The Killer (1989 film)

The Killer
Film poster for The Killer
Directed by	John Woo
Produced by	Tsui Hark
Written by	John Woo
Starring	Chow Yun-fat Danny Lee Sally Yeh Kenneth Tsang Chu Kong
Music by	Lowell Lo
Cinematography	Peter Pau Wong Wing-hung
Editing by	Fan Kung Ming
Release date(s)	July 6, 1989 (1989-07-06) (Hong Kong)[1]
Running time	110 minutes
Country	Hong Kong
Language	Cantonese

The Killer (Chinese: 喋血雙雄; pinyin: Diéxuè shuāngxióng^[2] Jyutping: dip6 hyut3 soeng1 hung4)^† is a 1989 Hong Kong action crime film written and directed by John Woo and starring Chow Yun-fat, Danny Lee, and Sally Yeh. Chow plays the assassin Ah Jong, who accidentally damages the eyes of the singer Jennie (Sally Yeh) during a shootout. He later discovers that if Jennie does not have an expensive operation soon, she will go blind. To get the money for Jennie, Ah Jong decides to perform one last hit. Meanwhile, the police detective Li (Danny Lee) who has been tracking Ah Jong for a long time, is determined to bring him to justice.

After the financial backing from Tsui Hark became problematic following the release of Woo's film A Better Tomorrow 2, Woo had to find backing through Chow Yun Fat and Danny Lee's financing companies. Woo went into filming The Killer with a rough draft whose plot was influenced by the films Le Samouraï, Mean Streets, and Narazumono. Woo desired to make a film about honour, friendship and the relationship of two seemingly opposite people. After finishing filming, Woo referred to The Killer as a tribute to directors Jean-Pierre Melville and Martin Scorsese.

The Killer was not an immediate success in Hong Kong, but received critical acclaim in the Western world with reviewers praising the action scenes and its over-the-top style. The film became Woo's stepping stone to make Hollywood films and has been a strong influence on many directors, including Quentin Tarantino, Robert Rodriguez and Johnnie To.

Plot

A Hong Kong assassin, Ah Jong (Chow Yun-fat), is on his last job for the Triad (a criminal organization), but accidentally damages the eyes of a young nightclub singer named Jennie (Sally Yeh) with a muzzle flash in a shootout. After the attack, Ah Jong begins to watch Jennie perform at the nightclub and escorts her home when she is attacked by thugs. Jennie and Ah Jong begin to fall in love during his frequent visits at her apartment. Driven to help her secure the money for a sight-saving corneal transplant, he accepts one final hit. A police detective, Li Ying (Danny Lee), spots Ah Jong completing the job but Ah Jong escapes. The Triad double crosses Ah Jong and instead of paying him sends assassins to kill him. During Ah Jong's escape from the Triad, a young child is injured by a stray bullet. Ah Jong saves the child by taking her to the hospital.

Li becomes obsessed with Ah Jong's act of good will. Li and his partner Sgt. Tsang (Kenneth Tsang) find out Ah Jong visits Jennie at her apartment; they plan to arrest Ah Jong the next time he visits. Ah Jong visits Jennie and is caught in an ambush from which he manages to scramble away. Li and Tsang explain to Jennie that Ah Jong was the assassin that blinded her at the nightclub. Ah Jong meets with his Triad manager, Fung Sei (Chu Kong), and demands his payment for finishing the job. This is a Triad ambush which Ah Jong fights and escapes, but he leaves Fung Sei alive.

