Red Cliff (film)

Red Cliff
American release poster
Traditional	赤壁
Simplified	赤壁
Mandarin	Chì Bì
Cantonese	Cek3 Bik1
Directed by	John Woo
Produced by	John Woo Terence Chang Han Sanping
Written by	John Woo Chan Khan Kuo Cheng Sheng Heyu
Starring	Tony Leung Takeshi Kaneshiro Zhang Fengyi Chang Chen Lin Chi-ling Zhao Wei Hu Jun
Music by	Tarō Iwashiro
Cinematography	Lü Yue Zhang Li
Editing by	Angie Lam Yang Hongyu Robert A. Ferretti (Part 1) David Wu (Part 2)
Studio	Beijing Film Studio China Film Group Lion Rock Productions
Distributed by	Avex Group (Japan) China Film Group (China) Showbox (South Korea) 20th Century Fox (Taiwan) Mei Ah Entertainment (Hong Kong) Summit Entertainment (International)
Release date(s)	July 10, 2008 (2008-07-10) (Part 1) January 7, 2009 (2009-01-07) (Part 2)
Running time	280 minutes (total) 140 minutes (Part 1) 140 minutes (Part 2) 148 minutes (Western release)
Country	China
Language	Mandarin
Budget	US$80 million
Gross revenue	US$248.4 million[1][2][3][4]

Red Cliff is a Chinese epic war film based on the Battle of Red Cliffs (208-209 AD) and events during the end of the Han Dynasty and immediately prior to the Three Kingdoms period in ancient China. The film was directed by John Woo, and stars Tony Leung, Takeshi Kaneshiro, Zhang Fengyi, Chang Chen, Hu Jun, Lin Chi-ling and Zhao Wei.

Within Asia, Red Cliff was released in two parts, totaling over four hours in length. The first part was released in July 2008 and the second in January 2009. Outside of Asia, a single 2½ hour film was released in 2009, though the two-part version was later released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom.^[5] With an estimated budget of US$80 million, Red Cliff is the most expensive Asian-financed film to date.^[6] The first part of the film grossed US$124 million in Asia^[7] and broke the box office record previously held by Titanic in mainland China.^[8]

Plot

Director John Woo said in an interview with David Stratton that the film is only 50% factual. John Woo decided to alter the story using modern feelings and his own feelings for a more worldly acceptance. According to Woo, historical accuracy was less important than how the audience felt about the battle.^[9]

Part 1 (Asian release)

In the summer of 208, during the Han Dynasty, the imperial army led by chancellor Cao Cao embarks on a campaign to eliminate the southern warlords Sun Quan and Liu Bei in the name of eradicating rebels, with the reluctant approval of Emperor Xian. Cao Cao's mighty army swiftly conquers Jing Province and the Battle of Changban is ignited when Cao's cavalry starts attacking civilians on an exodus led by Liu Bei. During the battle, Liu Bei's followers, including his sworn brothers Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, give an excellent display of their combat skills by holding off the enemy while buying time for the civilians to retreat. The warrior Zhao Yun fights bravely to rescue Liu Bei's entrapped family but only succeeds in rescuing Liu's infant son.

Following the battle, Liu Bei's advisor Zhuge Liang embarks on a diplomatic mission to Jiangdong to form an alliance between his lord and Sun Quan to deal with Cao Cao's invasion. Sun Quan was initially in the midst of a dilemma of whether to surrender or resist, but his decision to resist Cao Cao hardens after Zhuge Liang's clever persuasion and a subsequent tiger hunt with his viceroy Zhou Yu and sister Sun Shangxiang. Meanwhile, naval commanders Cai Mao and Zhang Yun from Jing Province pledge allegiance to Cao Cao and are received warmly by Cao, who places them in command of his navy.

After the hasty formation of the alliance, the forces of Liu Bei and Sun Quan call for a meeting to formulate a plan to counter Cao Cao's army, which is rapidly advancing towards Red Cliff from both land and water. The battle begins with Sun Shangxiang leading a light cavalry unit to lure Cao Cao's vanguard force into the allies' Eight Trigrams Formation. The vanguard force is defeated by the allies but Cao Cao shows no disappointment and proceeds to lead his main army to the riverbank directly opposite the allies' main camp, where they make camp. While the allies throw a banquet to celebrate their victory, Zhuge Liang thinks of a plan to send Sun Shangxiang to infiltrate Cao Cao's camp and conduct an espionage mission. The duo maintain contact by sending messages via a pigeon. The film ends with Zhou Yu lighting his miniaturised battleships on a map based on the battle formation, signifying his plans for defeating Cao Cao's navy.

