2/. Retrieved 09-08-2010. 
24. ^ the peak (4/5/1998) features: The colour bar of beauty

Bibliography

[|Abrera, María Bernadette L.] (January–December 2008-2009), "Seclusion and Veiling of Women: A Historical and Cultural Approach", Philippine Social Sciences Review, 1-2 (Quezon City, Philippines: College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of the Philippines Diliman, U.P. Diliman Journals Online) 60-61: 34–56, ISSN 0031-7802, OCLC 5657379, archived from the original on 21 August 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5s8suti6f 

[|García, José Miguel] (2009-06-30), "The North American Invasion Continues", Patria Philippines, at the Recovery of Our Inherited Archipelago (San Francisco, California, United States of America: Blogger by Google), archived from the original on 4 September 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5sUj78U8A, retrieved 5 September 2010 

Gómez Rivera, Guillermo (2000-09-20), The Filipino State, Spain: Buscoenlaces, CHAPTER VI 1900s: The Filipino People was Deprived of its Own State, archived from the original on 5 August 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5rkiPPhc9, retrieved 5 September 2010 

[|Perdón, Renato] (2010), Footnotes to Philippine History, Boca Ratón, Florida, United States of America: Universal-Publishers, pp. 268, ISBN 1599428423, http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=vqKsKUUSNNQC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false 

Schirmer, Daniel B.; Shalom, Stephen Rosskamm (1987), The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (illustrated, 1st ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America: South End Press, pp. 425, ISBN 089608275X, OCLC 14214735, http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=TXE73VWcsEEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=en#v=onepage&q&f=false