Li begins to close-in on Ah Jong after Tsang follows Fung Sei, Tsang is killed after revealing the location of his home. Because of their friendship, Fung Sei leaves a large stock pile of weaponry for Ah Jong. The home is another ambush; Li is first to attack followed by a group of Triad. Li gets caught in the middle of Ah Jong and the Triad. Ah Jong and Li flee, and while Ah Jong's wounds are healing, they find themselves bonding and becoming friends. Li, Ah Jong, and Jennie wait in a church for Fung Sei to return with Ah Jong's money. Fung Sei arrives with the money, horribly beaten by gangsters who have followed him. A bloody shootout among the men ends with a Mexican standoff between the leader of the Triad, Wong Hoi, and Ah Jong and Li. Ah Jong manages to shoot Wong Hoi, but Wong Hoi is able to return a shot which kills Ah Jong. A police squadron arrives; Wong Hoi begs to be taken into custody but Li fatally shoots him.

Cast

• Chow Yun-fat as Ah Jong (小 莊 Xiǎo Zhuāng, siu2 zong1), an assassin who accidentally blinds singer Jennie when he is on a mission for the criminal organization, the Triads. Ah Jong decides to take on one last mission to pay for surgery to repair her eyes. Ah Jong is called John and Jeff in some subtitled prints of the film.^[3] The nickname given to Ah Jong by Li is Ah B which roughly translates to baby or kid.^[4] In some dubbed and subtitled prints, his nickname is Dumbo or Butthead.^[4]
• Danny Lee as Detective Li Ying (李 鷹, Lǐ Yīng, lei5 jing1). Li works with his partner Tsang to find Ah Jong. After his first meeting with him, Li becomes obsessed with Ah Jong's morals and character. The nickname given to Li by Ah Jong is "Hau Tau", which roughly translates as "Shrimp head". In some dubbed and subtitled prints, his nickname is Mickey Mouse or Numbnuts.^[4]
• Sally Yeh as Jennie (珍妮 Zhēnnī, zan1 nei4), a nightclub singer who is blinded by Ah Jong in a shootout. Jennie falls in love with Ah Jong not realizing his real profession as a killer.
• Kenneth Tsang as Sgt. Tsang Yeh, Li's police partner. Tsang helps find the whereabouts of Fung Sei which will lead Li to Ah Jong. In some subtitled prints, his name is Randy Chang.
• Chu Kong as Fung Sei, Ah Jong's Triad manager and close friend. After Ah Jong is spotted on a hit, Fung Sei is ordered to kill Ah Jong. In some subtitled prints, his name is "Sidney Fong."
• Shing Fui-On as Hay Wong Hoi, a ruthless Triad boss. In some subtitled versions he is "Johnny Weng."
• Ricky Yi Fan-wai as Frank Chen, a contract killer/assassin hired by Hay to kill Ah Jong.

Themes

Director John Woo has described The Killer as being about "honour and friendship", "trying to find out if there is something common between two people" and as a "romantic poem".^[5][6][7] The structure of the film follows two men on the opposite side of the law who find a relation to each other in their opposition of a greater evil, Wong Hoi, the leader of the Triad.^[8] Li and Ah Jong's relationship was influenced by the Spy vs. Spy comics from Mad Magazine.^[7] Woo recalled "When I was young I was fascinated with the cartoon–I love it very much...the white bird and the black bird are always against each other, but deep in their heart, they are still friendly, and the idea came from that."^[9] Woo uses the characters of Ah Jong and Li in the film as a central motif to illustrate moral points. Scenes with this reflective doubling include the hospital sequence with Li and Ah Jong on opposite sides of a hospital hall and in the final battle scene where Li and Ah Jong are in a standoff with Wong.^[10][11] The focus on male friendships in Woo's film have been interpreted as homoerotic.^[11][12] Woo has responded to these statements stating "People will bring their own preconceptions to a movie...If they see something in The Killer that they consider to be homoerotic then that is their privilege. It's certainly not intentional."^[13]

Woo's recurring symbol of white doves were first used in The Killer

Woo is a Christian and instills his films with religious imagery while stating that The Killer is "not a religious film".^[5][14][15] In the opening of The Killer, Ah Jong is found in a church stating he enjoys the "tranquility". Ah Jong is later found in the church again getting several slugs pulled out of his back showing his intense pain while the altar and crucifix are shown prominently behind him.^[15] The idea was influenced by Martin Scorsese's film Mean Streets,^[16] Woo stated the imagery was used to show that "God is welcoming, no matter if it's a good or a bad man, everyone is welcome".^[17][18]