Part 2 (Asian release)

Sun Shangxiang has infiltrated Cao Cao's camp and is secretly noting details and sending them via a pigeon to Zhuge Liang. Meanwhile, Cao Cao's army is seized with a plague of typhoid fever that kills a number of his troops. Cao Cao orders the corpses to be sent on floating rafts to the allies' camp, hoping to pass the plague on to his enemies. The allied army's morale is affected when some unsuspecting soldiers let the plague in, and eventually a disheartened Liu Bei leaves with his forces while Zhuge Liang stays behind to assist Sun Quan's forces. Cao Cao is overjoyed when he hears that the alliance had collapsed. At the same time, Cai Mao and Zhang Yun propose a new tactic of interlocking the battleships together with iron beams to minimize rocking when sailing on the river and reduce the chances of the troops falling seasick.

Sun Quan's forces look on as Liu Bei leaves the alliance. From right to left: Zhou Yu (Tony Leung), Sun Quan (Chang Chen), Lu Su (Hou Yong).

Subsequently, Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang make plans on how to eliminate Cai Mao and Zhang Yun, and produce 100,000 arrows respectively. They agreed that whoever fails to complete his mission will be punished by execution under military law. Zhuge Liang's ingenious strategy of letting the enemy shoot 20 boats covered in straw brings in over 100,000 arrows from the enemy and makes Cao Cao doubt the loyalty of Cai Mao and Zhang Yun. On the other hand, Cao Cao sends Jiang Gan to persuade Zhou Yu to surrender, but Zhou tricks Jiang instead into believing that Cai Mao and Zhang Yun are planning to assassinate Cao. Both Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu's respective plans complement each other when Cao Cao is convinced, despite earlier having doubts about Jiang Gan's report, that Cai Mao and Zhang Yun were indeed planning to assassinate him by deliberately "donating" arrows to the enemy. Cai Mao and Zhang Yun are executed and Cao Cao realises his folly afterwards but it is too late.

In Sun Quan's camp, Sun Shangxiang returns from Cao Cao's camp with a map of the enemy formation. Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang decide to attack Cao Cao's navy with fire anticipating that a special climatic condition will soon cause the wind to shift and that the resulting southeast wind will blow to their advantage. Before the battle, Sun Quan's forces have a final moment together, feasting on glutinous rice balls to celebrate the Winter Festival. Meanwhile, Zhou Yu's wife, Xiao Qiao, heads towards Cao Cao's camp alone secretly, hoping to persuade Cao to give up his ambitious plans, but fails and decides to distract him instead to buy time for her side.

The battle begins when the southeast wind starts blowing in the middle of the night and Sun Quan's forces launch their attack on Cao Cao's navy. On the other hand, Liu Bei's forces, which had apparently left the alliance, start attacking Cao Cao's forts on land. By dawn, Cao Cao's entire navy has been destroyed. The allies launch another offensive on Cao Cao's ground army, stationed in his forts, and succeed in breaking through using testudo formation despite suffering heavy casualties. Although Cao Cao is besieged in his main camp, he manages to hold Zhou Yu hostage after catching him off guard together with Cao Hong. Xiahou Jun also appears, holding Xiao Qiao hostage and causing the allies to hesitate. Just then, Zhao Yun manages to reverse the situation by rescuing Xiao Qiao with a surprise attack and put Cao Cao at the mercy of the allies instead. Eventually, the allies decide to spare Cao Cao's life and tell him never to return before leaving for home. In the final scene, Zhou Yu and Zhuge Liang are seen having a conversation before Zhuge walks away into the far distance with the newborn foal Mengmeng.

Western release

The Western release trimmed the length of the film from 280 minutes to 148 minutes. An opening narration in English is provided to set the historical context whereas in the Asian release, a more brief description of the context of the political situation appears in scrolling form 10 minutes into the film. Notable cuts include the background and motivations behind Zhuge Liang's plan to obtain 100,000 arrows, including the threat to his life, and the early parts of Sun Shangxiang's infiltration. The tiger hunting scene was also cut from the Western release.

Cast

Main cast

Tony Leung as Zhou Yu Chang Chen as Sun Quan Shidō Nakamura as Gan Xing

Takeshi Kaneshiro as Zhuge Liang Zhao Wei as Sun Shangxiang Lin Chi-ling as Xiao Qiao

Zhang Fengyi as Cao Cao Hu Jun as Zhao Yun Tong Dawei as Sun Shucai

Hou Yong as Lu Su You Yong as Liu Bei

Other cast

Ba Sen as Guan Yu Zang Jinsheng as Zhang Fei Zhang Shan as Huang Gai Wang Hui as Cao Hong Xie Gang as Hua Tuo Gu Siyuan as Sui Dong Song Jia as Lady Li Shi Xiaohong as Jiang Gan Xu Fengnian as Zhang Liao Guo Chao as Yue Jin

Hu Xiaoguang as Xiahou Jun Hew Huang as Xiahou Tian Cui Yugui as Xu Chu Jiang Tong as Li Tong Ma Jing as Wei Ben Yizhen as Cai Mao Jia Hongwei as Zhang Yun Zhao Chengshun as Xun You Wang Zaolai as Cheng Yu Wang Ning as Emperor Xian of Han

Wang Qingxiang as Kong Rong Li Hong as Lady Gan He Yin as Lady Mi Bai Yu as Guan Ping Wang Yuzhang as Cheng Pu Menghe Wuliji as Guan Ping Chen Changhai as Qin Song Zhang Yi as Zhang Zhao Wu Qi as Gu Yong Sun Xinyu as Shepherd boy

Ma Jingwu as Old fisherman Ye Hua as Tiantian Fu Xiangrui as Baby Liu Shan He Feng as Man Tun Li Hongchen as Soldier Sun Chun

Replaced cast

• Ken Watanabe was originally selected for the role of Cao Cao.^[10] According to a report, some Chinese fans voiced objections over the choice as they felt that it was inappropriate for a Japanese actor to play the role of such an important Chinese historical figure. The report claimed that the protests influenced the decision of director John Woo, who eventually chose Zhang Fengyi for the role.^[11]
• Chow Yun-fat was originally selected for the role of Zhou Yu, and had even earlier been considered for the role of Liu Bei. However, he pulled out on 13 April 2007, just as shooting began. Chow explained that he received a revised script a week earlier and was not given sufficient time to prepare, but producer Terence Chang disputed this, saying that he could not work with Chow because the film's Hollywood insurer opposed 73 clauses in Chow's contract.^[12] Chow was replaced by Tony Leung Chiu-Wai, who had previously turned down the role of Zhuge Liang,^[13][14] as he was burned out after filming Lust, Caution;^[15] but offered to rejoin the cast because of the urgency of the matter.

Production

Production is helmed by Lion Rock Entertainment and China Film Group Corporation.^[16] Distributors were fast to clinch the deal before shooting even began. Distributors include Chengtian Entertainment (China), CMC Entertainment / 20th Century Fox Taiwan Branch (Taiwan), Mei Ah Entertainment (Hong Kong), Avex Group/Universal Studios Japan (Japan), Showbox (South Korea), and the Los Angeles-based Summit Entertainment (international).^[17]

Shooting of Red Cliff started in mid-April 2007.^[18] Shooting was held at a film studio in Beijing, as well as in Hebei province, where naval warfare was staged at two working reservoirs.^[19]

On June 9, 2008, a stuntman doing shots for the movie was killed in a freak fire accident, which also left six others injured.^[20]

Special effects of Red Cliff II were produced by Modus FX, The Orphanage, Frantic Films, Red FX and Prime Focus.