Woo draws on animal symbolism throughout the entire film. He filled the church with doves and pigeons, employing doves to represent the spirits of the people. This was the first film where Woo used the dove symbolism and has used it to similar effect in Hard Target and Face/Off.^[18][19] A cat is also used when Ah Jong first meets Jennie on her visit home, and secondarily with Li's partner Chang tries to catch Ah Jong in Jennie's apartment. In Chinese culture, a sign of a cat coming into a home symbolizes an omen of ruin and poverty for its inhabitants. Both Chang and Jennie meet negative outcomes in the film.^[20][21]

Production

Pre-production

The Killer was director Woo's follow-up to A Better Tomorrow 2 which was released in 1987. The first cut of A Better Tomorrow 2 was too long for the studio^[22] so the film was edited within a week separately by both producer Tsui Hark and Woo.^[23] According to producer Terence Chang, Tsui Hark felt that John Woo ruined A Better Tomorrow 2 and asked Chang to fire Woo from the studio. When Chang refused, Hark began rejecting Woo's new film ideas, including ideas for films that would later be made, such as Bullet in the Head and Once a Thief.^[3][24] When Woo proposed the story of The Killer to Tsui Hark, it was denied; Hark's reaction was that "[n]obody wants to see a film about a killer".^[25]

The Killer was not able to be filmed until actor Chow Yun-fat stepped in and enlisted the company he was contracted with, Golden Princess Film, to fund part of the project.^[22] Chow had worked previously with Woo on the two A Better Tomorrow films. Woo wanted Danny Lee to play Li Ying, but Lee was under an exclusive contract with Cinema City and was only able to work on The Killer if his production company, Magnum, was involved.^[22][26] John Woo approached his friend, Sally Yeh, asking her to be in a film to play an important female character. Yeh was currently contracted with Tsui Hark and accepted the role but later felt she did not give her best performance.^[27] The supporting roles were filled out by friends of the actors and director. Chu Kong was a friend of Chow Yun-fat who had entered retirement and returned to acting in The Killer as a favor.^[22][22][28] Two of Woo's close friends joined the cast: actor Kenneth Tsang and screenwriter Barry Wong.^[22] Wong Wing-Hang was hired to be the director of photography for The Killer but had to leave the set for an extended period of time, so Peter Pau was added to shoot the rest of the film.^[22]

Filming

Woo had over 90 days to shoot The Killer which was nearly double the amount of time that the average Hong Kong film was shot in the late 1980s.^[29] Woo went into filming with only a short treatment for the film and wrote the details of the script while filming.^[28] During promotion periods for the film, Woo described the film as a tribute to Martin Scorsese and French director Jean-Pierre Melville.^[5] Woo cites Melville's Le Samouraï as an influence on the story. Woo borrows plot elements for the film, including the set-up where Jef enters a nightclub and looks at the female singer.^[30] Woo also described the influence of a Japanese film, Narazumono, about a killer (Ken Takakura) who only kills delinquents. When a mob tricks him into killing an innocent person, he swears revenge but then meets a woman who has tuberculosis and wants to go home. The killer promises the woman that he will take her home after getting his revenge.^[31]