Music

The soundtrack album for the entire film was released by Silva Screen Group in the West.^[21]

Soundtrack for part I of the film

Red Cliff (Part I): Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Tarō Iwashiro & Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra
Released	25 July 2008
Length	65:04[22]
Label	Avex Trax

Tracklist:

1. The Beginning (3:16)
2. Beat on the Battle (6:42)
3. Just Offensive Attack (5:48)
4. Precious One (5:21)
5. Hill of the Refugees (5:01)
6. Closing in Upon the Enemy (4:14)
7. Previous Day (2:37)
8. Tricky Mischief (1:44)
9. A Hero and a Boy (1:39)
10. Decision For Justice (3:57)
11. In Loneliness (5:36)
12. Battle to Battle (4:40)
13. Blood Color (2:25)
14. Beyond the River (4:58)
15. Theme song of Part I (end-roll version) (7:09)

Soundtrack for the entire film

Red Cliff: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
Soundtrack album by Tarō Iwashiro & Tokyo Metropolitan Symphony Orchestra
Released	20 January 2009 (CN) 4 April 2009 (JP) 23 November 2009 (US)
Length	64:23[23]
Label	Avex Trax (CN/JP) Silva Screen (US)

Tracklist:

1. The Battle Of Red Cliff (3:05)
2. On The Battlefield (8:43)
3. Light Of The Evanescence (2:32)
4. Shadow Of The Evanescence (2:26)
5. Shooooot! (1:43)
6. Decision For Justice (3:58)
7. Secret Stratagem (1:51)
8. Closing In Upon The Enemy (4:13)
9. Unseen Locus (3:01)
10. Precious One (5:22)
11. Sound Of Heartstrings (1:35)
12. In Loneliness (5:35)
13. Beyond The River (4:19)
14. Theme Song of Part I (end-roll version) (7:12)
15. Outroduction Of Legend (5:16)
16. Theme Song of Part II (end-roll version) (3:32)

Theme songs

#	Song title	Song credits	More information
1	心・戰 ～RED CLIFF～ (pinyin: Xīn Zhàn ~Red Cliff~) (translation: Mind Battle ~Red Cliff~)	Composed by Tarō Iwashiro Lyrics by Francis Lee Performed by alan	The theme song of Part I (excluding in Japan).
2	赤壁 ～大江東去～ (pinyin: Chì Bì ~Dà Jiāng Dōng Qù~) (translation: Red Cliff ~The Great River Goes East~)		The theme song of Part II (excluding in Japan). The theme song of the Western release. Its official English title is "River of No Return".
3	RED CLIFF ～心・戦～ (rōmaji: Red Cliff ~Shin Sen~) (translation: Red Cliff ~Mind Battle~)	Composed by Tarō Iwashiro Lyrics by Gorō Matsui Performed by alan	The theme song of Part I in Japan. Theme song #1's Japanese version.
4	久遠の河 (rōmaji: Kuon no Kawa) (translation: The Eternal River)		The theme song of Part II in Japan. Theme song #2's Japanese version.

Reception

First part Asia release

During the 1st part of the film's Asia release, Variety reported that the film has enjoyed a tremendous start to its theatrical run across East Asia since its release date on July 10, 2008.^[24] The film scored a record-breaking opening weekend across six Asian territories.^[25] Variety also reported that the film has received a generally positive critical reception in Hong Kong, China.^[24] In South Korea, the opening day of Red Cliff knocked Hancock down to 79,000 admissions Thursday, or an estimated gross of $550,000.^[24] The film also drew more than 1.6 million viewers in South Korea — about 130,000 more than the Batman sequel The Dark Knight.^[26] At a budget of US$80 million, along with the media scrutiny over its lengthy and troubled shoot, including the death of a stunt man and the hospitalization of its producer, the film is viewed by many as a big financial gamble, however, industry insiders reported thus far, good word-of-mouth and positive reviews appear to be paying off for the film's strong box-office revenue.^[27]

The Associated Press (AP) gave the film a glowing review, and states: "John Woo displays the crucial distinction in the magnificently told Red Cliff, the Hong Kong director's triumphant return to Chinese film after 16 years in Hollywood" and "with Red Cliff, Woo shows he's still a masterful director to be reckoned with."^[28]

The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, states the bottom line is: "A formidable prelude to an epic battle with resplendent effects and action spectacles."^[29]

Variety also gave the film a favorable review, and describes Red Cliff: "balances character, grit, spectacle and visceral action in a meaty, dramatically satisfying pie that delivers on the hype and will surprise many who felt Woo progressively lost his mojo during his long years stateside." The review also states that the picture may however disappoint those simply looking for a costume retread of his kinetic 80s action films, such as Heroes Shed No Tears and A Better Tomorrow.^[30]