The scene where Danny Lee chases a gunman onto a tram was filmed in Causeway Bay and the crew only had three hours to film. Residents thought it was a real gunfight and phoned the police. However, when the police arrived, Danny Lee talked to the superintendent so they could continue filming.^[28] Scenes from the Dragon Boat festival were shot months apart, some footage was of the boat races and rest of the footage involving the actors was shot months later. It was planned for the boats to flip over during the chase but the owners refused because they felt it would bring bad luck.^[28] The scene at the airport were filmed at the Kai Tak Airport.^[28] The scenes at Paul Chu Kong's character's house were filmed in Stanley, Hong Kong. John Woo wanted this house to be by a beach but a suitable location could not be found. The action scene inside the house took 28 days to shoot.^[28] The final action scene took 36 days to shoot and was shot at a remote building made to look like a church while the exterior seen from Ah Jong's apartment is a real church.^[28] The original ending of the film involved Jennie waiting at an airport for Li to give her the money and for them to travel to the United States. Due to Sally Yeh's tight filming schedule, the scene was not filmed and replaced with the current ending of Ah Jong playing the Harmonica.^[32]

Music

Tsui and Woo disagreed on the musical aspects of the film. For the opening scene, Woo wanted the singer to perform a jazz song and have the killer playing a saxophone. Tsui rejected this idea as he felt that the Hong Kong audiences did not understand or like jazz. Woo stated that he "had to change it to a Chinese song, the kind of song they always use in Hong Kong movies."^[33][34] Actress Sally Yeh who performed the Cantopop songs did not feel they were appropriate for the film. The songs were requested by the studio and written specifically for The Killer.^[22][27]

The film's music was composed by Lowell Lo and edited by David Wu.^[35] A reoccurring musical theme is a haunting vibraphone theme which is first heard over the opening credits.^[36] The harmonica motif in the film was influenced by the soundtracks of Ennio Morricone, specifically the soundtrack to Once Upon a Time in America, and used a bottle blower to give the music a haunting effect. David Wu said the influence of the Harmonica music in Sergio Leone's western films was a strong influence on his work.^[35] During the final action scene when the statue of the Virgin Mary is destroyed, the action music transitions to "Overture" from Messiah by George Frideric Handel. This was the idea of editor David Wu who felt that it would break up the numbing effect of the kinetic violence.^[37]

Release

The Killer was first released in Taiwan in March 1989 with a running time of 124 minutes. It was then cut to its current running time of 110 minutes and released in Hong Kong during July 1989,^[29] Woo felt this cut was "much better".^[26] The film was not an immediate success in Hong Kong due to the Tiananmen Square massacre but eventually gained fame, grossing $18,255,083 and reached ninth at the 1989 Hong Kong box office.^[38][39] At the 9th Hong Kong Film Awards, the film won for Best Director (John Woo) and Best Editing (Fan Kung Ming) and was also nominated for Best Picture, Best Supporting Actor (Paul Chu Kong), Best Screenplay (Woo) and Best Cinematography (Wong Wing Hang and Peter Pau).^[39][40] The Killer was popular in Korea taking seventh highest place in the year end box office receipts.^[6]

The Killer was shown at several film festivals outside Asia including the 1989 Toronto Film Festival and, during the film's United States premiere, at the Palm Springs International Film Festival in January 1990.^[41][42][43] It was also shown at the Sundance Film Festival in the United States and the Cannes Film Festival in France in 1990.^[41][44] Film producer Terence Chang suggested that The Killer's success around the world made several Hong Kong filmmakers jealous: "It created a certain kind of resentment in the Hong Kong film industry. One thing I can say for sure is, the American, European, Japanese, Korean and even the Taiwanese audiences and critics appreciated The Killer a lot more than it was in Hong Kong."^[45] The Killer received a wide release in the United Kingdom on October 8, 1993.^[46]

Home media

The Killer was released in the United States on VHS by Fox Lorber in November 1992, in a dubbed and subtitled version.^[47] On June 25, 1996 Fox Lorber released The Killer along with Hard Boiled as a double feature on home video.^[48] The Killer was released on DVD by The Criterion Collection on April 1, 1998 in the original Cantonese language track with English subtitles. Bonus features on DVD included the trailer, production notes, and a commentary track.^[49] Woo was very happy with the film being included in the Criterion Collection stating, "it was great because it would let people know what [The Killer and Hard Boiled] are about...when I saw that Criterion Collection selected The Killer, I was very happy as The Killer and Bullet in the Head are my two favourites".^[50]