The Korea Times writes: "Finally, Asian cinema sees the birth of a movie with the grandeur ― in both budget and inspiration ― of epic franchises like The Lord of the Rings." "Hefty action sequences are knit together with delightful detail, including poetic animal imagery. While the Asian-ness of movies like Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon caters to a Western audience, Red Cliff captures the heart and soul of the Asian philosophy with a more universal appeal."^[31] One of South Korea's main English-language newspapers JoongAng Daily raves about the film by stating "the historical China film lived up to its expectations in more ways than one."^[32]

The Japan Times gave the film a high praise and states "Red Cliff brings all that and more to the screen — a whopping two and a half hours of frenzied action, feverish passion and elegantly choreographed battle scenes..."^[33] and listed the film at the end of the year as one of the best international (non-Japanese) films of 2008.^[34] The DVD release came with a coupon revealing a code which will unlock special armor for the characters from Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce.^[35]

The Malaysian national newspaper New Straits Times also gave the film an enthusiastic review, and states: "The first film is breathtaking in its grandeur, with awe-inspiring battle scenes." The review also praised the film's 'impressive' cinematography and noted that "the characters are all well fleshed-out, complete with individual quirks and mannerisms."^[36]

The Vietnamese newspaper Thanh Nien Daily remarked: "Red Cliff’s action is epic. Drawing from actual battle tactics from 1,800 years ago, Woo proves that after all these years he still has the ability to make the action fresh and one-of-a-kind by blending grace with violence in a whole new genre. Lovers of Asian cinema can rejoice, John Woo is back."^[37]

Second part Asia release

The 2nd half of the film, was released in China on January 7, 2009. The Hollywood Reporter writes: "It is director John Woo's level-headed ordering of narrative sequence, his skill in devising kinetic live-action to off-set technical ostentation and his vision of how to turn epic into entertainment that propels "Red Cliff II" to a thundering climax," and "colossal production turns history into legend by splashing out on spectacle and entertainment."^[38]

Variety describes the film as "Delivers in spades...with characters already established, this half is expectedly heavier on action...though still pack beaucoup human interest prior to the final hour's barnstorming battle," and states the film overall as "in this 280-minute, two-part version, helmer-producer Woo and fellow producer Terence Chang have indeed crafted one of the great Chinese costume epics of all time."^[39]

The Japan Times gave the second film 4.5 stars out of 5, and describes it as a "visually stunning Chinese historical epic ratchets the entertainment factor up to eleven."^[40]

Western release

Western critics also reacted positively to the film when the two parts were released as one film (148 minute version) in June 2009. The film received an 89% rating on the reviews aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 106 reviews, the general consensus being that the film had "impressively grand battlefield action" with the majority of critics agreeing that director John Woo "returns to form" with Red Cliff.^[41]

Awards and nominations

Part I

Awards
Award	Category	Name	Outcome
3rd Asian Film Awards	Best Picture		Nominated
	Best Director	John Woo	Nominated
	Best Visual Effects	Craig Hayes	Won
28th Hong Kong Film Awards	Best Picture		Nominated
	Best Director	John Woo	Nominated
	Best Actor	Tony Leung Chiu-Wai	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actor	Zhang Fengyi	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actress	Zhao Wei	Nominated
	Best New Actor	Lin Chi-ling	Nominated
	Best Cinematography	Lü Yue, Zhang Li	Nominated
	Best Film Editing	Angie Lam, Robert A. Ferreti, Yang Hongyu	Nominated
	Best Art Direction	Timmy Yip	Won
	Best Costume and Make-up Design	Timmy Yip	Won
	Best Action Choreography	Corey Yuen	Nominated
	Best Sound Design	Wu Jiang, Roger Savage	Won
	Best Visual Effects	Craig Hayes	Won
	Best Original Score	Tarō Iwashiro	Won
	Best Original Song	"Mind Battle: Red Cliff"	Nominated
32nd Japan Academy Prize	Best Foreign Language Film		Nominated