On Oct 3, 2000 Fox Lorber released a DVD of The Killer with English and Cantonese audio, including a commentary track with John Woo and film trailers.^[51] This Fox Lorber disc was also included in a two disc DVD collection with Hard Boiled but both the Fox Lorber and Criterion DVDs went out of print.^[52][53]

On March 30, 2010 The Killer was released by the Dragon Dynasty label on two-disc DVD and Blu-ray. Bonus features included were interviews with John Woo, a location guide, and a trailer gallery.^[54][55]

In the United Kingdom, The Killer was released on DVD by Hong Kong Legends on October 21, 2002 which included an audio commentary with Bey Logan and interviews with Kenneth Tsang, Sally Yeh and cinematographer Peter Pau.^[56][57][58]

Reception

Critical response

The Killer received critical acclaim on its initial release outside Hong Kong with critics focusing their praise on the action scenes in the film. Stephen Holden of The New York Times referred to the film as "Alternately gripping and laughable" and that "The scenes of gore and destruction are even more spectacular than Hong Kong's fog-shrouded skyline".^[59] Variety gave a positive review, describing the film as a "extremely violent and superbly made actioner demonstrates the tight grasp that director John Woo has on the crime meller genre".^[60] Kathleen Maher of The Austin Chronicle praised the film stating that it "defies all categorization but demands comparisons, if only to prove that there's never been anything like this before."^[61] Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote a positive review, describing the film as "like eating popcorn, but it's not just any old brand; it's escape-velocity popcorn, popcorn with a slurp of rocket fuel...[Woo's] ideas overreach themselves with such a virile swagger that they border on comedy. With excess like this you can't help but laugh. This is a rush of a movie".^[62] The Christian Science Monitor gave the film a mixed review, stating that "This violent Hong Kong thriller has more psychological depth than most of its kind, but ultimately seems like a pointless exercise in style".^[63]

Later critiques of the film remained positive. The Washington Post stated that "the plot doesn't exactly break new crime-story ground. It's all the Woo flourishes...that elevates The Killer to another level".^[53] Lucia Bozzola of the online film database Allmovie gave the film a five star rating, and stated it as "One of the high points of 1980s Hong Kong action cinema".^[64] Empire gave the film five stars and proclaimed that "John Woo's trademark style reached its zenith in The Killer".^[56] In 2010, Time Out New York ranked The Killer at number 50 on their list of the top 50 foreign films of all time.^[65]

Legacy

I went to the movies to see John Woo's The Killer. Damn. I wish we had more money for squib effects (bullet hits).

Director Robert Rodriguez before production on El Mariachi (1992)^[66]

The Killer is an important and influential film for both Western and Asian filmmakers.^[67] Film scholars have noted the similarities between Woo's style and The Killer with the films Nikita (1990) and Léon (1994) directed by French director Luc Besson.^[67][68] Kenneth E. Hall described Léon as having the similar character configuration of a hitman and the person he protects.^[67] In Nikita, the main character's crisis of conscience after performing a number of hits is also seen in The Killer.^[69] Lucy Mazdon described the style of Nikita as recalling "the work of directors like John Woo. Like Nikita, Woo's films show alienated and often brutal characters and graphic violence".^[68] In the United States, directors Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino developed films that were influenced by The Killer.^[70][71] Rodriguez's films El Mariachi (1992) and Desperado (1995) contain stylistic homages to The Killer.^[67] In the film Jackie Brown, Tarantino wrote dialog referencing The Killer. No references to the film are made in the original novel.^[12] Asian based directors were also influenced by the film. Hong Kong director Johnnie To borrows from The Killer's gunfighting style, oppositional character pairing, and parody in his films A Hero Never Dies, Running Out of Time, and Fulltime Killer.^[72][73]