Part II

Awards
Award	Category	Name	Outcome
29th Hong Kong Film Awards	Best Picture		Nominated
	Best Director	John Woo	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actor	Chang Chen	Nominated
	Best Supporting Actress	Zhao Wei	Nominated
	Best Cinematography	Lü Yue, Zhang Li	Nominated
	Best Film Editing	David Wu, Angie Lam, Yang Hongyu	Nominated
	Best Art Direction	Timmy Yip	Nominated
	Best Costume and Make-up Design	Timmy Yip	Nominated
	Best Action Choreography	Corey Yuen	Nominated
	Best Sound Design	Wu Jiang, Steve Burgess	Won
	Best Visual Effects	Craig Hayes	Nominated
	Best Original Score	Tarō Iwashiro	Nominated
	Best Original Song	"River of No Return"	Nominated
33rd Japan Academy Prize	Best Foreign Language Film		Nominated
14th Satellite Awards	Best Foreign Language Film		Nominated
	Best Film Editing	Angie Lam, Yang Hongyu, Robert A. Ferretti	Nominated
	Best Art Direction and Production Design	Timmy Yip, Eddy Wong	Nominated
	Best Costume Design	Timmy Yip	Nominated
	Best Cinematography	Lü Yue, Zhang Li	Nominated
	Best Visual Effects	Craig Hayes	Nominated
	Best Sound (Mixing and Editing)	Roger Savage, Steve Burgess	Won
36th Saturn Awards	Best International Film
	Best Music	Taro Iwashiro
	Best Costume
13th LVFCS Awards	Best Foreign Language Film		Won
15th BFCA Critics' Choice Awards	Best Foreign Language Film		Nominated
8th WAFCA Awards	Best Foreign Language Film		Nominated
3rd HFCS Awards	Best Foreign Language Film		Nominated
16th DFWFCA Awards	Best Foreign Language Film		Nominated

See also

• Battle of Red Cliffs, the historical battle the film is based on
• Three Kingdoms, the period in the history of China in which the battle took place
• Records of Three Kingdoms, a historical record of the events during the Three Kingdoms period, on which the film is based
• Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of the Four Great Classical Novels, a romanticized interpretation of the historical events during the Three Kingdoms period
• History of the Han Dynasty, for further information about the time period
• Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon, another Three Kingdoms film in 2009
• Just Another Pandora's Box, a 2010 Hong Kong film, considered a spoof of Red Cliff
• Stunts that have gone wrong
• List of historical drama films of Asia

References

1. ^ Total Gross: Red Cliff (Part I + Western release) (Without Italy and U.S.)
2. ^ Total Gross: Red Cliff (Part II)
3. ^ Italy Box Office: November 13–15, 2009
4. ^ Total American Gross: Red Cliff
5. ^ "Red Cliff (R2/UK BD) in October", DVD Times, 2007-02-17. Retrieved on 2007-04-06.
6. ^ Dawtrey, A., Guider, E. "Berlin star power eclipses click pics", Variety, 2009-09-30. Retrieved on 2009-11-06.
7. ^ "2008 Overseas Total Yearly Box Office", Box Office Mojo. Retrieved on 2009-03-02
8. ^ (Chinese) [1], 2008-11-04. Retrieved on 2009-03-02.
9. ^ http://www.abc.net.au/atthemovies/txt/s2616304.htm
10. ^ Unknown. "Zhao Wei to Join All-star Cast for "Battle of the Red Cliff"", China Radio International, 2007-02-09. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
11. ^ (Chinese) Tang, A. "Choice of Kaneshiro as Zhuge Liang criticized", Chinese Business View, 2007-03-09. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
12. ^ Lee, M. "Chow Yun-Fat Drops out of 'Red Cliff'", Associated Press, 2007-04-17. Retrieved on 2007-04-17.
13. ^ Frater, P. & Coonan, C. "Leung rejoins 'Red Cliff'", Variety, 2007-04-19. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
14. ^ McCurry, J. "Chinese epic loses the plot as actors quit £40m project", The Guardian, 2007-04-20. Retrieved on 2007-04-20.
15. ^ Unknown. "Tony Leung leaps off Red Cliff", The Guardian, 2007-03-22. Retrieved 2007-04-04.
16. ^ Frater, P. "Woo wages 'Battle'", Variety, 2006-12-11. Retrieved 2007-04-06.
17. ^ Elley, Derek "Red Cliff", Variety. Retrieved on 2009-03-02
18. ^ (Chinese) Zhang, Z. "Red Cliff to begin shooting mid-April", Xinmin Evening News, 2007-04-04. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
19. ^ (Chinese) Zheng, Z. "Shooting locations of Red Cliff revealed", Sina Entertainment, 2007-04-04. Retrieved on 2007-04-04.
20. ^ "Stuntman killed on John Woo film set". http://www.wjla.com/news/stories/0608/527131.html. 
21. ^ http://www.silvascreenmusic.com/ishop/299/Tar-Iwashiro/326513/Red-Cliff.aspx
22. ^ Soundtrack Collector: Red Cliff (Part I) Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
23. ^ Soundtrack Collector: Red Cliff Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
24. ^ ^{a b c} Frater, Patrick (2008-07-13). "'Red Cliff' brings in big numbers". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117988876.html?categoryid=19&cs=1. Retrieved 2008-07-14. 
25. ^ "John Woo's 'Red Cliff' bows big in Asia". The Hollywood Reporter. 2008-07-14. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20080724000637/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/world/news/e3i78e076c5490e131394bc79c0d9fbeda7. Retrieved 2008-07-14. 
26. ^ John Woo takes Chinese epic to Western audiences. AP
27. ^ "'Red Cliff' earns John Woo an Asian hero's welcome - $80 mil war epic opens strong across continent". The Hollywood Reporter. 2008-07-11. Archived from the original on 2008-08-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20080803202610/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/asia/china/e3iff4fffbfb65a506f9b7653e3a230c38d. Retrieved 2008-07-14. 
28. ^ "John Woo restores credibility to Chinese epics with 'Red Cliff'". Associated Press. 2008-07-08. http://www.odt.co.nz/entertainment/film/12571/review-039red-cliff039-restores-credibility-chinese-epic. Retrieved 2008-07-14. 
29. ^ "Film Review: Red Cliff". The Hollywood Reporter. 2008-07-11. Archived from the original on 2008-07-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20080717084110/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film/reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=11425. Retrieved 2008-07-14. 
30. ^ Elley, Derek (2008-07-20). "Red Cliff Review". Variety. http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117937769.html?categoryid=31&cs=1. Retrieved 2008-07-20. 
31. ^ "'Red Cliff': Megastars Bring Mega Action". The Korea Times. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2008/07/141_26959.html. Retrieved 2008-07-14. 
32. ^ "Historical China film lives up to expectations". JoongAng Daily. http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2892148. Retrieved 2008-07-14. 
33. ^ War as wisdom and gore. The Japan Times
34. ^ The top movies of 2008. The Japan Times
35. ^ "Special Dynasty Warriors: Strikeforce costumes in Red Cliff DVD" (in Japanese). ITmedia. 2009-02-23. http://gamez.itmedia.co.jp/games/articles/0902/23/news101.html. Retrieved 2010-12-24. 
36. ^ "Cinema: Woo’s art of war". New Straits Times. 2008-07-16. http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/NST/Thursday/Features/20080716161319/Article/index_html. Retrieved 2008-07-20. ^{[dead link]}
37. ^ "An epic return: Chinese history and culture burst onto the screen in John Woo's Red Cliff". Thanh Nien. 2008-07-20. Archived from the original on 2008-08-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20080803071648/http://www.thanhniennews.com/entertaiments/?catid=6&newsid=40393. Retrieved 2008-07-24. 
38. ^ "Film Review: Red Cliff II". The Hollywood Reporter. 2009-01-20. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/film-review-red-cliff-ii-1003932199.story. 
39. ^ Derek Elley (2009-01-09). "Red Cliff II Review". Variety. http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117939304.html?categoryid=31&cs=1. 
40. ^ "Wooed by the sheer size of it". The Japan Times. 2009-04-10. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/ff20090410a1.html. 
41. ^ Red Cliff. Rottentomatoes.

External links

• Official website
• Red Cliff: Part I at the Internet Movie Database
• Red Cliff: Part II at the Internet Movie Database
• Red Cliff at AllRovi
• Red Cliff at Rotten Tomatoes
• Red Cliff at Box Office Mojo
• John Woo discusses Red Cliff