The Killer was also influential on hip hop music. American hip hop artist, and Wu-Tang Clan member Raekwon released his critically praised debut album Only Built 4 Cuban Linx... (1995) that sampled numerous portions of dialog from the film.^{[74][75][76][77]} RZA, the producer of the album described the albums themes by stating that "Rae and Ghost was two opposite guys as far as neighborhoods was concerned, I used John Woo's The Killer. [In that movie] you got Chow Yun Fat [playing the role of Ah Jong] and Danny Lee [Inspector Li]. They have to become partners to work shit out."^[74] Woo felt honored that the group sampled The Killer and asked for no monetary return from them.^[74] In 2005, Vibe magazine placed The Killer at number 20 on their list of top fifty films that shaped hip hop.^[78]

Remake

In 1992, American director and writer Walter Hill wrote a screenplay titled The Killer, Based on the Hong Kong Action Film by John Woo that was dated April 6, 1992. A year later, screenwriters Jim Cash and Jack Epps, Jr. were hired by producers Charles Roven and Robert Cavallo to write a screenplay based on The Killer for Tri-Star Pictures. The press release of this remake stated the script was written for actors Richard Gere and Denzel Washington.^[34] In June 1992, it was announced Walter Hill and David Giler were writing a script titled Hong Kong based on The Killer with Hill directing.^[79] The producers had difficulty with the relationship between two main characters in the script as they felt that American audiences would interpret it as a homoerotic one. Producer Terence Chang, who worked with Woo on several productions, suggested to the American producers to have Hong Kong actress Michelle Yeoh play the role of the police officer to resolve any homoerotic reading of the film.^[80] A third draft of the script was released by August 23, 1993 which featured a story of a Caucasian hitman living in Hong Kong. This screenplay moved the focus from the pairing the hit man and the police detective characters to the characters of blinded night club singer and the hit man.^[81]

In October 2007, The Hollywood Reporter announced that a remake of The Killer was announced with American-Korean director John H. Lee directing. The remake would take place in Los Angeles's Koreatown, Chinatown, and South Central. Lee has stated that The Killer is one of his favourite films and that he is excited to make his own version of the film.^[82]

The remake will be produced by Woo, and star Jung Woo-Sung. The film is set to be shot in 3D.^[83]

See also

	Hong Kong portal
	Film portal

• List of Dragon Dynasty releases

Notes

• ^ ^† This Cantonese title Dip huet seung hung directly translates as A Pair of Blood-Splattering Heroes.^[3]

1. ^ Morton, 2009. p.163
2. ^ Hall, 2009. p.107
3. ^ ^{a b c} Hall, 1999. p.213
4. ^ ^{a b c} Hall, 1999. p.215
5. ^ ^{a b c} Woo, John (2010). Exclusive Interview with Director John Woo (DVD). Dragon Dynasty. http://www.dragondynasty.com/films/show/120. 
6. ^ ^{a b} Yau, 2001. p.104
7. ^ ^{a b} Elder, 2005. p.78
8. ^ Hall, 1999. p.23
9. ^ Heard, 1999. p.70
10. ^ Hall, 1999. p.68
11. ^ ^{a b} Hall, 1999. p.69
12. ^ ^{a b} Heard, 1999. p.76
13. ^ Heard, 1999. p.77
14. ^ Pierce, Nev (November 2004). "Getting Direct with Directors". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/callingtheshots/john_woo.shtml. Retrieved May 21, 2010. 
15. ^ ^{a b} Hall, 1999. p.24
16. ^ Elder, 2005. p.74
17. ^ Elder, 2005. p.79
18. ^ ^{a b} Yabroff, Jennie (June 27, 1997). "Gentleman with a Gun". Salon.com. http://www.salon.com/june97/entertainment/woo970627.html. Retrieved May 21, 2010. 
19. ^ Hall, 1999. p.27
20. ^ Hall, 1999. p.29
21. ^ Hall, 1999. p.30
22. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Hall, 2009. p.20
23. ^ Heard, 1999. p.55
24. ^ Heard, 1999. p.64
25. ^ Hall, 1999. p.109
26. ^ ^{a b} Hall, 1999. p.110
27. ^ ^{a b} Yeh, Sally (Actress) (2002-10-21). The Killer (Video interview). Hong Kong Legends. 
28. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} The Killer Locations (DVD). Dragon Dynasty. 2010. http://www.dragondynasty.com/films/show/120. 
29. ^ ^{a b} Hall, 2009. p.88
30. ^ Jean-Pierre Melville (1967) [DVD 2005] (Booklet. p.14-15). Le Samouraï (Liner notes). New York, New York: The Criterion Collection. 306. 
31. ^ Hall, 1999. p.125
32. ^ Elder, 2005. p.80
33. ^ Heard, 1999. p.78
34. ^ ^{a b} Heard, 1999. p.79
35. ^ ^{a b} Hall, 1999. p.209
36. ^ Hall, 1999. p.74
37. ^ Hall, 1999. p.76
38. ^ Hall, 1999. p.135
39. ^ ^{a b} Morton, 2009. p.164
40. ^ "Ninth Hong Kong Film Awards Winner" (in Traditional Chinese). http://www.hkfaa.com/history/list_09.html. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
41. ^ ^{a b} Sandell, Jillian (1994). "Interview with John Woo: Hong Kong's master of balletic blood 'n bulletplay speaks!". Bright Lights Film Journal (13). http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/31/hk_johnwoo.html. 
42. ^ Heard, 1999. p.ix
43. ^ "Sonny Bono to Host Palm Springs Film Fest". Los Angeles Times. November 29, 1989. http://articles.latimes.com/1989-11-29/entertainment/ca-209_1_palm-springs. Retrieved May 26, 2010. 
44. ^ "1990 Sundance Film Festival (pg. 12)". Sundance Film Festival. http://www.sundance.org/pdf/sff-85-96.pdf. Retrieved May 16, 2010. 
45. ^ Heard, 1999. p.73
46. ^ Jackson, Kevin (October 7, 1993). "The drop-dead director: John Woo makes movies with guts, and buckets of blood. Kevin Jackson talks to him. Plus Jeremy Clarke on Chow Yun-Fat, Woo's favourite leading hard-man". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/film--the-dropdead-director-john-woo-makes-movies-with-guts-and-buckets-of-blood-kevin-jackson-talks-to-him-plus-jeremy-clarke-on-chow-yunfat-woos-favourite-leading-hardman-1509125.html. Retrieved May 28, 2010. 
47. ^ Nichols, Peter M. (November 26, 1992). "Home Video:Mayhem Intensified". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/26/arts/home-video-595392.html?scp=6&sq=the+killer+john+woo&st=nyt. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
48. ^ Fitzpatrick, Eileen (11 May 1996). "'Exhale' Sale Leaving Best Buy Breathless". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media, Inc.) 108 (9): 60. ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.ca/books?id=9AsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA60. Retrieved May 26, 2010. 
49. ^ Hercock, Andrew. "The Killer :Overview – Allmovie". Allmovie. http://allmovie.com/dvd/killer-758. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
50. ^ Elder, 2005. p.120
51. ^ German, Yuri. "The Killer :Overview – Allmovie". Allmovie. http://allmovie.com/dvd/killer-9770. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
52. ^ Deming, Mark. "The John Woo Collection: Hard Boiled/The Killer :Overview – Allmovie". Allmovie. http://allmovie.com/dvd/john-woo-collection-hard-boiledthe-killer-9774. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
53. ^ ^{a b} Chaney, Jen (March 30, 2010). "Following the Woo way: 'The Killer' reissued on DVD". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/29/AR2010032901924.html. Retrieved May 7, 2010. 
54. ^ "The Killer (Ultimate Edition) (2 Discs): Overview – Allmovie". Allmovie. http://allmovie.com/dvd/killer-ultimate-edition-2-discs-234814. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
55. ^ "The Killer (Blu-Ray) (2 Discs): Overview – Allmovie". Allmovie. http://allmovie.com/dvd/killer-blu-ray-234815. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
56. ^ ^{a b} Morrison, Al. "Review of The Killer". Empire. http://www.empireonline.com/reviews/reviewcomplete.asp?DVDID=8561. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
57. ^ "The Killer". Hong Kong Legends. Archived from the original on February 19, 2003. http://web.archive.org/web/20030227021657/www.hongkonglegends.co.uk/index.php?category_id=1. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
58. ^ Haflidason, Almar. "BBC - Films - review - The Killer SE DVD". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2002/10/21/the_killer_1989_dvd_review.shtml. Retrieved May 25, 2010. 
59. ^ Holden, Stephen (April 12, 1991). "Review/Film; Blood and Bonding in Hong Kong". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?_r=3&res=9D0CE1DC133EF931A25757C0A967958260. Retrieved May 16, 2010. 
60. ^ "Dip Hut Seung Hung". Variety. January 1, 1989. http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117790443.html?categoryid=31&cs=1. Retrieved May 16, 2010. 
61. ^ Maher, Kathleen (April 19, 1991). "The Killer". Austin Chronicle. http://www.austinchronicle.com/gyrobase/Calendar/Film?Film=oid:139687. Retrieved May 16, 2010. 
62. ^ Hinson, Hal (May 10, 1991). "‘The Killer’ (NR)". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/thekillernrhinson_a0a501.htm. Retrieved May 16, 2010. 
63. ^ Sterritt, David (April 12, 1991). "Freeze Frames". The Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/1991/0412/lff12.html. Retrieved May 16, 2010. 
64. ^ Bozzola, Lucia. "The Killer: Review - allmovie". Allmovie. http://allmovie.com/work/the-killer-27286/review. Retrieved May 25, 2010. 
65. ^ "The top 50 foreign films of all time". Time Out New York. Aug 12–18, 2010. http://newyork.timeout.com/articles/film/88146/the-top-50-foreign-films-of-all-time/2.html. Retrieved August 13, 2010. 
66. ^ Rodriguez, 1995. p.8
67. ^ ^{a b c d} Hall, 2009. p.58
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References

• Elder, Robert K. (2005). John Woo Interviews. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1578067766. http://books.google.ca/books?id=eAKd70UbGoMC. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
• Hall, Kenneth E. (1999). John Woo: The Films. McFarland. ISBN 0786406194. 
• Hall, Kenneth E. (2009). John Woo's The Killer. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9789622099562. http://books.google.ca/books?id=2GF3CGSORDIC. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
• Heard, Christopher (1999). Ten Thousand Bullets: The Cinematic Journey of John Woo. Doubleday Canada. ISBN 0-385-25731-7. 
• Mazdon, Lucy (2000). Encore Hollywood: Remaking French Cinema. BFI. ISBN 0851708005. 
• Morton, Lisa (2009). The Cinema of Tsui Hark. McFarland. ISBN 0786444606. http://books.google.ca/books?id=MiulRecfarcC&printsec=frontcover. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
• Rodriguez, Robert (1995). Rebel Without a Crew. Plume. ISBN 9780452271876. http://books.google.ca/books?id=d9F23yIbCBMC. Retrieved May 15, 2010. 
• Yau, Esther C. M. (2001). At Full Speed: Hong Kong Cinema in a Borderless World. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816632359. 

External links

• The Killer at the Internet Movie Database
• The Killer at the Hong Kong Movie DataBase
• The Killer at the TCM Movie Database
• The Killer at AllRovi
• The Killer at Rotten Tomatoes
• The Killer at Hong Kong Cinemagic